Consciousness: Body
Rhythms and Mental States
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Chapter 5
Consciousness
The awareness of oneself and the
environment
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Can be altered based on sleep, lack of
sleep, hypnosis and drugs
How Do We View Sleep?
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Sleep
Verb
to take the rest afforded by a
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suspension of voluntary bodily
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functions and the natural suspension,
complete or partial, of consciousness;
cease being awake.
Why We Sleep
a time-out period for the body
Eliminate waste from muscles, repair
cells, conserve/replenisha energy,
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Not enough sleep causes the body to act
abnormally
issues in muscle development, weaken
immune system
Biorhythms
a regular fluctuation in a biological system
Governs hormones, blood pressure and blood
cell responsiveness
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Also known as circadian picture.
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Best known circadian rhythm - sleep/wake
cycle
Circadian Rhythms
exist in all living things
upon external cues
typically basedQuickTime™ and a
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a 24 this picture.
humans runneeded to seehour cycle
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Experimentation
in order to experiment, subjects must be
removed from sunlight, clocks and all
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Most subjects have much longer or
shorter “days”
Body Clock
Light and dark determine when to sleep
melatonin (sleep hormone) is only produced
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some people with blindness take melatonin
therapy to assist in regulating their body clock
Internal Desynchronization
When biological rhythms are not in phase with
each other
sleep/wake cycles adjust quickly, but hormones take
much longer
jet lag, night shift, frequent all-nighters
no cure - circadian rhythms are not perfect and
are affected by illness, stress, fatigue, exercise,
meals, drugs etc
Problems with Circadian Rhythms
Night owls vs Morning larks
schools and most professions are not
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Circadian rhythms can shift with age and
can be very difficult to change
Moods
long-term cycles
can be in response to hormone or
seasonal changes
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Moods and Seasons
Seasonal Affective Disorder
sadness, lethargy, drowsiness
usually happens during winter - less daylight
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Light therapy helps depression
symptoms
Both for SAD and non-seasonal depression
Simulates dawn
Menstrual Cycle and Moods
Stereotypes of PMS
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Menstrual Cycle and Moods
nickname (PMS) started in the 1970’s
represents the physical and emotional symptoms
experienced by most women
more women claim to have symptoms than actually do
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Moods can be attributed to other events
just happen to coincide
Cultural Influence - if “they” say so, it must be
true!
magazine articles, medications
Male PMS
Now an actual condition
also known as “Irritable Male Syndrome”
can be caused by low amounts of
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food etc
hypersensitivity, frustration, anxiety &
anger
Journal Entry
How can changes in moods affect your daily
life? Address each of the 4 areas below.
Explain your answer in 2 sentences.
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Do you interpret/project differently?
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can it affect learning?
interaction with peers / parents / teachers
can it affect your sleeping and eating habits?
States of Sleep
Stage 1
-Drifting on edge of consciousness, muscles relax
Stage 2
-Minor noises won’t wake, begin sleep spindles
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-Breathing & pulse slows, delta waves, don’t respond
to noise or light, hard to wake
Stage 4
-Low delta waves, heart rate, breathing, blood
pressures as low as it gets
Stages of Sleep
-Those 4 stages take about 40 minutes
-Then begin moving back through the stages
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-Instead of reaching wakefulness after stage 1,
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body enters REM
REM
Rapid Eye Movement
Body is inactive while brain is extremely
active
Paradoxical sleepQuickTime™ and a
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waking dream
REM and non-REM alternate
Stage 3 and 4 become shorter, may even disappear
Stages of Sleep
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States of Sleep
If the body is denied REM it will try to
regain the time lost
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All mammals (except porpoise and
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dolphin) experience REM
No explanation for REM
Sleep Cycles
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Benefits of Sleep
-Memory for a task improves if a subject
experiences uninterrupted REM
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- some of the areas that are activated are
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activated later on during REM
-Sleep may also enhance insight and
wisdom (deep sleep only)
Consequences of Sleeplessness
chronic sleep deprivation increases cortisol
Stress hormone
may damage or impair brain cells necessary for
learning or memory
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new brain cells may fail to develop or mature
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lose one night’s sleep - mental flexibility,
attention and creativity suffer
After several days hallucinations and delusions
can occur
What May Cause Sleeplessness
Insomnia -As a table, pick a
topic.
Sleep Apnea
-Look it up in a
Narcolepsy dictionary/textbook
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Sleep Walking / Talking and how it may
cause sleeplessness
Staying up late
Irregular Schedules
Sleeplessness
2/3 of people do not get the recommended
amount of sleep
= more and a
Not enough sleep QuickTime™likely to get into traffic
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Less sleep = lower grades
Table Quiz
On a sheet of paper, number 1-6
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As a group answer the questions
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Team(s) with the most correct answers will
receive extra credit
Benefits of Sleep
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Dreams
4-5 dreams per night
1-2 hours of our sleep time
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If awakened during this picture.period recall
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more graphic dreams
Using Dreams
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Dreams as Unconscious Wishes
Freud - provides insight into our
unconscious thoughts
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Manifest content see this picture. meaning;
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aspects we consciously experiences
Latent Content - hidden meaning;
wishes & thoughts symbolized
Information Processing
Reprocess information from the day
Problem solving - reflecting ongoing
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Example: college students and testing
Dreams as Thinking
Extension of the Waking / Daily Life
Pre-sleep activities and a
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Interpreted Brain Activity
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Interpretation of neural signals triggered
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by activity in lower part of the brain
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At this time frontal lobe is not very active,
which is our logical side
Dream Journals
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Hypnosis
Trancelike state which a person
responds readily to suggestions
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Sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings,
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or behavior
Nature of Hypnosis
Responsiveness depends on person being
hypnotized
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Can’t be forced to do things against their will
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Actions performed can be performed by
motivated by people without hypnosis
Nature of Hypnosis
Does not increase accuracy of memory
Does not produce literal re-experiencing of long-
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Suggestions have been used effectively for
medical & psychological purposes
Conscious-altering drugs
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