Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008

Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 1.4 1.6 0.6 1 Issued September 2009 P60-236 2 63,6 , 17.1 7 Current Population Reports Income 1.2 1.1 0 1.0 1 0 9.2 0.7 1.0 10.1 1.2 11.4 9.2 8.1 6.7 9.8 8.1 1.3 12.7 0.8 1.3 3 1.1 1.4 4 0.9 9 1.0 0 1.2 2 1.1 1.2 2 1.4 4 1 1 1 1 12.6 on s C n Consumer 9.2 7.5 7.6 6.7 9 By 26,160 64 Carmen DeNavas-Walt Bernadette D. Proctor ,530 26,691 3 Jessica C. Smith 49 41,259 26,89 5 9 59,925 40,898 27,0 9 , 8,979 57,555 40,207 2 7 0 ,421 19,890 57,783 38,789 1 9 9 7 8 35,316 20,538 58,155 39,79 6 0 3 9 37,335 21,977 58,865 39,8 5 7 , 37,773 22,425 59,369 39 3 2 2 37,913 22,561 59,506 3 2 6 39,923 23,100 57,861 3 3 0 6 41,195 23,330 56,6 5 3 3 , 39,750 23,355 58 0 3 5 39,479 23,221 9 3 2 1.3 * 1.1 11.8 1.9 * 1.5 5 0.9 1.5 .4 0.7 10.0 7 1.2 12.7 2 1.0 0 9.0 1.0 6 * 1.2 13.2 2 0.7 15.2 7 0.9 9 0.9 9 1 8.0 1.0 9.8 1.1 8.0 1.0 10.4 5.6 1.1 10.2 1.3 15.2 9 27,779 71,61 , 6 792 27,798 69,85 2 , 8 9,843 28,203 70,78 3 , 7 39,143 27,995 71,52 9 3 , 5 6 38,900 27,995 71,96 8 0 , 9 861 38,768 27,691 71,42 8 8 , 4 6,633 38,531 28,421 73,76 8 1 , 7 58,754 39,521 29,309 74,16 9 1 , 1 58,818 40,906 29,931 73 1 0 6 , 702 60,193 41,249 29,829 9 , 3,708 58,922 40,861 0 0 1 24,661 59,441 40 6 0 24,474 56,63 7 23,820 2 0,213 2 2 39 1.2 1.7 7 1.0 18.8 1.3 14.1 1.7 0.7 1 1.0 13 3 1.2 11.7 1 0.8 11.0 1 1.3 13.9 3 1.2 11.7 1 9.0 1.0 10.1 0 1.2 11.4 1 9.2 1.3 12.7 2 8 15.4 7 1. 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.0 2 13 9.6 13.8 15.2 9.1 9.9 81 1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 4 1.9 * 1.4 12.9 9 0.7 * 0.6 12.4 7 1.2 1.1 0.9 10.8 1.0 14.3 1.3 * 1.1 11.8 1.9 * 1.5 9 0.9 0.7 10.0 1.2 12.7 2 9.2 0.7 9.0 1.0 1 USCENSUSBUREAU Helping You Make Informed Decisions U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Acknowledgments Carmen DeNavas-Walt, with the assistance of Lillian R. Pecoraro and Lindsey C. Reese, prepared the income section of this report under the direction of Edward J. Welniak Jr., Chief of the Income Surveys Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty section and Jessica C. Smith prepared the health insurance coverage section, both under the direction of Trudi J. Renwick, Acting Chief of the Poverty and Health Statistics Branch. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief for Income, Poverty, and Health Statistics, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, provided overall direction. George M. Mitcham and Tim J. Marshall, under the direction of Adelle D. Berlinger and Gregory D. Weyland, Demographic Surveys Division, processed the Current Population Survey 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file. Donna K. Benton, Kirk E. Davis, Thy K. Le, and Hung Pham, all of the Survey Processing Branch, programmed and produced the detailed and publication tables. Danielle N. Castelo, Rebecca A. Hoop, and Michael E. White, under the supervision of David V. Hornick, Kimball T. Jonas, and John M. Finamore, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample review. Thomas F. Moore III, Chief of the Health Surveys and Supplements Branch, provided overall direction. Shannon M. Burnett, Tim J. Marshall, and Catherine M. Walker, under the direction of Lisa A. Clement, Demographic Surveys Division, and Agatha Jung under the direction of Leslie Fleet, Technologies Management Office, prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant contributions to the preparation of this report. Barton Baker, David M. Getz, John Hisnanick, Len Norry, Ashley Provencher, Joanna Turner, and Judith Waldrop reviewed the contents. Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible. Janet S. Sweeney, Jamie A. Stark, and Donald J. Meyd, of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Francis Grailand Hall, Chief, provided publications and printing management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. General direction and production management were provided by Claudette E. Bennett, Assistant Division Chief, and Wanda Cevis, Chief, Publications Services Branch. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 Issued September 2009 P60-236 U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary Dennis F. Hightower, Deputy Secretary Economics and Statistics Administration Rebecca M. Blank, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Robert Groves, Director Suggested Citation DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-236, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2009. ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS ADMINISTRATION Economics and Statistics Administration Rebecca M. Blank, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Robert Groves, Director Thomas L. Mesenbourg, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer Howard Hogan, Associate Director for Demographic Programs David S. Johnson, Chief, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division Contents TEXT Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source of Estimates and Statistical Accuracy . . . . . . . Alternative Poverty Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dynamics of Economic Well-Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income in the United States . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Household Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality. Work Experience and Earnings . . . . . . . . Per Capita Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poverty in the United States . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan Status . . . . . . . . . Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . Ratio of Income to Poverty Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 9 9 12 12 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 18 18 19 20 20 20 23 23 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 ........ ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage in the United States . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Is Health Insurance Coverage?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Children’s Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CPS Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional Data and Contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau TEXT TABLES 1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Change in Real Median Household Income During Recessions: 1969 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . 3. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 2007 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characteristics: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin Using 2- and 3-Year Averages: 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8 10 14 17 19 21 24 FIGURES 1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . 6. Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2007 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Age, and Race and Hispanic Origin: 2008 . . . . . . . 7 11 13 16 18 22 23 25 APPENDIXES Appendix A. Estimates of Income How Income Is Measured . . . . . . . Recessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of Living Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27 27 28 43 43 57 57 Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Poverty Is Calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix C. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau APPENDIX TABLES A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family: 1959 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 A-2. 36 38 A-3. B-1. 44 50 56 59 60 64 B-2. B-3. C-1. C-2. C-3. v Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 Introduction This report presents data on income, poverty, and health insurance cover­ age in the United States based on information collected in the 2009 and earlier Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Data presented in this report indicate the following: • Real median household income fell between 2007 and 2008, and the decline was widespread. Median income fell for family and nonfamily households, native- and foreign-born households, house­ holds in 3 of the 4 regions, and households of each race category and those of Hispanic origin.1 These declines in income coincide Source of Estimates and Statistical Accuracy The data in this report are from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the 2009 Current Population Survey (CPS). The population represented (the population universe) is the civilian noninsti­ tutionalized population living in the United States. Members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post are included if at least one civilian adult lives in the household. Most of the data from the CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some data collected in February and April), and the data were controlled to independent population estimates for March 2009. The estimates in this report (which may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from a sample of the popula­ tion and may differ from actual values because of sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically significant. All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise noted. Further information about the source and accuracy of the estimates is available at . with the recession that started in December 2007.2 • The poverty rate increased between 2007 and 2008. • The percentage of uninsured in 2008 was not statistically differ­ ent from 2007, while the number 2 Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization. See Appendix A for a list of peak and trough months. of uninsured increased between 2007 and 2008. These results, though widespread, were not uniform across groups. For example, between 2007 and 2008, real median income was statistically unchanged for households maintained by a person 65 years old and over but declined for households maintained by people of all other age group cat­ egories. Additionally, the poverty rate All income values are adjusted to reflect 2008 dollars. “Real” refers to income after adjust­ ing for inflation. The adjustment is based on percentage changes in prices between earlier years and 2008 and is computed by dividing the annual average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2008 by the annual average for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947 to 2008 are available in Appendix A and on the Internet at . Inflation between 2007 and 2008 was 3.8 percent. 1 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 1 increased for children under 18 and for people 18 to 64 but remained sta­ tistically unchanged for people 65 and over; and the percentage of uninsured for non-Hispanic Whites, Asians, and Hispanics increased, while the per­ centage of uninsured for Blacks was not statistically different.3 These results are discussed in more detail in the three main sections of this report—income, poverty, and health insurance coverage. Each sec­ tion presents estimates by character­ istics such as race, Hispanic origin, 3 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. There­ fore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone­ or-in-combination concept). The body of this report (text, figures, and tables) shows data using the first approach (race alone). The appen­ dix tables show data using both approaches. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. In this report, the term “non-Hispanic White” refers to people who are not Hispanic and who reported White and no other race. The Census Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the compari­ son group for other race groups and Hispanics. Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 13.0 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 2.9 percent of Black householders who reported only one race, and 2.0 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race. The householder is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the home is owned or rented and the person to whom the relationship of other household members is recorded. If a married couple owns the home jointly, either the husband or the wife may be listed as the house­ holder. Since only one person in each household is designated as the householder, the number of householders is equal to the number of house­ holds. This report uses the characteristics of the householder to describe the household. Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population or for race groups because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. In addition, the CPS does not use separate population controls for weighting the Asian sample to national totals. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972 and for Asians and Pacific Islanders in 1987. For further information, see . Alternative Poverty Measures Alternative income and poverty measures fall into two categories: 1) pov­ erty measures based on the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences called NAS-based measures and 2) other income and poverty esti­ mates called alternative measures of income and poverty (R&D). The NASbased measures use both alternative poverty thresholds and enhanced income definitions. The alternative measures of income and poverty (R&D) continue to use the official thresholds but examine the impact of change by using various formulas to add or subtract resources. The Census Bureau will release the 2008 data on alternative measures of income and poverty at a later date. Estimates of alternative measures for 2007 are available in several sets of detailed tables. The NAS-based tables are available at , while the alternative measures of income and poverty (R&D) tables are available at . The Census Bureau makes available a research file that provides microdata with variables used to construct the NAS-based alternative measures and another microdata file with the estimates of the value of taxes and noncash ben­ efits . Both microdata files are currently available for 2007. The Census Bureau also has a Web-based tool (CPS Table Creator II) that is designed to help researchers explore alternative income and poverty measures. The tool is available in a link from the “Data Access” page on the poverty Web site . Using this tool, researchers can replicate the NAS-based measures, the alternative measures of income and poverty (R&D) and the income and poverty estimates formerly included in the Effects of Taxes and Transfers report series. Table Creator II also allows researchers to produce poverty and income estimates using their own combinations of threshold and resource definitions and to see the incremental impact of the addition or subtraction of a single resource element. For example, if the cash value of food stamps were added to the resources of families, this would move 1.7 million people above the poverty line in 2007. Including the value of the federal-earned income tax credit would reduce the number of children in poverty in 2007 by 2.4 million. In 2007, the number of poor elderly people would be higher by 13 million people if social security payments were excluded from money income, more than quadrupling the number of poor elderly. Census Bureau staff continue to undertake research designed to improve the alternative/experimental poverty measures. Current projects include improvements and updates to the models used to impute medical out-of­ pocket expenditures, child care payments, and housing assistance; assess­ ment of alternative definitions of family units to include unmarried part­ ners in the family unit; and investigation of alternative data sources for geographic cost-of-living adjustments to the alternative thresholds. 