Landscape scale assessment of
nitrogen interactions
Pierre CELLIER, Albert BLEEKER, Eva BØGH, Lutz BREUER, Nicolas
BRUEGGEMANN, Tommy DALGAARD, Ulrike DRAGOSITS, Jean-Louis
DROUET, Patrick DURAND, Enzo MAGLIULO, Jørgen OLESEN
Lech RYSZKOWSKI, Mark THEOBALD, Mark SUTTON
INRA (F), ECN (NL), Univ. Roskilde (DK), Univ. Giessen (D),
IMK-IFU (D), DIAS (DK), CEH (UK), RCAFE (PL)
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
How can be seen a landscape with a
nitrogen perspective?
A patchwork of sources and sinks of N in the natural (fields,
forests, natural ecosystems) and « man-made » environments
(building, villages, roads)
(both largely determined by human activities in the past and present)
with a significant fraction of sources and sinks managed by man
and possible mitigation on both.
Special focus on rural landscapes
where large amounts of N are
manipulated
agricultural areas with livestock,
pigs, poultry, …
What are the interactions between these sources and sinks,
and the consequences on N2O fluxes?
Courtesy J.E. Olesen ?? on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Open Science Conference
What happens to reactive nitrogen
emitted to the atmosphere and the soil
in such areas?
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Local recapture of ammonia
by tree-belts close to a source
B. Loubet et al. (collab INRA / CEH)
10
10 Canopy Length
L15= 15 m
m
8
Using a lagrangian-stochastic model
z (m)
6
z (m)
(MODDAS-2D, Loubet et al., 2006) to estimate
4
NH3 deposition and concentration field close
to a source (animal housing) surrounded 2
2.1%
NH3 Concentration
(2.1%) (g m-3)
by a tree belt of different widths 00
10
10 Canopy Length 0
8
30 = 30 m
L m Scenario)
(Base
10
20
z (m)
30
6 40
z (m)
50
10
16
L 4 60
70
Animal housing
14 2 80
00 4.6%
(4.6%)
90
100
12
10
10
10 Canopy Length
8 60 m
Tree
z (m)
Z (m)
L = 70 m
z (m)
8
Belt 6
z (m)
6
4
4
2
7.1%
(7.1%)
2
00
00 0
90
10
100
20
110
30 130 40
120 140
50 150
60160 70
0
0 10 20
x (m) 40
30 50 60 70
70 x (m)
x (m)
X (m)
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Ammonia deposition can induce
large input to neighbour ecosystems
NORTH
100
Deposition 80
Kg N ha-1 y-1
60
Distance to the farm (m)
240-280
200-240 40
EAST
WEST
160-200 20
FARM
120-160
0
80-120
-20
40-80
0-40 -40
-60
0
60
20
40
-60
-40
80
100
-20
Distance to the farm (m)
from Fowler et al. (1998) SOUTH from Fowler et al. (1998)
are there N2O emissions induced by these hot-spots of NH3 deposition?
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Atmospheric deposition from « source »
to « sink » fields
8
7
6
wind
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5
S1
S3 Deposition = 6.4% of the emissions
6 7 8
8
7
6 wind
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S1
S4
Deposition = 3.4% of the emissions
8
7
6 wind
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 S1
S3 Deposition = 8.2% of the emissions
5 6 7 8
Bare soil where slurry has been applied large ammonia emission
Grassland with LAI = 2
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Nitrate transfer and N2O emissions at
catchment scale in shallow groundwater systems
N2O emission
Nitrate
leaching
Denitrification
Nitrate
transfer
Nitrate
recapture
by crops
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Consequence of hydrological transfer
on N2O emission at catchment scale
Soil-groundwater interaction zone
Distributed denitrification
TNT2
Model
Distributed N concentration in groundwater
from Patrick Durand, INRA Rennes
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Transfer of nitrogen by the atmosphere and the
hydrology can create delocalized hot-spots of
N2O emission (indirect emission) at local scale,
and modify the GHG balance at landscape scale.
