SEGREGATION
in the
United States
Baltimore, MD
Bethlehem-Fairfield
shipyards. May 1943
Arthur Siegal,
photographer
“White drinking
fountain.”
Durham, NC
May 1940
Jack Delano,
photographer
White ladies
room at the bus
station
Durham, NC
May 1940
Jack Delano,
photographer
“On the way from Louisville, KY
to Nashville, TN”
September 1943
Esther Bubley,
photographer
“A rest stop for
Greyhound bus
passengers with
separate
accommodations for
colored passengers.”
Rome, GA
September 1943
Esther Bubley,
photographer
“Colored
Waiting Room
at a Greyhound
Bus Station.”
Durham, NC
May 1940
Jack Delano,
photographer
Separate doors
for white and
colored.
Belle Glade (vicinity), FL
January 1939
Marion Post
Wolcott,
photographer
“White &
Colored
Served.”
Halifax, NC
April 1938
John Vachon,
photographer
“A colored
drinking fountain
on the county
courthouse lawn.”
Leland, Mississippi
November 1939
Marion Post
Wolcott,
photographer
“The Rex theater for
Negro People.”
Sisseton, SD
September 1939
John Vachon,
photographer
“No Beer Sold
to Indians.”
Birney, Montana
August 1941
Marion Post
Wolcott,
photographer
“Positively no
beer sold to
Indians.”
Segregation sought to separate
and prevent the races from
intermarrying (C. Van Woodward
12).
Segregation sought to maintain
the “doctrine of white superiority
and negro inferiority” (C. Van
Woodward 22).
Some effects of 200 years of
segregation:
Interracial Married Couples from
1960-Present
In 1998 55,305 couples were married. Of
that only 1,348 were marriages between
blacks and whites.
In 1991 53,227 couples were married. Of
that only 994 were marriages between
blacks and whites.
In 1983 50,665 couples were married. Of
that only 719 were between blacks and
whites.
In 1981 49,896 couples were married.
Of that only 639 were between blacks
and whites.
In 1970 44,598 couples were married,
and 310 of those marriages were
between blacks and whites.
In 1960 40,491 couples were married,
and 149 of those marriages were
between blacks and whites.
Race and Education
United States Totals
In 1997, 35.8% of 19,072 of blacks 25 years and
older had graduated from High School.
– About 6,828 of 19,072
This same year 25.8% of 19,072 blacks had
attended some college, or had received an
associate degree.
– About 4,921 of 19,072
In 1997, 13.3% of 19,072 blacks 25 years and
older had received a Bachelor’s degree or more.
– About 2,537 of 19,072
In 1997, 34.8% of 29,299 whites 25 years and
older had graduated from High School.
– About 10,196 of 29,299 (relatively equal to blacks
percentage-wise)
This same year 25.2% of 29,299 whites 25 and
older had gone to some college, or had received an
associate degree.
– About 7,383 of 29,299 (relatively equal to blacks
percentage-wise)
In 1997, 26.2% of 29,299 whites 25 years and
older had received a Bachelor’s degree or more.
– About 7,676 of 29,299 (twice as many degrees awarded
to whites)
Violence against American
Citizens
A Time Line of African-American
History; 1901-1925
1901-1905
1901: 105 blacks known to have been lynched.
– Last Black Congressman for 28 years.
1902: 85 blacks lynched
1903: 84 blacks lynched
1904: 76 blacks lynched
1905: 57 blacks lynched
– The Niagara Movement
Total deaths: 407
1906-1910
1906: 62 blacks lynched
– 10 blacks and 2 whites killed in a race riot in
Atlanta, GA
1908: 89 blacks lynched
– Springfield, IL race riot kills many and wounds
more
1909: 69 blacks lynched
1910: 67 blacks lynched
Total deaths to date: 706
1911-1915
1911: 60 blacks lynched
– National Urban League begins
1912: 61 blacks lynched
– Woodrow Wilson president
1913: 51 blacks lynched
– Wilson begins federal segregation
1914: 51 blacks lynched
– WWI begins in Europe
1915: 56 blacks lynched
– Booker T. Washington dies
Total deaths to date: 985
1916-1917
1916: 50 blacks lynched
1917: 36 blacks lynched
– America enters WWI with 370,000 blacks in
military service
– Race riot in East St.Louis, IL where 40-200
people were killed
– A race riot in Houston kills 2 blacks and 11
whites. 18 black soldiers were hanged for
participating in the riot.
– Supreme Court rules against a Louisville, KY
ordinance mandating segregated neighborhoods
1918-1920
1918: 60 blacks lynched
– Race riot in Chester, PA kills 3 blacks and 2 whites
– Race riot in Philadelphia, PA kills 3 blacks and 1 white
– WWI ends
1919: 76 blacks lynched
– 26 race riots occur between April and October
1920: 53 blacks lynched
– Harding elected president
– Harlem Renaissance begins.
Total deaths to date: 1,386
1921-1925
1921: 59 blacks lynched
– Race riot in Tulsa, OK kills 21 whites and 60 blacks
1922: 51 blacks lynched
– Federal anti-lynching bill killed by a filibuster in the
U.S. Senate.
1923: 29 blacks lynched
– Harding dies, Coolidge succeeds him
1924: 16 blacks lynched
1925: 17 blacks lynched
– Malcolm X born.
Total deaths due to racial violence from 1901-1925:
1,639
Resources Used
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Interracial Married
Couples: 1960 to Present.” Jan. 7, 1999. Located
at http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ms-
la/tabms-3.txt
Library of Congress. “Time Line of African
American History, 1901-1925. Located at
http://lcweb2.oc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin3/html
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Educational Attainment
of Persons 25 Years Old and Over, by Sex,
Region, and Race: March 1997.” July 30, 1998.
Located at
http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/race/b
lack/tabs97/tab07.txt
Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim
Crow. New York: Oxford UP, 1974.