2 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance The Census Bureau presents annual estimates of median household income and poverty by state and other smaller geographic units based on data collected in the American Community Survey (ACS). While the ACS produces estimates of income and poverty for counties and places with populations of 20,000 or more, the Census Bureau’s Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program also produces singleyear estimates of median household income and poverty for states and all counties, as well as population and poverty estimates for school districts. These estimates are based on models using data from a variety of sources, including current surveys, administrative records, intercensal population estimates, and personal income data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In general, SAIPE estimates have lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later because they incorporate ACS data in the models. Estimates for 2007 are available at . Estimates for 2008 will be available later this year. In 2008, the ACS added a question on health insurance coverage to the survey. Single-year estimates from the new health insurance item, for counties and places with populations of 65,000 or more, will be available on the Internet in late September 2009. State uninsured rates using 2- and 3-year averages from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS) are available at . The Census Bureau’s Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) program produces modelbased estimates of health insurance coverage rates for states and coun­ ties. The SAHIE program released 2006 estimates of health insurance cov­ erage by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and income categories at the state level and by age, sex, and income categories at the county level. These estimates are available at . also derive economic well-being from noncash benefits, such as food stamps and housing subsidies, and they have reductions in disposable income due to taxes and increases in disposable income due to refundable tax credits. The official poverty thresholds were developed more than 40 years ago and have been criticized for not taking into account rising standards of living, expenses such as child care that are necessary to hold a job, variations in medical costs across population groups, and geographic differences in the cost of living. The income and poverty estimates shown in this report are based solely on money income before taxes, do not include the value of noncash benefits, and use the official poverty thresholds. The Census Bureau com­ putes a number of alternative mea­ sures of income and poverty that do attempt to account for these factors. For more information on alternative poverty measures, see the text box “Alternative Poverty Measures.” The CPS is the longest-running survey conducted by the Census Bureau. The CPS ASEC asks detailed ques­ tions categorizing income into over 50 sources. The key purpose of the CPS ASEC is to provide timely and their parents and increases the estimate of the number of children living with two parents. The official poverty rate for 2007 was 12.5 percent, or 37.3 million people. Preliminary estimates taking account of new relationships yield a 2007 poverty rate of approximately 11.5 percent. This result suggests that about 3.3 million individuals classified as poor under the official measure may be sharing resources with others that allow their income to exceed their official poverty threshold. For more details, see Short, Kathleen, Poverty Measures That Take Account of Changing Living Arrangements and Childcare Expenses, Poverty Measurement Working Paper (forthcoming); and Kreider, Rose, Improvements to Demographic Household Data in the Current Population Survey: 2007, Housing and Household Economic Statis­ tics Division Working Paper. nativity, and region. Other topics include earnings of full-time, yearround workers; families in poverty; and health insurance coverage of chil­ dren. State health insurance coverage data can be found on the Internet at . The Census Bureau recognizes that measuring money income may not completely capture the economic well­ being of individuals and families and that there are many concerns about the adequacy of the official poverty thresholds.4 Families and individuals 4 For the purpose of the official poverty calculations in this report, families are defined as including all people residing together and related by birth, marriage, or adoption. As a result, fami­ lies in which two unmarried parents reside with their child (or children) are treated as two units— a single-parent family and an unrelated indi­ vidual. The 2008 ASEC includes a direct question to capture the relationship of couples that do not include the householder, in addition to those who are already identified as the unmarried partner of the householder. The addition of a second-parent pointer to children’s records adds accuracy to the measurement of coresidence of children and U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 3 detailed estimates of income, poverty, and health insurance coverage and to measure changes in those estimates at the national level. The CPS ASEC is the official source of national poverty estimates calculated in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14 (Appendix B). The Census Bureau also reports income and poverty estimates based on data from the American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is part of the 2010 Census program and has eliminated the need for a longform sample questionnaire. The ACS offers broad, comprehensive informa­ tion on social, economic, and housing topics and provides this information at many levels of geography, particu­ larly for local communities. Since the CPS ASEC produces more complete and thorough estimates of income and poverty, the Census Bureau recommends that people use it as the data source for national esti­ mates. Estimates for income, poverty, and other economic characteristics at the state level can be found in forth­ coming briefs based on data from the 2008 ACS. For more information on state and local estimates, see the text box “State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance.” The CPS ASEC provides reliable esti­ mates of the net change, from one year to the next, in the overall distri­ bution of economic characteristics of the population, such as income and earnings, but it does not show how those characteristics change for the same person, family, or household. Longitudinal measures of income, poverty, and health insurance cover­ age that are based on following the same people over time are avail­ able from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Estimates derived from SIPP data answer ques­ tions such as: • What percentage of households move up or down the income distribution over time? • How many people remain in pov­ erty over time? • How long do people without health insurance tend to remain uninsured? The text box “Dynamics of Economic Well-Being” provides more information. Dynamics of Economic Well-Being The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) provides monthly data about labor force participation, income sources and amounts, and health insurance coverage of individuals, families, and households during the time span covered by each of its panels. The data yield insights into the dynamic nature of these experi­ ences and the economic mobility of U.S. residents.* For example, the data demonstrate that using a longer time frame to measure poverty (e.g., 4 years) yields, on average, a lower poverty rate than the annual measures presented in this report, while using a shorter time frame (e.g., 2 months) yields higher poverty rates. Some specific findings from the 2004 panel include: • The proportion of households in the bottom quintile in 2004 that moved up to a higher quintile in 2007 (27.8 percent) was not statistically different from the proportion of households in the top quintile in 2004 that moved to a lower quintile in 2007 (27.0 percent). * The 2004 SIPP panel collected data from February 2004 through January 2008. The data are currently available for download. See the SIPP Web site for details . • Households with householders who had lower levels of education were more likely to remain in or move into a lower quintile than households whose householders had higher levels of education. • Approximately 31.0 percent of the population had at least one spell of poverty lasting 2 or more months during the 4-year period from 2004 to 2007. • Chronic poverty was relatively uncommon, with 1.8 percent of the population living in poverty all 48 months. More information based on these data is available in a series of reports titled the Dynamics of Economic Well­ Being, as well as in table packages and working papers. The Census Bureau is in the process of reengineering the SIPP for 2013. The redesigned survey is expected to reduce respondent burden and attrition and to deliver data on a timely basis, while addressing the same topic areas of the earlier SIPP panels. For more information, see . 4 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES Highlights • Real median household income declined by 3.6 percent between 2007 and 2008, from $52,163 to $50,303, following 3 years of annual income increases (Figure 1, Table 1, and Appendix A). The decline in income coincides with the recession that started in December 2007. • Real median income declined for both family (3.3 percent) and nonfamily households (4.0 percent) between 2007 and 2008 (Table 1).5 • Households of each race category and those of Hispanic origin had declines in real median income between 2007 and 2008 (Table 1). • Native- and foreign-born house­ holds, including those maintained by a naturalized citizen, had declines in real median income between 2007 and 2008.6 Income remained statistically unchanged for households maintained by a noncitizen (Table 1). • The South, Midwest, and West regions experienced declines in real median household income between 2007 and 2008, while income in the Northeast remained statistically unchanged (Table 1). • Income inequality remained statistically unchanged between 5 The apparent difference between the declines in median income for family and nonfamily households was not statistically signifi­ cant. 6 Native-born households are those in which the householder was born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. island areas of Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the Virgin Islands of the United States or was born in a foreign country but had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. All other households are considered foreign born regard­ less of the date of entry into the United States or citizenship status. The CPS does not interview households in Puerto Rico. Of all householders, 86.7 percent were native born, 6.5 percent were foreign-born householders who were naturalized citizens, and 6.8 percent were noncitizens. 2007 and 2008, as measured by the shares of aggregate household income by quintiles and the Gini index (Table 3).7 • Real median earnings of both men and women who worked full-time, year-round declined in 2008, fol­ lowing increases in 2007. Men’s earnings declined by 1.0 percent to $46,367 and women’s declined by 1.9 percent to $35,745. The 2008 female-to-male earnings ratio, 0.77, was not statistically different from the 2007 ratio (Table 1 and Figure 2). • Real per capita income declined by 3.1 percent for the total popu­ lation between 2007 and 2008. Per capita income declined by 2.9 percent for non-Hispanic Whites, 3.8 percent for Blacks, and 3.3 percent for Hispanics (Table 1).8 The apparent change for Asians was not statistically significant. Household Income Real median household income declined by 3.6 percent (from $52,163 to $50,303) between 2007 and 2008, offsetting the gain in income experienced over the past 3 years and coinciding with the reces­ sion that started in December 2007. Though the trough of this recession has not yet been defined, the 3.6 per­ cent income decline is: • Not statistically different from the declines in the income years surrounding the two most recent recessions lasting from March 2001 to November 2001 and from July 1990 to March 1991. • Larger than the 1.7 percent decline for the income years sur­ rounding the December 1969 to November 1970 recession.9 • Smaller than the declines for the income years surrounding the January 1980 to July 1980 and July 1981 to November 1982 combined recessions (6.0 percent) and the November 1973 to March 1975 recession (5.7 percent) (Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2, and Appendix A).10 Race and Hispanic Origin Real median income for households of each race category and those of Hispanic origin declined between 2007 and 2008 (Table 1 and Figure 1). The income of non-Hispanic White households declined 2.6 percent (to $55,530); for Blacks, income declined 2.8 percent (to $34,218); for Asians, income declined 4.4 percent (to $65,637); and for Hispanics, income declined 5.6 percent (to $37,913).11 In comparison to the respective income peaks before the 2001 reces­ sion, 2008 household income was 4.3 percent lower for all races combined (from $52,587 in 1999), 2.7 percent lower for non-Hispanic Whites (from $57,059 in 1999), 7.8 percent lower for Blacks (from $37,093 in 2000), 5.8 percent lower for Asians (from $69,713 in 2000), and 8.6 percent lower for Hispanics (from $41,470 in 2000).12 7 See “What Are Shares of Aggregate House­ hold Income and a Gini index?,” Income, Earn­ ings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey, American Community Survey Reports, ACS-09, August 2008, . 8 The apparent differences among the per­ centage declines in per capita income for the overall, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Hispanic populations were not statistically significant. 9 Discussion is limited to recessions occurring after 1967, the first year that household income was collected in the CPS ASEC. 10 The difference between the declines in income for the combined January 1980 to July 1980 and July 1981 to November 1982 recession and the November 1973 to March 1975 reces­ sion was not statistically significant. 11 Except for the difference between the declines in median household income for the non-Hispanic White and Hispanic households, all other differences between the declines were not statistically significant. 12 The decline for Asians was not statistically different from the declines for the remaining race groups and Hispanics. In addition, the difference between the declines for Hispanics and Blacks was not statistically significant. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 5 Table 1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2008 (Income in 2008 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percentage change in real median income (2008 less 2007) 2007 Median income (dollars) Number (thousands) HOUSEHOLDS All households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Household Family households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female householder, no husband present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Male householder, no wife present . . . Nonfamily households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Male householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Race2 and Hispanic Origin of Householder White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age of Householder Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nativity of Householder Native born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naturalized citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Region Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan Status Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside metropolitan statistical areas3 . . EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS Men with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 90 percent confidence Number Estimate interval1 (±) (thousands) 2008 Median income (dollars) 90 percent confidence Estimate interval1 (±) Characteristic Estimate 90 percent confidence interval1 (±) 116,783 77,873 58,370 14,404 5,100 38,910 21,038 17,872 52,163 64,755 75,582 34,652 51,754 31,335 25,227 38,180 239 335 548 612 1,148 270 413 430 117,181 78,850 59,118 14,480 5,252 38,331 20,637 17,694 50,303 62,621 73,010 33,073 49,186 30,078 25,014 36,006 225 423 540 620 1,092 306 383 436 *–3.6 *–3.3 *–3.4 *–4.6 *–5.0 *–4.0 –0.8 *–5.7 0.50 0.67 0.81 1.98 2.40 1.03 1.79 1.26 95,112 82,765 14,551 4,494 13,339 92,671 6,554 19,225 22,448 24,536 19,909 24,113 101,104 15,680 7,469 8,211 21,351 26,266 43,062 26,105 97,591 39,072 58,520 19,192 54,117 57,030 35,219 68,643 40,165 58,718 33,011 52,976 64,511 67,992 59,591 29,393 52,904 45,929 54,094 39,083 54,283 52,209 47,961 56,218 53,823 45,904 59,651 42,176 263 422 811 2,366 888 313 562 487 512 746 828 389 258 1,245 1,158 1,244 723 490 453 837 261 615 501 653 95,297 82,884 14,595 4,573 13,425 92,346 6,357 19,302 22,171 24,633 19,883 24,834 101,585 15,596 7,668 7,928 21,309 26,282 43,423 26,166 97,865 39,065 58,800 19,315 52,312 55,530 34,218 65,637 37,913 56,791 32,270 51,400 62,954 64,349 57,265 29,744 51,056 43,493 51,524 37,951 54,346 50,112 45,590 55,085 51,853 44,197 57,904 40,785 250 370 725 2,280 799 341 617 536 944 933 875 370 245 1,022 949 1,056 1,105 535 446 867 245 564 579 663 *–3.3 *–2.6 *–2.8 *–4.4 *–5.6 *–3.3 *–2.2 *–3.0 *–2.4 *–5.4 *–3.9 1.2 *–3.5 *–5.3 *–4.8 –2.9 0.1 *–4.0 *–4.9 *–2.0 *–3.7 *–3.7 *–2.9 *–3.3 0.53 0.78 2.45 3.77 1.94 0.63 2.02 1.09 1.40 1.40 1.60 1.48 0.53 2.75 2.18 3.32 2.01 1.10 1.04 1.71 0.53 1.44 1.03 1.75 62,984 45,613 46,846 36,451 256 174 59,861 44,156 46,367 35,745 239 174 *–1.0 *–1.9 0.62 0.56 6 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table 1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percentage change in real median income (2008 less 2007) 2007 Median income (dollars) Number (thousands) PER CAPITA INCOME Total2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2008 Median income (dollars) 90 percent confidence Estimate interval1 (±) Characteristic 90 percent confidence Number Estimate interval1 (±) (thousands) Estimate 90 percent confidence interval1 (±) 299,106 239,399 196,768 37,775 13,268 46,026 27,834 29,413 32,244 19,136 31,050 16,203 164 190 220 362 936 282 301,483 240,852 197,159 38,076 13,315 47,485 26,964 28,502 31,313 18,406 30,292 15,674 161 186 217 327 920 293 *–3.1 *–3.1 *–2.9 *–3.8 –2.4 *–3.3 0.68 0.74 0.79 2.09 3.49 1.83 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at . 