This is sensitive to the arrangement of landscape
elements (farm, vegetation, humid zones, …)
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Atmospheric N2 Nitrous Oxide
fixed to reactive
(N2O)
nitrogen (NR)
Nitrogen oxides Ammonium nitrate
(NOx) in rain (NH4NO3)
NR
Further emission
Fertilizer
Ammonia of NOx & N2O
manufacture NR (NH3) carrying on
the cascade
Crops for food &
animal feed
The
Livestock farming
Nitrogen Natural ecosystems
Cascade Leached Nitrate
(NO3-) Nitrate in
streamwaters
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Accounting for the farm dimension
allows to ensure …
• Accounting of all emissions (housing, field work, transport, indirect, …)
• N and C flows consistency
• N/C allocation to fields (amount+timing)
• Estimate at farm scale (see e.g. GreenGrass results)
• …
• Link with management
• Link with mitigation options
Moreover, the farm is a part of the landscape
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Nitrogen flows on a mixed cattle farm
(FASSET model, DIAS, DK)
Manure
104 76 Import of
store Animals feed+straw
10 39
94
N2 129 Sale of
milk+meat
59 Crop
NH3 Above-ground 51 Sale of
11(+11) Below-ground plant prod.
85 105 238
13 Import of
116 64
Soil 74 fertiliser
<1 6 76
<1
2 Nitrous oxide emissions:
N2O NO3 7933 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Two examples of output from a farm model
Emissions per kg milk produced
2.2
Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2-eq kg-1milk)
Emissions Conventional
Organic
2.0
component
per Animals
1.8
Animal Pre- Pre-chain1.6
chain
1.4
use House
Manure 1.2
anure Field
1.0
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Field Farm N efficiency, output/input (%)
Integrate all components Allows to compare farming system
at farm scale on farm scale basis
(FASSET model, DIAS, DK)
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Organization of farm activity in space:
example of an INRA experimental farm
Heifers
Dairy cows
Hay night pasture from
Jean-Louis FIORELLI
FARM
INRA Mirecourt
Calves
grassland
Steers Dairy cows
Heifers cropland
day pasture
Calves
Heifers
N used at farm scale is not
Hay disposed randomly nor
uniformly to land
need to consider spatial
+ slurry/manure management interactions
+ hay / silage management
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
A ± common scale to all « processes »
NORTH
100
n 80
y-1
60
Distance to the farm (m)
40
EAST
WEST
20
FARM
0
-20
-40
-60
0
60
20
40
-60
-40
80
100
-20
Distance to the farm (m)
er et al. (1998) SOUTH
1 km
100 m
100 m – 1 km
typical scale of 100-101 km²
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Need for a coupled model
The biophysical model The farm model needs
(ecosystem/atmosphere a biophysical model to
/hydrology) needs a • improve emission
farm model to estimates at field
• allocate N and C to • account for the
field characteristics of the
• ensure consistency at environment
farm/regional scale
• link with decision Need decision rules
making to allocate N in space
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
The landscape scale in NitroEurope:
development of the NitroScape model
Controller
programme
Local and regional atmospheric dispersion
Nested atmospheric model
Meteorol.
input data
Landscape database & GIS
Landscape database & GIS
Emission / deposition
Landscape
Landscape inventory Farm management model
database input data
Non-agric Forest & Grass Arable Farm buildings
sources shrubland fields fields & manure stores
Soils &
hydrology Multi-ecosystem model
input data Choosing the
Output maps Leaching / uptake relevant models :
datasets & • atmospheric
• hydrological
scenarios Distributed hydrological model
Model data exchange
• ecosystem
• farm
Lateral transfer in catchments
N & C flux
(in a consistent way)
GIS
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Concepts of model linking
Model C
Database
(input data)
Model A
Database
Wrapper (input data)
Calls models
Model A & database,
Model C Provides
input Database
= A+B from & Model A Model C (input data)
collects
Model B output to DB
at iterations
Model B Model B
Re-coding Linked models (1) Linked models (2)
(OpenMI, Palm, MCT,
…)
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
NEU-C4 : establishing a network of landscape sites
NitroEurope – NEU Landscape network
Leadburn
Bjerringbro
Turew
Vel Vanla
Naizin
- Different climatic conditions
Piana del Sele
- Different farming systems
- High N inputs but ≠ levels
- Mixing of fields/farms and natural
ecosystems deposition
- Landscape size : ≈ 5 km x 5 km
- Local involvement of farmers
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006
Summary:
landscape scale analysis must be made in
the context of nitrogen research because:
• Complexity of the environment and possible interactions between,
physical, biological and human « environments »
• Scale of management/decision making,of application for abatement
options
• Need for understanding basic processes and interactions at this
scale and interactions between natural environment and processes
and decision-making
• Help to account for the environment in N management and
mitigation options
• Helpfull to upscale from farm/field emission to regional scale, and
make balances at landscape and farm scale
Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006