2 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately in this table. 3 The ‘‘Outside metropolitan statistical areas’’ category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see ‘‘About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas’’ at . 4 The data shown in this section are per capita incomes and their respective confidence intervals. Per capita income is the mean income computed for every man, woman, and child in a particular group. It is derived by dividing the total income of a particular group by the total population in that group (excluding patients or inmates in institutional quarters). Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Figure 1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2008 2008 dollars 80,000 70,000 $65,637 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 Black 20,000 10,000 0 1959 Asian White, not Hispanic All races Hispanic (any race) $37,913 $34,218 $55,530 $50,303 Recession 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2008 Note: Median household income data are not available prior to 1967. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 7 Among the race groups, Asian households had the highest median income in 2008 ($65,637), followed by non-Hispanic White ($55,530) and Black households ($34,218). Hispanic households had a median income of $37,913.13 Comparing the income of non-Hispanic White households to that of other households puts into perspective the differences in income—the 2008 ratio of Asian to non-Hispanic White income was 1.18, the ratio of Black to non-Hispanic White income was 0.62, and the ratio of Hispanic to non-Hispanic White income was 0.68. Between 1972 (the first year that income data for the Hispanic and non-Hispanic White populations were collected in the CPS ASEC) and 2008, the Black–to–non­ Hispanic-White income ratio increased from 0.58 to 0.62. Over the same period, the Hispanic–to–non-HispanicWhite income ratio declined from 0.74 to 0.68. Income data for the Asian population was first available in 1987. The Asian–to–non-Hispanic-White income ratios for 1987 and 2008 were not statistically different, 1.14 and 1.18, respectively. Nativity Native- and foreign-born households, including those maintained by a naturalized citizen, had declines in real median income between 2007 and 2008. The decline for nativeborn households was 3.5 percent; for foreign-born households, the decline was 5.3 percent; and for those maintained by a naturalized citizen, the decline was 4.8 percent.14 Income remained statistically unchanged for households maintained by a house­ holder that was not a citizen (Table 1). Table 2. Change in Real Median Household Income During Recessions: 1969 to 2008 (Income in 2008 dollars. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Recessions1 Income years December 2007, trough not yet defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 2001 to November 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 1990 to March 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 1980 to July 1980 and July 1981 to November 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1973 to March 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1969 to November 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 to 2008 1999 to 2002 19892 to 1991 1978 to 1983 1973 to 1975 1969 to 1971 Percentage change in real median income * –3.6 * –3.5 * –3.9 * –6.0 * –5.7 * –1.7 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization. 2 For comparability purposes, the 1989 median household income used in this calculation ($48,319 in 2008 dollars), is based on data that reflect the implementation of the 1990 decennial census population controls. This median is different from the median shown in Table A-1, which is based on 1980 census population controls. Note: Income years are based on peak income year prior to or during the start of the recession and the trough income year near or after the end of the recession. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1970 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Region The South, Midwest, and West regions experienced declines in real median household income between 2007 and 2008. Income in the Northeast was statistically unchanged in 2008 but was the only region to experience a decline in 2007. Between 2007 and 2008, median household income declined in the South by 4.9 per­ cent, declined in the Midwest by 4.0 percent, and declined in the West by 2.0 percent.15, 16 In 2008, households in the West ($55,085) and Northeast ($54,346) had the highest median 15 The Northeast region includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state equivalent. The West region includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 16 The apparent differences in the declines in median household income between the South and Midwest and the Midwest and West were not statistically significant. household incomes, followed by the Midwest ($50,112) and the South ($45,590).17 Metropolitan Status Regardless of metropolitan status, all households had declines in real median income between 2007 and 2008 (Table 1). Specifically, income declined by 3.7 percent (to $51,853) for households in metropolitan areas and by 3.3 percent (to $40,785) for households outside metropolitan areas. Within metropolitan statistical areas, household income declined by 3.7 percent for those inside principal cities (to $44,197) and by 2.9 per­ cent for those outside principal cities (to $57,904).18 In 2008, households within metropolitan areas but outside principal cities had the highest median income, and households outside met­ ropolitan areas had the lowest. 13 The distribution of household income is influenced by many factors, such as the number of earners and household size. 14 The apparent differences among the declines in median income for native-born, foreign-born, and naturalized-citizen households were not statistically significant. 17 The apparent difference between the median household incomes for the West and Northeast was not statistically significant. 18 The differences among the declines in median household income by metropolitan sta­ tus were not statistically significant. 8 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Income Inequality The Census Bureau has traditionally used two methods to measure income inequality—the shares of aggregate household income received by quin­ tiles and the Gini index. Recently, the Census Bureau expanded its list of inequality measures to include the ratio of income percentiles, Theil index, mean logarithmic deviation of income, and Atkinson measure.19 The shares of aggregate household income, Gini index, and ratios of income percentiles are used in the discussion of income inequality as it pertains to money income. The shares of aggregate income and Gini index, along with the Theil index, mean logarithmic deviation of income, and Atkinson measure, are discussed in the “Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality” section that follows. The shares method ranks households from lowest to highest on the basis of income and then divides them into groups of equal population size, typi­ cally quintiles. The aggregate income of each group is then divided by the overall aggregate income to derive shares. The Gini index incorporates detailed shares data into a single measure, which summarizes the dis­ persion of income across the entire income distribution. The Gini index ranges from 0, indicating perfect equality (where everyone receives an equal share), to 1, perfect inequality (where all of the income is received by only one recipient or group of recipients). Income inequality remained statisti­ cally unchanged between 2007 and 2008, as measured by the shares of aggregate household income by 19 An article by Paul Allison, “Measures of Inequality,” American Sociological Review, 43, December 1977, pp. 865–880, provides an explanation of inequality measures. quintiles and the Gini index (Tables 3 and A-3). In 2008, the share of aggregate income received by the low­ est quintile was 3.4 percent; for the second quintile, it was 8.6 percent; for the third quintile, it was 14.7 percent; for the fourth quintile, it was 23.3 percent; and for the highest quintile, it was 50.0 percent. To put it in perspec­ tive, the lowest quintile of households had incomes of $20,712 or less; those in the second quintile had incomes of $20,713 to $39,000; those in the third quintile had incomes of $39,001 to $62,725; those in the fourth quintile had incomes of $62,726 to $100,240; and those in the highest quintile had incomes of $100,241or more. The Gini index, 0.466, also indicated no statistical change in total house­ hold income inequality between 2007 and 2008. Except for the 1.5 percent decline in the Gini index between 2006 and 2007, there were no other statistically significant annual changes since 1993, the earliest year available for comparable measures of income inequality.20 Since 1993, the Gini index is up 2.6 percent. (Table A-3 lists historical inequality measures.)21 Between 2007 and 2008, income at the 50th percentile (median) and the 10th percentile declined by 3.6 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively, compared with a 2.1 percent decline for income at the 90th percentile 20 Direct comparisons with years earlier than 1993 are not recommended because of substantial methodological changes in the 1994 ASEC. In that year, the Census Bureau introduced computer-assisted interviewing, increased income reporting limits, and implemented 1990 census-based population controls. 21 For further discussion of how high incomes reported in the ASEC affect income distribution measures, see, Semega and Welniak, “Evaluating the Impact of Unrestricted Income Values on Income Distribution Measures Using the Current Population Survey’s Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC),” April 2007, . (see Table A-3 in Appendix A).22 Comparing the change in household income between 1999 (the income peak before the 2001 recession) and 2008 also suggests income inequality is increasing. Income at the 50th and 10th percentiles declined, 4.3 percent and 9.0 percent, respectively, while income at the 90th percentile was sta­ tistically unchanged.23 Between 1999 and 2008, the 90th-percentile-to-the­ 10th-percentile ratio increased from 10.42 to 11.37. Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality Another way to measure income inequality is using equivalenceadjusted income. Equivalenceadjusted income takes into consider­ ation the number of people living in the household and how these people share resources and take advantage of economies of scale. For example, the household-income-based dis­ tribution treats income of $30,000 for a single-person household and a family household similarly, while the equivalence-adjusted income of $30,000 for a single-person house­ hold would be more than twice the equivalence-adjusted income of $30,000 for a family household with two adults and two children. The equivalence adjustment used here is based on a three-parameter scale that reflects: 1. On average, children consume less than adults. 2. As family size increases, expenses do not increase at the same rate. 22 The difference between the percentage declines for the 50th and 10th percentiles was not statistically significant. 23 The differences between the 1999–2008 change in income at the 50th percentile and the 2007–2008 changes at the 50th and 10th per­ centiles were not statistically significant. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 9 Table 3. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 2007 and 2008 (For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) 2007 Money income 90 Esti­ percent mate C.I.1 (±) Shares of Aggregate Income by Percentile Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.463 0.532 0.391 0.095 0.185 0.281 0.0045 0.0103 0.0002 0.0018 0.0030 0.0039 0.445 0.588 0.371 0.090 0.178 0.279 0.0028 0.0075 0.0001 0.0012 0.0020 0.0027 0.466 0.541 0.398 0.096 0.188 0.285 0.0045 0.0104 0.0002 0.0018 0.0029 0.0038 0.451 0.614 0.380 0.092 0.183 0.287 0.0028 0.0077 0.0001 0.0012 0.0019 0.0026 0.6 1.7 *1.8 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.10 2.22 0.05 2.18 1.79 1.58 *1.3 *4.4 *2.4 *2.2 *2.8 *2.9 0.72 1.52 0.05 1.48 1.28 1.09 3.4 8.7 14.8 23.4 49.7 21.2 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.25 0.54 0.48 3.7 9.6 15.3 22.9 48.5 21.1 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.35 0.31 3.4 8.6 14.7 23.3 50.0 21.5 0.04 0.09 0.16 0.25 0.54 0.49 3.6 9.4 15.1 22.9 49.0 21.4 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.36 0.31 – –1.1 –0.7 –0.4 0.6 1.4 1.27 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.06 2.63 *–2.7 *–2.1 *–1.3 – *1.0 1.4 1.00 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.84 1.70 Equivalenceadjusted income 90 Esti­ percent mate C.I.1 (±) Money income 90 Esti­ percent mate C.I.1 (±) 2008 Equivalenceadjusted income 90 Esti­ percent mate C.I.1 (±) Percentage change (2008 less 2007) Money income 90 Esti­ percent mate C.I.1 (±) Equivalenceadjusted income Esti­ mate 90 percent C.I.1 (±) Measure – Represents or rounds to zero. * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 A 90 percent confidence interval (C.I.) is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at . Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 3. The increase in expenses is larger for a first child of a single-parent family than the first child of a two-adult family.24 Table 3 shows several income inequal­ ity measures, including shares of aggregate income and the Gini The three-parameter scale used here is the same as the one used in the report The Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty in the United States: 2005, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-232, March 2007, . The three-parameter scale was applied to incomes of families and unrelated individuals and assigned to each family member or unrelated individual living within the household. For details on the derivation of the three-parameter scale, see Short, Kathleen, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, Current Population Reports, P60-216, October 2001, . 24 index, using both money income and equivalence-adjusted income for income years 2007 and 2008.25 For both 2007 and 2008, the Gini index is lower under the equivalence-adjusted income concept than under the traditional money income concept, indicating a more equal distribution of income. Comparing the shares of aggregate household income received by quintile, higher shares of income appear in the lower quintiles and lower shares appear in the higher quintiles for equivalence-adjusted income than for money income. This 25 An article by Paul Allison, “Measures of Inequality,” American Sociological Review, 43, December 1977, pp. 865–880, provides an explanation of inequality measures. redistribution would be expected given that: 1. The lower end of the income dis­ tribution is made up of a higher concentration of single-person households. 2. The lower end of the income distribution is made up of smaller families than the upper end. Equivalence adjusting increases the relative incomes of people living in lower-income groups. For equivalence-adjusted income, there was an increase in the Gini index and a redistribution of shares of aggregate household income 10 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2008 Earnings in thousands (2008 dollars), ratio in percent 90 80 70 Female-to-male earnings ratio 60 50 $46,367 40 30 20 10 0 1959 Earnings of men $35,745 Earnings of women Recession 77 percent 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2008 Note: Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not readily available before 1960. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. between 2007 and 2008, suggest­ ing an increase in income inequal­ ity. Specifically, the lowest quintile, second quintile, and middle quintile shares of aggregate income decreased between 2007 and 2008 (–0.1 per­ centage point, –0.2 percentage point, and –0.2 percentage point, respectively).26 The fourth quintile remained statistically unchanged at 22.9 percent, while the highest quintile share of aggregate income increased from 48.5 percent in 2007 to 49.0 percent in 2008. The Gini index of income inequal­ ity increased from 0.445 in 2007 to 0.451 in 2008. This was the first statistically significant annual increase 26 The difference between the decrease of the lowest quintile and the decrease of the middle quintile was not statistically significant. in the Gini index for equivalenceadjusted income since it was first published in 2005. Each of the other income distribution summary mea­ sures in Table 3 also showed statisti­ cally significant increases in inequal­ ity for equivalence-adjusted income between 2007 and 2008. The mean logarithmic deviation of income (MLD) gives more weight to changes at the lower end of the income distribution. Income distribu­ tions are typically skewed toward higher income. The MLD represents the gap between the median and the average income. For example, in 2008 the MLD increased to 0.614. This means that the median income was 61.4 percent less than the average income in 2008. Between 2007 and 2008, the MLD increased from 0.588 to 0.614. The Theil index is similar to the Gini index because it summarizes the dispersion of income across the entire income distribution with the added benefit of allowing for the examina­ tion of components. Between 2007 and 2008, the Theil index increased from 0.371 to 0.380. The Atkinson measure is useful in determining which end of the income distribution is contributing most to income inequality. The weights of the Atkinson measure (in Table 3 the weights are represented by “e”) denote the amount of sensitivity given to changes in the lower end of the income distribution, where higher weights indicate higher sensitivity. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 11 As shown in Table 3, the Atkinson measure based on e=0.25 increased by 2.22 percent, while the Atkinson measure based on e=0.75 increased by 2.87 percent.27 Work Experience and Earnings The number of working men aged 15 and older decreased by 0.4 mil­ lion between 2007 and 2008 to 84.1 million. An estimated 71.2 percent worked full-time, year-round, a lower percentage than in 2007 (74.5 percent).28 The number of working women aged 15 and older was 74.6 million, statistically unchanged from 2007. About 59.2 percent of these women worked full-time, year-round 27 The difference between the percent­ age changes in the Atkinson measure based on e=0.25 and e=0.75 was not statistically significant. 28 A full-time, year-round worker is a person who worked 35 or more hours per week (full­ time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous calendar year (year-round). For school personnel, summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if they are scheduled to return to their job in the fall. For detailed information on work experi­ ence, see Table PINC-05, “Work Experience in 2008—People 15 Years Old and Over by Total Money Earnings in 2008, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex” at . in 2008, a lower percentage than in 2007 (61.4 percent). While earnings represent the larg­ est component of income, earnings trends and household income trends do not necessarily move in tandem. The 3.6 percent real decline in overall median household income in 2008 was driven by the decline in income of household earners. Household income declines ranged from 2.8 percent for two-earner households to 4.2 percent for three-earner house­ holds, while the income of house­ holds with no earners increased 2.6 percent. This occurred while the real earnings of men and women who worked full-time, year-round declined by 1.0 percent and 1.9 percent, respectively (Table 1 and Figure 2).29 The median earnings of men declined from $46,846 to $46,367 and those of women declined from $36,451 to 29 The apparent differences between the decline in median income for all households and the declines for two- and three-earner households were not statistically significant. In addition, the differences between the decline in median income for two-earner households and the declines for three-earner households and for women who worked full-time, year-round were not statistically significant. $35,745. In 2008, the female-to-male earnings ratio was 0.77, not statisti­ cally different from the 2007 ratio. Per Capita Income30 Real per capita income declined by 3.1 percent for the total population between 2007 and 2008.31 Per capita income declined 2.9 percent for nonHispanic Whites, declined 3.8 percent for Blacks, and declined 3.3 percent for Hispanics (Table 1).32 The apparent change for Asians was not statistically significant. The per capita income for the overall population in 2008 was $26,964; for non-Hispanic Whites, it was $31,313; for Blacks, it was $18,406; for Asians, it was $30,292; and for Hispanics, it was $15,674. 30 The per capita income data presented in this report are not directly comparable with esti­ mates of personal per capita income prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. The lack of correspondence stems from the differences in income definition and coverage. For further details, see . 31 Unlike medians, per capita and means are affected by extremely high and low incomes. 32 The apparent differences among the declines for the overall, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Hispanic populations were not statisti­ cally significant. 12 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES33 Highlights • The official poverty rate in 2008 was 13.2 percent, up from 12.5 percent in 2007 (Table 4). This was the first statistically sig­ nificant annual increase in the poverty rate since 2004, when poverty increased to 12.7 percent from 12.5 percent in 2003. In 2008, 39.8 million people were in poverty, up from 37.3 million in 2007—the second consecutive annual increase in the number of people in poverty. • In 2008, the poverty rate increased for non-Hispanic Whites (8.6 per­ cent in 2008—up from 8.2 percent in 2007), Asians (11.8 percent in 2008—up from 10.2 percent in 2007), and Hispanics (23.2 percent in 2008—up from 21.5 percent in 2007). The poverty rate in 2008 was statistically unchanged for Blacks (24.7 percent). • The poverty rate in 2008 (13.2 percent) was the highest pov­ erty rate since 1997 but was 9.2 percentage points lower than in 1959, the first year for which poverty estimates are available (Figure 3). • Since 1960, the number of people below poverty has not exceeded the 2008 figure of 39.8 million people.34 • The poverty rate increased for children under 18 years old (19.0 percent in 2008—up from 18.0 percent in 2007) and people 18 to 64 years old (11.7 percent in 2008—up from 10.9 percent in 2007), while it remained statistically unchanged for people 65 and over (9.7 percent).35 • 33 OMB determined the official definition of poverty in Statistical Policy Directive 14. Appendix B describes how the Census Bureau calculates poverty. 34 The 2008 number is not significantly dif­ ferent from 1993, 1962, 1961, 1960, and 1959 estimates. 35 Unrelated individuals under 15 are excluded from the poverty universe; therefore, there are 442,000 fewer children in the poverty universe than in the total population. Figure 3. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2008 Numbers in millions, rates in percent 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Poverty rate 15 10 5 0 1959 13.2 percent Number in poverty 39.8 million Recession 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2008 Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 13 Table 4. People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2008 (Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) 2007 Below poverty Characteristic 90 90 percent Per- percent 1 1 Total Number C.I. (±) centage C.I. (±) PEOPLE Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Family Status In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related children under 18. . . . . . . . . Related children under 6 . . . . . . . . In unrelated subfamilies . . . . . . . . . . . . Reference person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Children under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Race3 and Hispanic Origin White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nativity Native born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Region Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan Status Inside metropolitan statistical areas. . . Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . Outside metropolitan statistical areas4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work Experience Total, 16 years and older. . . . . . . . All workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Worked full-time, year-round. . . . . . . Not full-time, year-round . . . . . . . . . . Did not work at least one week . . . . . . FAMILIES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Family Married-couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female householder, no husband present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Male householder, no wife present . . . 90 90 percent Per- percent 1 1 Total Number C.I. (±) centage C.I. (±) Number Percentage 2008 Below poverty Change in poverty (2008 less 2007)2 298,699 245,443 77,908 72,792 24,543 1,516 609 819 51,740 25,447 26,293 239,133 196,583 37,665 13,257 45,933 73,996 187,913 36,790 261,456 37,243 15,050 22,193 53,952 65,403 109,545 69,799 251,023 96,731 154,292 47,676 233,885 158,468 108,617 49,851 75,417 77,908 58,395 14,411 5,103 37,276 26,509 7,623 12,802 5,101 577 222 332 10,189 4,348 5,841 25,120 16,032 9,237 1,349 9,890 13,324 20,396 3,556 31,126 6,150 1,426 4,724 6,166 7,237 15,501 8,372 29,921 15,983 13,938 7,355 25,297 9,089 2,768 6,320 16,208 7,623 2,849 4,078 696 682 587 184 345 227 91 56 60 221 131 156 573 465 334 135 333 350 516 132 631 335 162 294 286 308 453 340 620 465 436 392 569 354 198 297 465 184 104 127 49 12.5 10.8 9.8 17.6 20.8 38.1 36.5 40.5 19.7 17.1 22.2 10.5 8.2 24.5 10.2 21.5 18.0 10.9 9.7 11.9 16.5 9.5 21.3 11.4 11.1 14.2 12.0 11.9 16.5 9.0 15.4 10.8 5.7 2.5 12.7 21.5 9.8 4.9 28.3 13.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.9 4.7 7.4 5.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.0 301,041 248,301 78,874 72,980 24,884 1,207 452 712 51,534 25,240 26,293 240,548 196,940 37,966 13,310 47,398 74,068 189,185 37,788 264,314 36,727 15,470 21,257 54,123 65,589 110,666 70,663 253,048 97,217 155,831 47,993 236,024 158,317 104,023 54,294 77,707 78,874 59,137 14,482 5,255 39,829 28,564 8,147 13,507 5,295 555 207 341 10,710 4,759 5,951 26,990 17,024 9,379 1,576 10,987 14,068 22,105 3,656 33,293 6,536 1,577 4,959 6,295 8,120 15,862 9,552 32,570 17,222 15,348 7,259 27,216 10,085 2,754 7,331 17,131 8,147 3,261 4,163 723 701 607 192 353 231 89 54 61 228 139 158 592 479 337 145 348 359 536 134 650 345 171 301 292 319 458 360 643 481 456 390 587 372 197 319 477 192 112 128 50 13.2 11.5 10.3 18.5 21.3 46.0 45.7 47.8 20.8 18.9 22.6 11.2 8.6 24.7 11.8 23.2 19.0 11.7 9.7 12.6 17.8 10.2 23.3 11.6 12.4 14.3 13.5 12.9 17.7 9.8 15.1 11.5 6.4 2.6 13.5 22.0 10.3 5.5 28.7 13.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.9 5.4 8.9 6.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.9 1.0 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.0 *2,553 *2,055 *525 *705 194 –22 –15 9 *521 *411 110 *1,870 *992 142 *227 *1,097 *744 *1,709 100 *2,167 *386 151 235 130 *883 361 *1,180 *2,649 *1,240 *1,410 –96 *1,919 *996 –14 *1,011 *923 *525 *412 85 27 *0.8 *0.7 *0.5 *0.9 0.5 *7.9 *9.2 *7.3 *1.1 *1.8 0.4 *0.7 *0.5 0.2 *1.7 *1.6 *1.0 *0.8 – *0.7 *1.3 0.7 *2.0 0.2 *1.3 0.2 *1.5 *1.0 *1.2 *0.8 –0.3 *0.7 *0.6 0.1 *0.8 0.6 *0.5 *0.6 0.4 0.1 – Represents or rounds to zero. * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at . 2 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. 3 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 4 The ‘‘Outside metropolitan statistical areas’’ category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see ‘‘About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas’’ at . Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 14 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Race and Hispanic Origin Both the poverty rate and the number in poverty increased for non-Hispanic Whites from 2007 to 2008 (8.6 per­ cent and 17.0 million in 2008—up from 8.2 percent and 16.0 million in 2007 [Table 4]). The poverty rate for non-Hispanic Whites was lower than for other racial groups—they accounted for 42.7 percent of the people in poverty, compared with 65.4 percent of the total population. For Blacks, neither the poverty rate (24.7 percent) nor the number in pov­ erty (9.4 million) in 2008 was statisti­ cally different from 2007; while for both Asians and Hispanics, the pov­ erty rate and the number in poverty increased. Among Asians, 11.8 percent (1.6 million) were in poverty in 2008, higher than the 10.2 percent (1.3 million) in 2007. Among Hispanics, 23.2 percent (11.0 million) were in poverty in 2008, higher than the 21.5 percent (9.9 million) in 2007. Age In 2008, both the poverty rate and the number in poverty increased for people aged 18 to 64 (11.7 percent and 22.1 million in 2008—up from 10.9 percent and 20.4 million in 2007). Both the poverty rate and the number in poverty remained statisti­ cally unchanged for people 65 and older, at 9.7 percent and 3.7 million in 2008 (Table 4 and Figure 4). Both the poverty rate and the number in poverty increased for children under 18 years old (19.0 percent and 14.1 million in 2008—up from 18.0 percent and 13.3 million in 2007). The pov­ erty rate for children was higher than the rates for people 18 to 64 years old and those 65 and older (Table 4). Children represented 35.3 percent of the people in poverty but only 24.6 percent of the total population. Related children under 18 include children living in families related to the householder (or the reference person of an unrelated subfamily) who are not themselves a house­ holder or spouse of the householder (or the family reference person). Both the poverty rate and the num­ ber in poverty increased for related children under 18 (18.5 percent and 13.5 million in 2008—up from 17.6 percent and 12.8 million in 2007). For related children under 18 with a female householder with no husband present, 43.5 percent were in poverty, compared with 9.9 percent of related children in married-couple families. Both the poverty rate and the number in poverty for related children under 6 (21.3 percent and 5.3 million in 2008) remained statistically unchanged from 2007. Of related children under 6 with a female householder with no husband present, 53.3 percent were in poverty—five times the rate of their counterparts in married-couple fami­ lies (11.0 percent). Nativity Of all people, 87.8 percent were native born and 12.2 percent were foreign born. The poverty rate and the number in poverty for the nativeborn population increased to 12.6 percent and 33.3 million in 2008—up from 11.9 percent and 31.1 million in 2007. Among the foreign-born popu­ lation, 17.8 percent or 6.5 million people lived in poverty in 2008—up from 16.5 percent or 6.2 million people in 2007 (Table 4). Of the foreign-born population, 42.1 percent were naturalized citizens; the remaining were noncitizens. The poverty rate in 2008 for naturalized citizens was 10.2 percent, unchanged from 2007, while the poverty rate for those who were not U.S. citizens rose to 23.3 in 2008—up from 21.3 percent in 2007. Region Two of the four regions showed increases in both the poverty rate and the number in poverty between 2007 and 2008. The Midwest increased to 12.4 percent (8.1 million) in 2008, up from 11.1 percent (7.2 million) in 2007; and the West increased to 13.5 percent (9.6 million) in 2008, up from 12.0 percent (8.4 million) in 2007. The poverty rates for the Northeast (11.6 percent) and the South (14.3 percent) were both statistically unchanged from 2007. Metropolitan Status Inside metropolitan statistical areas, the poverty rate and the number of people in poverty were 12.9 percent and 32.6 million in 2008—up from 11.9 percent and 29.9 million in 2007. Among those living outside metropoli­ tan statistical areas, the poverty rate and the number in poverty were 15.1 percent and 7.3 million in 2008, statis­ tically unchanged from 2007. The poverty rate and the number in poverty increased for people in prin­ cipal cities to 17.7 percent and 17.2 million in 2008—up from 16.5 percent and 16.0 million in 2007. The poverty rate and the number in poverty for those inside metropolitan statisti­ cal areas but not in principal cities were 9.8 percent and 15.3 million in 2008—up from 9.0 percent and 13.9 million in 2007. Of all people living in metropolitan sta­ tistical areas in 2008, 38.4 percent lived in principal cities while 52.9 percent of people in poverty in those metropolitan areas lived in principal cities. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 15 Figure 4. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2008 Percent 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 18 to 64 years 5 0 1959 11.7 percent 9.7 percent Under 18 years 19.0 percent 65 years and older Recession 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2008 Notes: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Work Experience People 16 years old and older who worked some or all of 2008 had a lower poverty rate than those who did not work at any time—6.4 percent compared with 22.0 percent (Table 4). In 2008, the poverty rate among fulltime, year-round workers was lower than the rate for those who worked part-time or part-year—2.6 percent compared with 13.5 percent. Those who did not work in 2008 represented 43.0 percent of people in poverty and 25.8 percent of all people. Families The poverty rate and the number of families in poverty were 10.3 percent and 8.1 million in 2008—up from 9.8 percent and 7.6 million in 2007 (Table 4). For married-couple families, both the poverty rate and the number in poverty increased to 5.5 percent and 3.3 million in 2008—up from 4.9 per­ cent and 2.8 million in 2007—while the poverty rate and the number in poverty showed no statistical change in 2008 for female-householder-with­ no-husband-present families (28.7 percent and 4.2 million) and male­ householder-with-no-wife-present families (13.8 percent and 723,000). 16 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table 5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characteristics: 2008 (Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Income-to-poverty ratio Under 0.50 Characteristic Total All people. . . . . . . . . Age Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . Race2 and Hispanic Origin White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . Family Status In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related children under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related children under 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrelated subfamilies . . . . . . . Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,301 11,638 78,874 3,390 72,980 24,884 1,207 51,534 25,240 26,293 5,894 2,521 308 5,129 2,420 2,708 400 114 246 163 66 145 95 101 4.7 4.3 8.1 10.1 25.5 10.0 9.6 10.3 0.2 28,564 0.1 8,147 0.3 13,507 0.6 5,295 4.7 555 0.2 10,710 0.3 4,759 0.3 5,951 607 192 353 231 89 228 139 158 11.5 10.3 18.5 21.3 46.0 20.8 18.9 22.6 0.2 38,995 0.2 11,164 0.5 17,893 0.9 6,932 5.4 675 0.3 14,135 0.5 6,096 0.5 8,039 695 235 393 260 98 275 160 190 15.7 14.2 24.5 27.9 55.9 27.4 24.2 30.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.9 5.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 74,068 28,688 40,520 41,322 44,366 18,755 15,534 37,788 6,278 2,640 2,437 1,733 1,721 692 579 995 253 116 113 96 95 61 56 72 391 319 240 101 237 8.5 9.2 6.0 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.7 2.6 4.6 3.7 11.4 5.5 9.1 0.3 14,068 0.4 5,283 0.3 5,351 0.2 4,277 0.2 4,047 0.3 1,642 0.4 1,504 0.2 3,656 0.2 26,990 0.2 17,024 0.6 9,379 0.7 1,576 0.5 10,987 359 158 164 148 144 93 89 134 592 479 337 145 348 19.0 18.4 13.2 10.4 9.1 8.8 9.7 9.7 11.2 8.6 24.7 11.8 23.2 0.5 18,553 0.5 6,790 0.4 7,130 0.3 5,760 0.3 5,351 0.5 2,206 0.6 1,999 0.4 6,018 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.1 0.7 37,460 23,903 11,982 1,927 14,861 398 175 187 170 164 108 103 165 683 560 371 159 382 25.0 23.7 17.6 13.9 12.1 11.8 12.9 15.9 15.6 12.1 31.6 14.5 31.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.8 90 Num­ percent ber C.I.1 (±) 479 90 Per- percent cent C.I.1 (±) 5.7 90 Num­ percent ber C.I.1 (±) 701 90 Per- percent cent C.I.1 (±) 13.2 90 Num­ percent ber C.I.1 (±) 792 90 Per- percent cent C.I.1 (±) 17.9 0.3 Under 1.00 Under 1.25 301,041 17,075 0.2 39,829 0.2 53,805 240,548 11,135 196,940 7,286 37,966 4,327 13,310 738 47,398 4,305 1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at . 2 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 17 Depth of Poverty Categorizing people as “in poverty” or “not in poverty” is one way to describe their economic situation. The income­ to-poverty ratio and the income deficit (surplus) describe other aspects of economic well-being. Where the poverty rate provides a measure of the proportion of people with a family income that is below the established poverty thresholds, the income-to­ poverty ratio provides a measure to gauge the depth of poverty and calculate the size of the population who may be eligible for means-tested, government-sponsored assistance programs, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Medicaid, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). The income-to­ poverty ratio is reported as a percent­ age that compares a family’s or an unrelated individual’s (people who do not live with relatives) income with their poverty threshold. For example, a family or individual with an income­ to-poverty ratio of 110 percent has income that is 10 percent above their poverty threshold. The income deficit (surplus) tells how many dollars a family’s or an unre­ lated individual’s income is below (above) their poverty threshold. This measure provides an estimate of the dollar amount that would be required to raise the income of all poor fami­ lies and unrelated individuals to their respective poverty thresholds. Ratio of Income to Poverty Table 5 presents the number and per­ centage of people within three ranges of income-to-poverty ratios—those below 50 percent of poverty (“Under 0.50”), those below 100 percent of Figure 5. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2008 (Percent) 9.2 5.8 11.2 People 65 years and older 12.6 55.5 62.8 57.4 54.3 People 18 to 64 years old 35.3 24.6 Total population 36.8 34.5 Children under 18 years old Population with Population Population with incomes below with incomes incomes below 100 percent below 50 percent 125 percent of thresholds of thresholds of thresholds Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. poverty (“Under 1.00,” also called “in poverty”), and those below 125 per­ cent of poverty (“Under 1.25”). In 2008, 5.7 percent of all people, or 17.1 million people, had income below one-half of their poverty threshold (Table 5). This group rep­ resented 42.9 percent of the poverty population in 2008. The percent­ age and the number of people with income below 125 percent of their threshold was 17.9 percent and 53.8 million. For children under 18 years old, 8.5 percent (6.3 million) lived in families with income below 50 percent of their poverty thresholds and 25.0 percent (18.6 million) were in families with income below 125 percent of their thresholds. The demographic makeup of the population differs at varying degrees of poverty. Children represented 24.6 percent of the overall population but 35.3 percent of the poor population and 36.8 percent of the population with income below 50 percent of their poverty thresholds. On the other hand, the elderly represented 12.6 percent of the overall population but only 9.2 percent of the poor population and 5.8 percent of those with income below 50 percent of their poverty thresholds. For people in families (or unrelated individuals) with income below 125 percent of their poverty thresholds, 34.5 percent were children while 11.2 percent were elderly (Figure 5). 18 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table 6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2008 (Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in thousands, deficits and surpluses and their confidence intervals [C.I.] in dollars. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Average deficit or surplus (dollars) 90 Esti­ percent 1 mate C.I. (±) Deficit or surplus per capita (dollars) 90 Esti­ percent 1 mate C.I. (±) Size of deficit or surplus Characteristic Under Total $500 Below Poverty Threshold, Deficit All families . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,147 Married-couple families. . . . . . . . . . . . 3,261 Families with a female householder, no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,163 Families with a male householder, no wife present . . . . . . . 723 Unrelated individuals . . . 10,710 Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,759 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,951 Above Poverty Threshold, Surplus All families . . . . . . . . . . . . Married-couple families. . . . . . . . . . . . Families with a female householder, no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . Families with a male householder, no wife present . . . . . . . Unrelated individuals . . . Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,727 55,875 338 142 342 152 621 311 664 320 676 337 712 429 701 402 733 436 266 115 270 130 592 280 573 280 506 211 498 195 555 240 487 189 456 168 3,945 1,453 $500 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 to to to to to to to to or $999 $1,999 $2,999 $3,999 $4,999 $5,999 $6,999 $7,999 more 9,102 8,642 123 199 2,596 2,234 58 77 112 39 539 225 314 117 22 561 168 393 248 63 1,354 559 795 221 72 979 391 588 249 46 1,112 511 601 257 46 652 292 360 262 52 559 250 309 259 40 555 275 280 255 32 430 211 219 2,182 310 3,968 1,878 2,090 9,638 8,083 5,912 6,216 5,670 169 393 66 97 87 2,905 2,737 5,912 6,216 5,670 87 211 166 266 219 810 65,130 69,620 461 52,885 77,833 538 22,409 642 24,629 306 339 10,319 4,532 40,823 20,481 20,342 150 46 588 216 372 149 41 918 405 513 250 60 1,278 471 807 260 84 1,149 380 769 278 60 1,331 592 739 223 59 1,209 472 737 214 86 1,088 432 656 223 74 986 398 587 281 8,291 34,851 716 11,902 1,543 393 589 517 16,640 30,738 34,609 26,840 313 674 554 862 712 69 3,953 47,532 929 31,347 30,738 357 16,757 34,609 573 14,590 26,840 1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at . Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Income Deficit The income deficit for families in pov­ erty (the difference in dollars between a family’s income and its poverty threshold) averaged $9,102 in 2008, higher in real terms than the 2007 figure ($8,523). The average income deficit was larger for families with a female householder with no husband present ($9,638) than for marriedcouple families ($8,642) and families with a male householder with no wife present ($8,083) (Table 6). The average income deficit per capita for families with a female householder with no husband present ($2,905) was higher than for married-couple families ($2,234). The income deficit per capita is computed by dividing the average deficit by the average number of people in that type of family. Since families with a female householder with no husband present were smaller, on average, than married-couple families, the larger per capita deficit for families with a female householder with no husband present reflects their smaller average family size as well as their lower incomes. For unrelated individuals in pov­ erty, the average income deficit was $5,912 in 2008. The $5,670 deficit for women was lower than the $6,216 deficit for men.36 36 The average income deficit per capita for all unrelated individuals was not statistically dif­ ferent from the average income deficit per capita for unrelated men or the average income deficit per capita for unrelated women. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 19 HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE IN THE UNITED STATES Highlights • The percentage of people without health insurance in 2008 was not statistically different from 2007 at 15.4 percent. The number of unin­ sured increased to 46.3 million in 2008, from 45.7 million in 2007 (Table 7 and Figure 6).37 • The number of people with health insurance increased to 255.1 mil­ lion in 2008—up from 253.4 mil­ lion in 2007. The number of people covered by private health insur­ ance decreased to 201.0 million in 2008—down from 202.0 million in 2007. The number of people cov­ ered by government health insur­ ance increased to 87.4 million—up from 83.0 million in 2007. • The percentage of people covered by private health insurance was 66.7 percent in 2008—down from 67.5 percent in 2007 (Figure 7). The percentage of people covered by employment-based health insurance decreased to 58.5 per­ cent in 2008, from 59.3 percent in 2007. The number of people covered by employment-based health insurance decreased to 176.3 million in 2008, from 177.4 million in 2007. 37 For a brief description of how the Census Bureau collects and reports on health insurance data, see the text box “What Is Health Insurance Coverage?” For a discussion of the quality of ASEC health insurance coverage estimates, see Appendix C. What Is Health Insurance Coverage? The Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS) asks about health insurance coverage in the pre­ vious calendar year. The survey asks separate questions about the major types of health insurance. People who answer “no” to each of the coverage questions are then asked to verify that they were, in fact, not covered by any type of health insurance. For reporting purposes, the Census Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as private coverage or gov­ ernment coverage. Private health insurance is a plan provided through an employer or a union or purchased by an individual from a private company. Government health insurance includes such federal programs as Medicare, Medicaid, and military health care; the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP); and individual state health plans.* People were considered “insured” if they were covered by any type of health insurance for part or all of the previous calendar year. They were considered “uninsured” if, for the entire year, they were not covered by any type of health insurance. Research shows health insurance coverage is underreported in the CPS ASEC for a variety of reasons. Annual retrospective questions appear to cause few problems when collecting income data (possibly because the interview period is close to when people pay their taxes). However, because health insurance coverage status can change over the course of a year, answering questions about this long reference period may lead to response errors. For example, some people may report their insurance cov­ erage status at the time of their interview rather than their coverage status during the previous calendar year. Compared with other national surveys, the CPS ASEC’s estimate of the number of people without health insurance more closely approximates the number of people who were uninsured at a specific point in time during the year than the number of people uninsured for the entire year. There are several ongoing projects aimed at improving the quality of health coverage data from the CPS ASEC, including cognitive research and field testing to improve the wording of the CPS ASEC health coverage questions. For more information on the quality of CPS ASEC health insurance esti­ mates, see Appendix C, “Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage.” For a comparison between health insurance coverage rates from the major federal surveys, see How Many People Lack Health Insurance and for How Long? (Congressional Budget Office, May 2003) at and People With Health Insurance: A Comparison of Estimates From Two Surveys (SIPP Working Paper 243, June 2004) at . * Types of insurance are not mutually exclusive; people may be covered by more than one type during the year. 20 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table 7. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2008 (Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) 2007 Uninsured Characteristic Total PEOPLE Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Family Status In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related children under 18 . . . . . . . Related children under 6 . . . . . . In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . . Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . Race3 and Hispanic Origin White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nativity Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Region Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residence Inside metropolitan statistical areas. . Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . Outside metropolitan statistical areas4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Household Income Less than $25,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $75,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work Experience Total, 18 to 64 years old . . . . . . Worked during year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Worked full-time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Worked part-time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Did not work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number 90 percent C.I.2 (±) Percentage 90 percent C.I.2 (±) Total Number 90 percent C.I.2 (±) Percentage 90 percent C.I.2 (±) Number Percentage 2008 Uninsured Change in uninsured (2008 less 2007)1 299,106 245,443 77,908 72,792 24,543 1,516 52,147 239,399 196,768 37,775 13,268 46,026 74,403 28,398 40,146 42,132 77,237 36,790 261,842 37,264 15,050 22,214 54,031 65,480 109,710 69,883 251,363 96,874 154,489 47,743 55,267 68,915 58,355 116,568 187,913 148,603 123,882 24,721 39,310 45,657 34,629 10,272 7,802 2,555 363 10,665 34,300 20,548 7,372 2,234 14,770 8,149 7,991 10,329 7,717 10,784 686 33,269 12,388 2,651 9,737 6,143 7,495 20,210 11,809 38,497 17,935 20,563 7,160 13,539 14,515 8,488 9,115 36,822 26,840 21,060 5,780 9,981 526 468 168 233 135 51 272 466 370 258 144 321 238 236 267 232 273 70 460 333 157 296 202 221 358 278 490 348 370 274 304 315 243 252 497 438 395 216 282 15.3 14.1 13.2 10.7 10.4 23.9 20.5 14.3 10.4 19.5 16.8 32.1 11.0 28.1 25.7 18.3 14.0 1.9 12.7 33.2 17.6 43.8 11.4 11.4 18.4 16.9 15.3 18.5 13.3 15.0 24.5 21.1 14.5 7.8 19.6 18.1 17.0 23.4 25.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 2.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 301,483 248,301 78,874 72,980 24,884 1,207 51,975 240,852 197,159 38,076 13,315 47,485 74,510 28,688 40,520 41,322 78,655 37,788 264,733 36,750 15,475 21,274 54,191 65,672 110,845 70,775 253,399 97,364 156,036 48,083 55,814 69,621 57,525 118,523 189,185 148,463 121,468 26,995 40,723 46,340 35,248 10,535 7,025 2,142 300 10,791 34,890 21,322 7,284 2,344 14,558 7,348 8,200 10,754 8,035 11,355 646 34,036 12,304 2,792 9,511 6,277 7,588 20,154 12,321 39,023 17,963 21,060 7,317 13,673 14,908 8,034 9,725 38,345 27,772 20,908 6,864 10,573 529 472 170 222 124 46 273 470 377 257 147 323 227 239 273 237 280 68 465 331 161 293 205 223 357 284 493 348 375 277 306 319 237 260 505 444 393 234 289 15.4 14.2 13.4 9.6 8.6 24.9 20.8 14.5 10.8 19.1 17.6 30.7 9.9 28.6 26.5 19.4 14.4 1.7 12.9 33.5 18.0 44.7 11.6 11.6 18.2 17.4 15.4 18.4 13.5 15.2 24.5 21.4 14.0 8.2 20.3 18.7 17.2 25.4 26.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 *682 *618 *264 *–777 *–413 *–62 126 *590 *774 –88 110 –212 *–801 209 *425 *318 *571 –40 *767 –85 141 –226 134 93 –57 *511 525 28 *497 157 133 *393 *–454 *610 *1,524 *932 –152 *1,084 *592 0.1 0.1 0.2 *–1.1 *–1.8 1.0 0.3 0.2 *0.4 –0.4 *0.8 *–1.4 *–1.1 0.4 *0.8 *1.1 *0.5 –0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.1 –0.2 *0.5 0.1 –0.1 0.2 0.2 – 0.4 *–0.6 *0.4 *0.7 *0.6 0.2 *2.0 0.6 – Represents or rounds to zero. * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at . 3 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in­ combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 4 The ‘‘Outside metropolitan statistical areas’’ category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see ‘‘About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas’’ at . Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 1 2 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 21 Figure 6. Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2008 Numbers in millions, rates in percent 50 45 40 Number uninsured 35 30 25 20 15 Uninsured rate 10 5 0 1987 1990 1993 19961 19992 2002 2008 15.4 percent 46.3 million Recession 1 The data for 1996 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates. 2 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also reflect the results of follow-up verification questions, which were asked of people who responded “no” to all questions about specific types of health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys. Notes: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 CPS. The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. • The percentage of people covered by government health insurance programs increased to 29.0 per­ cent in 2008, from 27.8 percent in 2007. The percentage and number of people covered by Medicaid increased to 14.1 percent and 42.6 million in 2008, from 13.2 percent and 39.6 million in 2007. The percentage and number of people covered by Medicare increased to 14.3 percent and 43.0 million in 2008, from 13.8 percent and 41.4 million in 2007.38 38 The percentage and number of people covered by Medicaid in 2008, 14.1 percent and 42.6 million, were not statistically different from the percentage and number of people covered by Medicare in 2008, 14.3 percent and 43.0 million. • In 2008, the percentage and number of children under 18 without health insurance were 9.9 percent and 7.3 million, lower than they were in 2007 at 11.0 percent and 8.1 million (Table 7). The uninsured rate and number of uninsured for children are the low­ est since 1987, the first year that comparable health insurance data were collected. Although the unin­ sured rate for children in poverty decreased to 15.7 percent in 2008, from 17.6 percent in 2007, chil­ dren in poverty were more likely to be uninsured than all children.39 39 The number of uninsured children in pov­ erty in 2008 was not statistically different from the number in 2007. • The uninsured rate and number of uninsured for non-Hispanic Whites increased in 2008 to 10.8 per­ cent and 21.3 million, from 10.4 percent and 20.5 million in 2007. The uninsured rate and number of uninsured for Blacks in 2008 were not statistically different from 2007, at 19.1 percent and 7.3 mil­ lion (Table 7). • The percentage of uninsured Hispanics decreased to 30.7 per­ cent in 2008, from 32.1 percent in 2007. The number of uninsured Hispanics was not statistically different in 2008, at 14.6 million (Table 7). 22 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 7. Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2007 and 2008 (Percent) Private insurance 2007 2008 Any private plan Employment-based Direct-purchase 8.9 8.9 Government insurance 67.5 66.7* 59.3 58.5* Any government plan Medicare Medicaid Military health care1 3.7 3.8 No insurance 27.8 29.0* 13.8 14.3* 13.2 14.1* from 27.8 percent in 2007. The number of people covered by govern­ ment health programs also increased to 87.4 million in 2008, from 83.0 million in 2007. The percentage of people with Medicaid coverage (14.1 percent) and the percentage of people covered by Medicare (14.3 percent) were higher in 2008 than in 2007—13.2 percent and 13.8 percent, respectively. The number of people insured by Medicaid and Medicare also increased, to 42.6 million enrolled in Medicaid and 43.0 million enrolled in Medicare.40 In 2008, 9.8 percent of people had no coverage other than Medicaid for the entire year. Race and Hispanic Origin In 2008, the uninsured rate for nonHispanic Whites increased to 10.8 percent from 10.4 percent (Table 7). The uninsured rate and number of uninsured for Blacks in 2008 were not statistically different from 2007, at 19.1 percent and 7.3 million. The uninsured rate for Asians in 2008 was not statistically different from 2007, at 17.6 percent.41 Among Hispanics, the uninsured rate decreased to 30.7 percent in 2008, from 32.1 percent in 2007. The number of uninsured Hispanics in 2008 was not statistically different from 2007, at 14.6 million. Not Covered 15.3 15.4 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance during the year. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Type of Coverage Most people (58.5 percent) were cov­ ered by an employment-based health insurance plan for some or all of 2008. The rate of employment-based coverage in 2008 was lower than the rate in 2007. The rate of private coverage decreased in 2008 to 66.7 percent, from 67.5 percent in 2007 (Figure 7). The number of people covered by private insurance also decreased to 201.0 million in 2008, from 202.0 million in 2007. The percentage of people covered by government health programs increased to 29.0 percent in 2008, 40 The percentage and number of people covered by Medicaid in 2008, 14.1 percent and 42.6 million, were not statistically different from the percentage and number of people covered by Medicare in 2008, 14.3 percent and 43.0 million. 41 Due to the small sample size, the changes in uninsured rates for Asians are better inter­ preted when viewed over a longer term. For example, the uninsured rate for Asians increased between 2004 and 2005, decreased between 2005 and 2006, increased between 2006 and 2007, and remained statistically unchanged between 2007 and 2008. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 23 Table 8. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin Using 2- and 3-Year Averages: 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) 2-year average 2005–20062 90 percent confidence Estimate interval4 (±) 2007–2008 90 percent confidence Estimate interval4 (±) Change (2007–2008 average less 2005–20062 average)3 90 percent confidence interval4 (±) 3-year average 2006–2008 Race1 and Hispanic origin 90 percent confidence Estimate interval4 (±) Number Uninsured All races. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Indian and Alaska Native. . . . . Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage Uninsured All races. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Indian and Alaska Native. . . . . Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimate 46,330 34,892 21,010 7,436 857 2,208 142 14,874 15.5 14.6 10.7 19.7 31.7 16.6 18.5 32.3 362 321 255 178 63 97 26 235 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 2.0 0.7 3.1 0.5 45,905 34,716 21,035 7,329 773 2,103 138 14,625 15.5 14.7 10.7 19.7 32.1 16.3 20.9 33.2 424 378 301 207 71 112 30 270 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 2.5 0.8 4.1 0.7 45,998 34,595 20,935 7,328 857 2,289 144 14,664 15.3 14.4 10.6 19.3 30.7 17.2 18.0 31.4 426 377 301 207 74 117 31 275 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 2.3 0.8 3.5 0.7 94 –121 –101 –1 85 *186 5 39 *–0.2 *–0.2 –0.1 –0.4 –1.5 0.9 –2.9 *–1.8 566 502 401 275 96 153 41 353 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 3.1 1.1 5.1 0.8 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. 2 The 2005 data were revised in March 2007. See . 3 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. 4 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at . Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2006 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Table 8 displays the 2-year and 3-year average number and percentage of uninsured by race and Hispanic origin.42 Multiyear averages are provided 42 Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the American Indian and Alaska Native and the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations because they consist of groups that differ in eco­ nomic characteristics. In addition, the CPS does not use separate population controls for weighting the American Indian and Alaska Native and the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander samples to national totals. because sampling variation can result in large single-year fluctuations for relatively small population groups. American Indians and Alaska Natives had a 3-year-average (2006–2008) uninsured rate (31.7 percent) that was higher than the rate for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (18.5 percent). The 3-year average also shows that the uninsured rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (31.7 percent) was not statistically different from the rate for Hispanics (32.3 percent). Using 2-year aver­ ages, the uninsured rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives for 2007– 2008 was not statistically different from 2005–2006, at 30.7 percent. The uninsured rate for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders was not statistically different between 2005– 2006 and 2007–2008. 24 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 8. Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Age, and Race and Hispanic Origin: 2008 (Percent) All children Children in poverty Age 9.9 15.7 Under 6 years 6 to 11 years 12 to 17 years Race1 and Hispanic origin 8.7 9.2 11.6 White, not Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic (any race) 6.7 10.7 10.9 17.2 1 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. This figure shows data using the race-alone concept. For example, Asian refers to people who reported Asian and no other race. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. time during the year), the percentage with no health insurance coverage was 18.7 percent—higher than the 18.1 percent in 2007. The number of workers who were uninsured increased to 27.8 million in 2008, from 26.8 million in 2007. In 2008, full-time workers were more likely to be covered by health insurance (82.8 percent) than part-time work­ ers (74.6 percent) or nonworkers (74.0 percent).43 The percentage and number of uninsured among full-time workers in 2008, 17.2 percent and 20.9 million, were not statistically different from those in 2007. The percentage and number of uninsured among part-time workers increased to 25.4 percent and 6.9 million in 2008, from 23.4 percent and 5.8 million in 2007. The percentage of uninsured nonworkers was statisti­ cally unchanged from 2007 at 26.0 percent.44 The number of uninsured nonworkers increased in 2008 to 10.6 million, from 10.0 million in 2007. Children’s Health Insurance Coverage In 2008, the percentage and num­ ber of children under 18 years old without health insurance (9.9 percent and 7.3 million) were lower than in 2007 (11.0 percent and 8.1 million) (Table 7). The uninsured rate and the number of uninsured for children are the lowest since 1987, the first year that comparable health insurance data were collected. The proportion of children not covered by health insurance varied by poverty status, age, race, and Hispanic origin. Figure 8 shows that children in poverty were more likely to be uninsured than the popula­ tion of all children in 2008, at 15.7 percent compared with 9.9 percent. Children 12 to 17 years old had a 43 Workers are classified as part-time if they worked fewer than 35 hours per week in the majority of the weeks they worked in 2008. 44 The percentage of uninsured part-time workers (25.4 percent) was not statistically different from the percentage of uninsured non­ workers (26.0 percent) in 2008. Nativity The uninsured rate for the nativeborn population was statistically unchanged at 12.9 percent in 2008, while the number of uninsured for the native-born population increased to 34.0 million in 2008—from 33.3 mil­ lion in 2007 (Table 7). The uninsured rate and number of uninsured for the foreign-born population were statisti­ cally unchanged at 33.5 percent and 12.3 million in 2008. Of the foreignborn population, the uninsured rates and numbers of uninsured for both naturalized citizens (18.0 percent and 2.8 million) and noncitizens (44.7 percent and 9.5 million) were statisti­ cally unchanged. The proportion of the foreign-born population without health insurance in 2008 was about two and one-half times that of the native-born population in 2008. Economic Status The proportion of people not covered by health insurance is lower among U.S. Census Bureau people with higher incomes (Table 7). In 2008, 24.5 percent of people in households with annual incomes of less than $25,000 had no health insurance coverage. Uninsured rates decreased for each consecutive household income group to 21.4 per­ cent for households with incomes of $25,000 to $49,999; 14.0 percent for households with incomes of $50,000 to $74,999; and 8.2 percent for households with incomes of $75,000 or more. Among the four household income groups, the uninsured rate in 2008 was not statistically different from 2007 in the lower two groups. The uninsured rate for households with incomes between $50,000 and $74,999 decreased to 14.0 percent in 2008—down from 14.5 percent in 2007. The uninsured rate for people in households in the highest income group increased to 8.2 percent in 2008, from 7.8 percent in 2007. Among 18- to 64-year-old workers in 2008 (people who worked at some Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 25 higher uninsured rate than those under 12 years old, at 11.6 percent compared with 9.0 percent. In 2008, the uninsured rates were 6.7 percent for non-Hispanic White chil­ dren, 10.7 percent for Black children, 10.9 percent for Asian children, and 17.2 percent for Hispanic children.45 The uninsured rates for non-Hispanic White children, Black children, and Hispanic children in 2008 decreased from their respective rates in 2007. The uninsured rate for Asian children in 2008 was not statistically different from the rate in 2007. Region At 11.6 percent, the Northeast and the Midwest had lower uninsured rates in 2008 than the West (17.4 percent) and the South (18.2 percent) (Table 7). The rates for the Northeast, Midwest, and South in 2008 were not statistically different from their respective rates in 2007. The uninsured rate for the West increased to 17.4 percent in 2008—up from 16.9 percent in 2007. Metropolitan Status The uninsured rate for people living inside metropolitan statistical areas was 15.4 percent in 2008, statisti­ cally unchanged from 2007 (Table 7). The uninsured rate for people living outside metropolitan statistical areas was 15.2 percent in 2008, statisti­ cally unchanged from 2007.46 In 2008, the uninsured rate was higher among people living in principal cities (18.4 percent) than among people living inside metropolitan statisti­ cal areas but outside principal cities (13.5 percent). Additional Data and Contacts Detailed tables, historical tables, press releases and briefings, and unpub­ lished data are available electronically on the Census Bureau’s income, poverty, and health insurance Web sites. The Web sites may be accessed through the Census Bureau’s home page at or directly at for income data, for poverty data, and for health insurance data. Microdata are available for download by clicking on “Data Tools” on the Census Bureau’s home page and then clicking the “DataFerrett” link. Technical methods have been applied to Current Population Survey (CPS) microdata to avoid disclosing the identities of individuals from whom data were collected. For assistance with income, poverty, or health insurance data or questions about them, contact the Data Integration Division’s Information Resources and Dissemination Branch at 301-763-3242 or toll-free at 1-866-758-1060, or search your topic of interest using the Census Bureau’s “Question and Answer Center” found at . of Columbia and does not represent residents of Puerto Rico and U.S. island areas.47 It is based on a sample of about 100,000 addresses. The estimates in this report are controlled to national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. The population controls used to pre­ pare estimates for 1999 to 2008 were based on the results from Census 2000 and are updated annually using administrative records for such things as births, deaths, emigration, and immigration. The CPS is a household survey primar­ ily used to collect employment data. The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institu­ tions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are not eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories are only included in the estimates if information about them is reported in an interview at their parents’ homes. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC 47 U.S. island areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. is slightly larger than that of the basic CPS since it includes military person­ nel who live in a household with at least one other civilian adult, regard­ less of whether they live off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are excluded. For further documentation about the CPS ASEC, see . COMMENTS The Census Bureau welcomes the comments and advice of data and report users. If you have suggestions or comments, please write to: Charles Nelson Assistant Division Chief for Income, Poverty, and Health Statistics Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division U.S. Census Bureau Washington, DC 20233-8500 or send e-mail to . CPS DATA COLLECTION The information in this report was col­ lected in the 50 states and the District 45 In 2008, the uninsured rate for Black children was not statistically different from the uninsured rate for Asian children. 46 In 2007 and 2008, the uninsured rates for those living inside metropolitan statistical areas were not statistically different from the unin­ sured rates for those living outside metropolitan statistical areas. 26 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau APPENDIX A. ESTIMATES OF INCOME How Income Is Measured For each person 15 years and older in the sample, the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks questions on the amount of money income received in the preceding cal­ endar year from each of the following sources: 1. Earnings 2. Unemployment compensation 3. Workers’ compensation 4. Social security 5. Supplemental security income 6. Public assistance 7. Veterans’ payments 8. Survivor benefits 9. Disability benefits 10. Pension or retirement income 11. Interest 12. Dividends 13. Rents, royalties, and estates and trusts 14. Educational assistance 15. Alimony 16. Child support 17. Financial assistance from outside of the household 18. Other income It should be noted that although the income statistics refer to receipts dur­ ing the preceding calendar year, the demographic characteristics, such as age, labor force status, and household composition, are as of the survey date. The income of the household does not include amounts received by people who were members dur­ ing all or part of the previous year if these people no longer resided in the household at the time of interview. The Current Population Survey (CPS) collects income data for people who are current residents but did not reside in the household during the previous year. Data on income collected in the ASEC by the U.S. Census Bureau cover money income received (exclusive of certain money receipts such as capital gains) before payments for personal income taxes, social security, union dues, Medicare deductions, etc. Therefore, money income does not reflect the fact that some families receive noncash benefits, such as food stamps, health benefits, subsi­ dized housing, and goods produced and consumed on the farm. In addi­ tion, money income does not reflect the fact that noncash benefits are also received by some nonfarm residents, which often take the form of the use of business transportation and facili­ ties, full or partial payments by busi­ ness for retirement programs, medical and educational expenses, etc. Data users should consider these ele­ ments when comparing income levels. Moreover, readers should be aware that for many different reasons there is a tendency in household surveys for respondents to underreport their income. Based on an analysis of inde­ pendently derived income estimates, the Census Bureau determined that respondents report income earned from wages or salaries more accu­ rately than other sources of income, and that the reported wage and salary income is nearly equal to independent estimates of aggregate income. Recessions Recessions are defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Peak and trough months of recent recessions are shown in the text box above. The data points in the time series charts in this report use July as a reference for recessions. Recessions Peak month November July August April December November January July July March December Source: Year 1948 1953 1957 1960 1969 1973 1980 1981 1990 2001 2007 Trough month October May April February November March July November March November Year 1949 1954 1958 1961 1970 1975 1980 1982 1991 2001 National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, MA 02138 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 27 Cost of Living Adjustment Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2008 Year 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CPI-U-RS1 index (December 1977 = 100) 37.5 40.5 40.0 40.5 43.7 44.5 44.8 45.2 45.0 45.7 47.2 48.5 48.9 49.7 50.2 50.7 51.4 52.1 52.9 54.4 56.1 58.3 60.9 63.9 66.7 68.7 73.0 80.3 86.9 91.9 97.7 Year 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CPI-U-RS1 index (December 1977 = 100) 104.4 114.4 127.1 139.2 147.6 153.9 160.2 165.7 168.7 174.4 180.8 188.6 198.0 205.1 210.3 215.5 220.1 225.4 231.4 236.4 239.7 244.7 252.9 260.0 264.2 270.1 277.4 286.7 296.1 304.5 316.2 In order to accurately assess changes in income and earnings over time, an adjustment for changes in the cost of living is required. The Census Bureau uses the research series of the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS), pro­ vided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1977 through 2008, to adjust for changes in the cost of living. The indexes used to make the constant dollar conversions are shown in the text box “Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2008.” 1 The 1977 and earlier indexes shown in this table have changed from those published prior to 2007. Earlier CPI-U-RS series issued by the Census Bureau erroneously indexed 1977 = 100.0 when, in fact, the Bureau of Labor Statistics series has December 1977 = 100.0. The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ experimental CPI-U-RS for 1977 through 2008. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS for years before 1977 by applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947 to 1976 CPI-U. Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years’ data and 2008 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2008 by the annual average for the earlier year(s). For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see . 28 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2008 (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percent distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) U.S. Census Bureau Number (thousands) Total Value $100,000 and over Standard error Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 Value Standard error 117,181 116,783 116,011 114,384 113,343 112,000 111,278 109,297 108,209 106,434 103,874 102,528 101,018 99,627 98,990 97,107 96,426 95,669 94,312 93,347 92,830 91,124 89,479 88,458 86,789 85,407 83,918 83,527 82,368 80,776 77,330 76,030 74,142 72,867 71,163 69,859 68,251 66,676 64,778 63,401 62,214 60,813 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.7 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6 6.2 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.8 7.3 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.9 6.2 6.3 6.7 6.8 6.4 6.5 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.3 7.2 6.9 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.6 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.7 11.8 11.3 11.1 11.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 11.4 10.9 11.3 11.3 11.8 12.4 12.2 12.5 12.5 12.8 12.2 11.8 11.6 11.6 11.7 11.7 12.3 12.7 13.1 12.7 13.1 12.7 12.3 12.8 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.5 12.2 12.1 12.3 11.8 11.6 12.2 12.1 10.9 10.5 11.1 10.8 11.3 10.3 10.6 10.4 10.7 10.9 10.8 11.2 11.2 11.0 11.4 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.1 12.0 11.5 11.9 12.2 12.3 11.8 11.3 11.5 12.0 12.0 11.9 12.5 13.7 14.0 14.0 14.1 14.1 13.9 14.6 14.5 14.8 14.3 14.0 14.3 14.4 14.6 15.4 14.9 15.7 15.5 15.7 15.7 14.9 15.0 15.2 15.3 16.0 16.3 16.3 16.6 16.1 16.3 15.7 16.1 16.6 16.5 17.3 18.2 16.9 17.4 18.7 19.1 19.1 20.3 19.9 17.9 18.0 18.1 18.0 18.1 17.7 17.9 17.9 18.4 18.4 18.8 18.9 18.7 19.2 18.9 18.5 19.0 19.4 19.9 20.1 20.0 20.0 20.3 20.1 19.8 20.3 20.5 20.9 21.4 22.0 21.8 21.8 22.4 22.3 22.0 22.7 22.8 22.5 22.6 23.4 22.8 22.2 11.9 12.0 11.7 12.2 12.1 12.2 12.5 12.5 13.0 12.7 12.6 12.1 12.6 12.2 11.7 11.8 12.4 11.9 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.3 11.9 11.9 11.1 11.1 11.2 11.6 12.1 12.2 11.8 11.5 11.0 11.4 11.8 11.2 10.3 10.6 10.5 9.6 8.3 20.5 21.4 21.3 20.4 20.1 20.6 20.2 20.6 21.0 20.9 19.6 18.4 17.1 16.5 16.1 15.4 14.6 14.9 15.1 16.1 15.2 14.8 14.0 12.8 12.1 11.2 10.8 10.5 10.6 11.1 10.9 9.8 9.2 8.5 9.3 10.2 9.4 7.7 7.7 7.6 6.4 6.1 50,303 52,163 51,473 51,093 50,535 50,711 50,756 51,356 52,500 52,587 51,295 49,497 48,499 47,803 46,351 45,839 46,063 46,445 47,818 48,463 47,614 47,251 46,665 45,069 44,242 42,910 43,212 43,328 44,059 45,498 45,625 43,925 43,649 42,936 44,091 45,533 44,632 42,798 43,219 43,557 41,995 40,261 137 145 221 171 223 220 166 157 165 246 303 229 245 276 211 214 218 224 244 267 233 223 242 244 201 195 195 227 226 216 185 165 162 175 169 173 170 166 158 161 152 147 68,424 70,207 71,089 69,862 68,923 69,148 69,238 70,790 71,436 70,731 68,404 66,466 64,392 63,041 61,966 60,787 58,399 58,464 59,731 61,228 59,492 58,762 57,653 55,466 54,208 52,188 52,077 51,762 52,401 54,047 53,699 52,107 51,342 50,137 51,561 52,658 51,945 49,222 49,489 49,554 47,511 45,029 242 245 274 264 260 253 260 282 281 367 369 372 361 345 333 329 245 241 252 267 266 241 234 219 199 195 193 189 192 205 206 159 158 156 161 160 161 156 158 156 152 147 Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year ALL RACES 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197413, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 29 See footnotes at end of table. Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percent distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Total Value $100,000 and over Standard error Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 Value Standard error 30 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 95,297 95,112 94,705 93,588 92,880 91,962 91,645 90,682 90,030 88,893 87,212 86,106 85,059 84,511 83,737 82,387 81,795 81,675 80,968 80,163 79,734 78,519 77,284 76,576 75,328 74,376 73,182 72,845 71,872 70,766 68,028 66,934 65,353 64,392 62,984 61,965 60,618 59,463 57,575 56,248 55,394 54,188 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.1 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.5 6.1 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.7 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.7 5.9 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.5 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.5 6.3 6.1 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.7 6.1 11.1 10.5 11.0 10.8 11.5 12.0 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.2 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.8 12.1 12.6 12.1 12.5 12.1 11.7 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.7 11.2 10.8 11.4 11.4 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.6 11.0 11.0 10.8 11.4 10.8 10.9 11.2 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.4 11.9 11.8 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.1 11.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.6 11.5 12.2 13.4 14.8 14.2 14.0 14.3 14.4 14.8 15.5 15.1 15.9 15.8 15.9 16.0 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.4 16.2 16.5 16.7 16.9 16.4 16.6 15.9 16.2 16.8 16.6 17.5 18.5 17.0 17.7 19.0 19.4 19.3 20.8 20.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.4 18.2 18.6 18.8 19.3 19.3 19.2 19.6 19.4 19.3 19.6 20.0 20.5 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.0 20.8 20.6 21.1 21.2 21.7 22.3 22.8 22.7 22.6 23.2 23.1 22.9 23.5 23.8 23.5 23.6 24.5 23.9 23.3 13.1 13.6 13.3 13.2 12.6 13.1 12.7 12.2 12.5 13.1 12.5 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.1 12.9 12.4 12.5 11.7 11.7 11.8 12.2 12.7 12.8 12.5 12.2 11.6 11.9 12.6 11.8 10.9 11.1 11.2 10.2 8.8 21.8 22.2 22.0 20.8 19.7 18.2 17.6 17.3 16.5 15.7 16.0 16.1 17.1 16.2 15.7 15.0 13.8 13.0 12.1 11.7 11.4 11.4 11.9 11.7 10.5 10.0 9.1 10.1 11.0 10.2 8.3 8.2 8.2 6.8 6.5 54,140 54,908 54,692 53,969 52,128 50,779 50,174 48,885 48,362 48,428 48,670 49,875 50,978 50,335 49,783 49,061 47,531 46,674 44,999 45,238 45,779 46,482 47,704 47,430 46,190 45,723 44,901 46,111 47,720 46,822 44,766 45,015 45,457 43,726 41,985 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.5 11.5 11.0 10.7 11.1 11.0 11.1 11.0 10.6 10.3 10.9 10.7 11.1 10.2 10.4 13.9 13.9 14.1 14.3 13.9 14.5 14.3 18.4 18.3 18.6 18.3 18.4 18.1 18.4 12.5 12.5 12.2 12.8 12.6 12.6 13.1 21.7 22.7 22.6 21.6 21.4 21.9 21.5 52,312 54,117 54,113 53,550 53,184 53,419 53,960 152 160 157 234 209 210 219 254 243 277 270 330 262 262 274 282 235 236 228 248 297 250 238 254 235 203 206 211 239 227 209 194 189 164 173 182 180 171 173 166 163 152 71,191 73,033 73,798 72,749 71,708 72,099 72,008 73,592 74,085 73,301 71,507 69,422 66,949 65,553 64,697 63,511 61,036 60,932 62,141 63,778 62,030 61,273 60,054 57,742 56,444 54,354 54,223 53,931 54,515 56,178 55,689 54,142 53,317 51,989 53,470 54,694 53,966 51,004 51,220 51,392 49,220 46,675 274 278 308 301 295 289 293 316 318 415 421 423 396 380 376 367 272 265 278 295 292 265 257 242 219 212 212 204 209 224 224 175 172 171 173 173 175 166 168 171 163 158 WHITE ALONE18 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE19 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197413, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Census Bureau See footnotes at end of table. Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percent distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) U.S. Census Bureau Number (thousands) Total Value $100,000 and over Standard error Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 Value Standard error 82,884 82,765 82,675 82,003 81,628 81,148 81,166 80,818 80,527 79,819 78,577 77,936 77,240 76,932 77,004 75,697 75,107 75,625 75,035 74,495 74,067 73,120 72,067 71,540 70,586 (NA) 69,214 68,996 68,106 67,203 64,836 63,721 62,365 61,533 60,164 59,236 58,005 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.5 8.5 8.6 8.1 9.0 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.3 8.7 8.8 8.5 8.8 8.6 8.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.5 14.0 14.5 15.6 14.1 14.8 14.8 13.4 12.3 13.3 12.2 13.2 12.0 12.4 15.6 14.7 14.4 14.5 14.9 15.4 15.8 15.4 16.2 15.9 15.8 15.8 15.7 15.0 8.2 8.6 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 5.1 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.4 6.3 6.0 10.6 10.0 10.5 10.3 11.1 11.4 11.3 11.7 11.7 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.8 10.8 11.4 11.8 12.3 11.8 12.3 11.8 11.5 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.2 11.6 11.4 11.1 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.2 10.6 10.7 10.5 11.2 10.6 10.7 11.1 10.9 10.8 11.1 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.2 11.7 11.6 11.2 11.5 11.9 12.0 11.3 10.6 10.9 14.3 13.9 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.7 15.4 15.0 15.7 15.7 15.9 15.9 15.0 15.1 15.3 15.4 16.2 16.5 16.6 16.8 16.3 16.5 15.8 16.1 16.7 16.6 17.4 18.4 16.9 17.5 18.3 18.5 18.9 19.6 19.4 19.5 20.1 19.7 19.7 19.8 20.2 20.7 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.1 20.9 21.4 21.5 21.9 22.5 23.0 22.8 22.8 23.4 23.4 23.1 23.7 24.0 15,056 14,976 14,709 14,399 14,151 13,969 13,778 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.2 7.0 6.2 6.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.3 13.4 13.9 13.6 13.7 13.2 13.6 13.2 12.6 12.8 13.5 12.9 13.4 13.3 13.4 13.4 13.3 12.8 12.8 12.0 11.9 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.0 12.8 12.5 11.9 12.2 12.8 12.1 23.1 23.5 23.2 22.0 20.9 19.2 18.6 18.1 17.3 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.8 16.9 16.4 15.5 14.3 13.5 12.5 12.1 11.7 11.7 12.3 12.0 10.8 10.3 9.4 10.4 11.3 10.5 10.1 10.8 10.5 9.8 9.4 10.1 10.2 56,314 57,042 57,059 55,983 54,274 53,001 52,155 50,463 50,142 50,054 49,832 51,015 52,074 51,722 51,152 50,176 48,600 47,643 (NA) 45,997 46,440 47,306 48,375 48,323 47,106 46,656 45,240 46,505 48,140 47,490 34,345 35,401 34,313 34,139 34,464 34,756 34,920 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.5 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 11.0 10.5 10.2 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.0 9.8 10.5 10.2 10.6 9.8 9.9 13.5 13.5 13.7 13.8 13.5 14.1 13.9 18.6 18.3 18.6 18.4 18.5 18.2 18.4 13.0 12.9 12.6 13.2 13.0 13.1 13.6 23.2 24.4 24.1 23.1 22.8 23.3 22.8 55,530 57,030 55,982 56,009 55,751 55,931 56,131 225 256 201 190 255 270 220 234 229 361 322 284 363 272 267 293 310 245 238 255 304 285 259 248 264 (NA) 231 236 108 268 254 265 272 240 228 225 226 439 483 254 325 316 437 460 74,102 75,994 76,615 75,662 74,386 74,791 74,341 75,942 76,339 75,705 73,797 71,647 68,974 67,691 66,345 65,186 62,586 62,239 63,518 65,056 63,296 62,471 61,246 58,866 57,425 (NA) 55,020 54,610 55,232 56,828 56,347 54,812 54,002 52,626 54,073 55,305 54,592 46,679 48,630 48,581 47,123 46,460 47,197 48,273 303 306 339 334 324 317 316 344 343 448 451 (NA) (NA) 405 394 389 289 278 287 319 297 290 281 267 257 (NA) 236 227 249 249 242 259 241 255 236 234 244 488 532 596 513 494 500 563 Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC18 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE, NOT HISPANIC19 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197413, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 31 See footnotes at end of table. Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percent distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Total Value $100,000 and over Standard error Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 Value Standard error 32 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 14,595 14,551 14,354 14,002 13,809 13,629 13,465 13,315 13,174 12,838 12,579 12,474 12,109 11,577 11,655 11,281 11,269 11,083 10,671 10,486 10,561 10,192 9,922 9,797 9,480 9,236 8,916 8,961 8,847 8,586 8,066 7,977 7,776 7,489 7,263 7,040 6,809 6,578 6,180 6,053 5,870 5,728 5.6 4.9 4.7 5.8 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.2 5.8 5.2 5.8 6.6 5.6 5.6 6.5 6.0 5.6 5.1 4.6 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.5 4.3 4.8 5.2 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.1 6.8 8.0 7.3 8.3 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.5 9.7 11.3 10.0 10.6 9.6 9.5 10.8 10.7 9.8 10.8 11.2 11.6 11.6 12.1 11.6 11.6 11.5 11.1 12.6 12.5 11.1 11.5 11.8 11.6 10.2 9.7 10.3 12.4 14.4 14.3 14.5 15.2 14.7 16.0 15.6 16.2 15.6 16.1 15.3 15.0 14.8 15.7 15.3 15.8 16.5 17.5 16.8 17.3 18.0 17.7 17.5 17.2 19.5 18.4 17.3 18.1 17.9 17.9 18.1 17.5 18.8 20.1 19.2 12.9 13.0 12.7 12.8 13.5 12.3 12.8 12.1 12.4 12.1 11.5 12.3 13.0 12.3 12.6 12.6 13.3 13.3 13.6 13.2 13.2 13.6 13.8 12.9 14.0 13.7 13.5 14.7 14.9 14.5 14.8 15.5 15.6 15.5 16.9 15.4 15.2 14.1 14.2 14.6 14.5 14.9 13.5 15.1 14.0 14.5 14.4 14.0 13.8 15.0 14.3 14.2 14.4 13.8 14.5 14.1 14.2 14.2 15.5 15.2 15.2 16.2 16.5 15.7 15.4 16.3 16.5 17.4 16.5 14.4 16.2 17.6 16.4 15.5 16.3 15.2 15.8 15.0 13.4 14.4 15.3 15.3 15.8 13.9 13.9 14.8 14.8 13.1 13.9 14.9 13.9 14.1 15.2 14.8 14.5 15.6 15.2 14.3 15.7 14.7 13.8 14.0 13.8 12.9 12.0 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.5 8.6 8.7 7.9 8.0 6.9 7.2 6.9 7.4 7.1 7.7 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.1 5.6 5.9 6.4 6.8 7.2 5.6 5.8 5.3 6.2 5.2 5.8 5.1 5.3 4.4 4.1 3.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.4 8.2 8.9 9.9 9.8 10.4 10.8 12.1 11.9 13.6 13.1 13.2 12.9 13.9 13.9 13.6 13.3 13.8 14.0 14.0 13.8 13.9 12.6 13.0 12.8 12.0 13.1 12.6 11.2 12.0 12.3 12.4 12.2 12.6 13.2 9.9 10.5 11.6 9.4 7.9 7.8 7.2 7.6 6.6 5.8 6.1 6.5 7.1 6.6 5.9 5.6 4.8 4.5 3.7 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.3 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.1 35,840 37,093 36,065 33,442 33,506 32,087 31,414 30,208 28,660 28,199 28,995 29,825 30,317 28,694 28,414 28,265 28,279 26,589 25,536 25,639 25,689 26,779 28,007 28,503 27,257 27,188 26,955 27,422 28,090 27,330 26,443 27,399 27,477 25,784 24,377 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.2 7.0 6.3 6.0 8.6 8.7 8.1 9.1 8.2 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.7 8.8 8.5 8.9 8.5 8.5 14.5 14.1 14.6 15.5 14.2 14.8 14.9 13.4 12.5 13.3 12.2 13.3 11.9 12.4 15.6 14.6 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.5 15.8 15.4 16.2 15.8 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.0 8.2 8.6 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.7 10.0 10.6 10.3 9.7 9.3 10.0 10.1 34,218 35,219 34,139 34,033 34,304 34,705 34,739 441 493 257 332 357 452 468 422 491 672 524 576 631 536 562 566 576 609 680 617 598 544 555 550 511 479 411 432 505 511 603 366 337 397 331 437 410 393 376 405 374 406 46,533 48,423 48,190 46,822 46,316 46,980 47,886 47,732 48,984 49,700 45,034 44,090 44,355 42,646 42,034 39,953 38,266 38,608 39,627 40,229 39,310 38,366 37,922 36,896 35,461 33,964 33,734 33,746 34,755 35,937 36,427 34,924 34,737 33,647 34,105 34,882 34,524 32,767 33,456 32,710 31,403 29,292 498 540 596 508 502 503 553 503 496 713 602 633 866 729 603 663 519 504 535 547 574 528 515 479 436 419 422 409 428 442 476 311 310 298 303 347 368 337 361 348 331 327 BLACK ALONE20 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLACK19 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197413, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Census Bureau See footnotes at end of table. Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percent distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) U.S. Census Bureau Number (thousands) Total Value $100,000 and over Standard error Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 Value Standard error 4,805 4,715 4,664 4,500 4,346 4,235 4,079 4,573 4,494 4,454 4,273 4,123 4,040 3,917 4,071 3,963 3,742 3,308 3,125 2,998 2,777 2,040 2,233 2,262 2,094 1,958 1,988 1,913 (NA) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.0 3.2 3.7 4.2 3.9 3.4 4.4 3.9 4.4 3.7 3.3 3.8 2.8 2.4 4.3 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.8 2.3 3.2 4.1 3.2 3.9 2.7 2.0 4.2 3.0 8.0 7.1 7.1 8.7 8.4 9.2 9.8 10.2 9.6 10.3 8.7 9.5 8.3 11.5 12.2 12.9 11.7 13.2 13.2 12.5 12.1 14.1 13.5 13.1 13.0 14.6 12.5 13.3 13.7 11.3 3.9 3.6 4.6 3.6 4.2 5.0 5.9 4.8 6.0 4.8 4.4 4.2 5.4 3.9 4.7 8.5 8.0 7.8 8.8 8.6 8.5 7.3 8.2 9.8 8.9 10.5 8.2 8.8 8.1 9.0 17.4 17.0 17.1 17.6 19.1 19.0 19.8 19.0 15.3 20.8 17.9 20.6 19.8 20.0 18.8 12.6 15.0 13.5 13.6 13.6 12.9 13.4 13.5 14.0 12.4 14.1 14.0 15.6 12.1 12.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.5 3.6 3.4 4.1 3.5 4.7 4.0 2.5 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 4.1 2.4 4.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.7 4.3 3.8 8.6 8.1 7.1 7.9 8.1 9.3 8.7 11.8 11.4 11.3 10.3 11.0 12.2 13.2 15.7 17.1 17.0 18.6 19.3 16.6 18.1 12.3 13.1 13.2 13.0 12.6 14.0 12.7 7.6 7.4 8.4 7.2 8.2 5.3 8.2 32.3 32.8 32.8 31.9 30.5 29.5 28.9 30.3 32.1 30.3 27.5 26.4 26.2 23.0 23.7 23.7 22.8 22.6 24.6 23.9 24.0 23.8 65,637 68,643 68,599 67,380 65,547 65,206 62,984 65,228 69,713 65,850 61,521 60,523 59,135 56,975 58,157 56,266 56,836 56,193 61,403 60,527 56,432 58,428 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.3 3.6 3.3 4.1 3.5 4.5 4.0 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 4.1 2.5 4.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.7 4.4 3.9 8.7 8.0 7.0 7.8 8.1 9.3 8.6 7.6 7.4 8.3 7.2 8.2 5.5 8.2 11.9 11.6 11.6 10.6 11.1 12.1 13.2 15.6 17.2 17.2 18.4 19.3 16.7 18.3 12.4 13.1 13.3 13.1 12.8 14.1 12.8 32.1 32.5 32.6 31.8 30.2 29.1 28.6 65,567 68,407 68,238 67,330 65,484 64,694 62,576 1,413 1,439 1,727 804 1,320 1,442 947 1,386 1,438 1,788 785 1,393 1,281 1,102 1,557 1,189 2,321 1,712 1,683 2,119 1,429 2,204 2,767 1,640 1,813 1,819 1,636 2,319 2,172 86,323 87,810 93,470 88,228 86,779 81,259 83,150 86,185 88,285 94,287 88,337 87,219 81,916 83,834 88,973 91,018 87,077 79,423 78,769 77,269 77,476 75,512 73,722 70,442 71,346 74,119 75,244 70,552 (NA) 1,487 1,502 1,956 1,540 1,638 1,398 1,581 1,503 1,558 2,029 1,558 1,687 1,450 1,635 2,100 1,889 2,207 2,294 2,441 2,771 3,126 2,691 2,968 1,937 2,103 2,098 2,190 2,107 (NA) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN ALONE21 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER19 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 33 See footnotes at end of table. Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Percent distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Total Value $100,000 and over Standard error Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 34 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 Value Standard error 13,425 13,339 12,973 12,519 12,178 11,693 11,339 10,499 10,034 9,579 9,060 8,590 8,225 7,939 7,735 7,362 7,153 6,379 6,220 5,933 5,910 5,642 5,418 5,213 4,883 4,326 4,085 3,980 3,906 3,684 3,291 3,304 3,081 2,948 2,897 2,722 2,655 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.7 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.5 2.9 3.1 4.0 3.7 3.5 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.6 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.3 3.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.5 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.9 6.5 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 7.9 8.0 7.6 7.7 7.4 8.8 8.6 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.2 7.6 6.9 7.6 6.5 6.0 6.2 7.9 8.0 6.1 5.5 5.3 7.5 6.9 6.9 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.8 5.9 7.1 7.8 8.3 8.0 9.8 10.3 10.1 8.9 8.9 8.5 8.0 8.2 8.7 8.9 9.6 9.4 10.8 11.2 9.3 8.7 8.5 9.2 9.5 10.2 9.4 8.8 7.4 9.0 14.6 14.6 14.5 15.2 14.7 15.5 14.9 14.9 14.7 15.3 15.0 15.3 17.7 17.0 16.1 16.6 17.2 16.6 16.4 14.4 15.3 15.6 16.4 17.6 16.0 16.1 16.7 16.8 17.1 15.6 16.3 16.7 17.5 18.2 18.3 17.1 17.9 14.5 13.8 13.4 14.0 14.9 13.5 14.0 12.9 13.1 14.1 13.9 14.4 14.7 14.3 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.5 12.9 14.4 13.9 13.5 13.9 13.3 13.8 14.8 14.5 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.2 16.0 15.5 15.6 14.8 17.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 17.1 17.1 16.2 17.9 17.0 17.9 17.4 16.8 17.0 15.9 15.3 16.6 15.8 17.9 16.9 16.8 17.5 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.1 16.6 17.0 17.8 17.3 17.9 17.8 18.2 18.4 19.1 17.5 18.7 20.0 18.8 21.3 16.9 18.3 18.1 17.9 18.2 17.1 18.1 17.5 19.0 17.9 17.0 17.5 16.3 14.9 16.4 15.0 16.5 17.3 18.2 17.8 17.5 17.1 17.4 16.9 17.1 16.2 16.4 17.8 17.4 19.0 19.7 18.8 18.5 18.4 19.3 20.7 18.1 9.2 10.1 9.4 9.3 9.1 9.4 9.6 10.5 10.8 10.1 8.9 7.8 8.2 8.0 7.6 8.1 8.3 7.9 7.9 9.7 8.6 8.7 8.0 7.7 8.6 7.0 7.8 8.2 7.9 8.1 7.8 6.5 6.8 5.7 6.6 6.7 6.0 11.7 11.2 12.1 11.1 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.3 10.8 9.9 9.2 8.1 6.9 8.1 7.3 6.9 7.7 7.4 8.4 7.6 7.3 7.3 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.7 5.2 5.1 6.0 4.8 4.4 3.3 3.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 37,913 40,165 40,346 39,668 39,064 38,629 39,618 40,820 41,470 39,730 37,371 35,617 34,033 32,069 33,647 33,580 33,976 34,982 35,660 36,752 35,606 35,058 34,398 33,328 33,539 32,680 32,515 34,755 33,961 36,048 35,748 34,458 32,924 32,257 35,069 35,276 35,334 486 540 539 394 547 537 577 518 598 578 720 635 660 699 625 675 702 728 731 713 902 761 896 779 841 828 859 952 920 1,039 866 605 702 713 768 801 690 51,572 52,781 54,008 51,988 52,294 52,058 53,722 53,977 54,986 52,192 50,497 47,996 46,467 43,770 45,371 44,446 43,336 44,512 44,670 46,930 45,459 44,939 43,434 41,644 41,704 39,795 40,129 41,735 41,482 43,616 42,227 40,666 38,907 38,293 40,626 40,985 40,614 534 556 619 523 639 576 718 682 791 927 1,074 968 1,075 982 1,132 935 681 712 736 806 964 832 714 677 813 764 814 797 826 876 854 628 633 680 662 667 690 HISPANIC (ANY RACE)22 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197413, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Census Bureau (NA) Not available. 1 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 2 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 4 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions; 7,000 household sample reduction; and revised editing of responses on race. 5 Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 6 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 7 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 8 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 9 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 11 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income. 12 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 13 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation. Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. Implementation of new CPS ASEC processing system. Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. 19 For the years 2001 and earlier, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 20 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race category. 21 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category. 22 Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 13.0 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 3.0 percent of Black householders who reported only one race, and 1.9 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race. Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population and for race groups because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 through 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 14 15 16 17 18 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 35 Table A-2. Real Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2008 (People 15 years old and older beginning in March 1980 and people 14 years old and older as of March of the following year for previous years. Before 1989 earnings are for civilian workers only. Earnings in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Males Year Number with earnings (thousands) 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197413, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196618 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196519 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) Not available. 1 2 3 4 5 Females Median earnings (dollars) Number with earnings (thousands) 44,156 45,613 44,663 43,351 42,380 41,908 41,876 41,639 41,719 40,871 38,785 37,683 36,430 35,482 34,155 33,524 33,241 32,436 31,682 31,340 31,237 29,912 28,420 27,383 26,466 25,166 23,702 23,329 22,859 22,082 20,914 19,238 18,073 17,452 16,945 17,195 16,675 16,002 15,476 15,374 15,013 14,846 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) Value 35,745 36,451 34,722 35,136 35,610 35,968 36,148 35,530 34,336 34,005 34,116 33,403 32,399 31,560 31,900 31,909 32,139 31,686 31,655 31,467 30,791 30,661 30,424 29,815 29,173 28,589 27,880 27,261 27,856 28,057 28,319 27,892 27,866 27,305 27,446 27,440 27,169 26,514 26,340 25,841 24,173 23,391 22,936 22,881 22,268 21,685 21,280 20,881 20,722 Standard error 106 106 198 89 90 97 96 201 128 146 156 207 227 192 158 141 153 151 203 211 220 143 159 156 172 175 189 114 122 144 157 126 138 138 134 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) Femaleto-male earnings ratio 0.771 0.778 0.769 0.770 0.766 0.755 0.766 0.763 0.737 0.723 0.732 0.742 0.738 0.714 0.720 0.715 0.708 0.699 0.716 0.687 0.660 0.652 0.643 0.646 0.637 0.636 0.617 0.592 0.602 0.597 0.594 0.589 0.602 0.588 0.588 0.566 0.579 0.595 0.594 0.589 0.582 0.578 0.576 0.599 0.591 0.589 0.593 0.592 0.607 Median earnings (dollars) Value 46,367 46,846 45,130 45,644 46,502 47,609 47,189 46,548 46,576 47,024 46,625 45,041 43,924 44,184 44,325 44,616 45,403 45,358 44,201 45,822 46,619 47,042 47,338 46,171 45,827 44,956 45,153 46,022 46,303 47,026 47,642 47,336 46,295 46,422 46,713 48,452 46,956 44,557 44,367 43,899 41,567 40,480 39,851 38,183 37,647 36,787 35,886 35,242 34,152 Standard error 145 156 94 99 103 105 292 314 126 176 175 429 157 161 178 172 171 341 331 188 205 196 202 269 235 205 191 161 234 185 164 223 182 182 201 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 59,861 62,984 63,055 61,500 60,088 58,772 58,761 58,712 59,602 58,299 56,951 54,909 53,787 52,667 51,580 49,818 48,551 47,888 49,171 49,678 48,285 47,013 45,912 44,943 43,808 41,528 40,105 41,773 41,881 42,437 41,036 39,263 38,184 37,267 37,916 39,581 38,184 36,819 36,132 37,008 37,068 36,645 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions; 7,000 household sample reduction; and revised editing of responses on race. Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 36 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau 6 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 7 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 8 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 9 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 11 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 12 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 13 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation. 14 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 15 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 16 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 17 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 18 Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions. 19 Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only. 20 Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls. 21 Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design. Implementation of first hotdeck procedure to impute missing income entries. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 37 Table A-3. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2008 (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 2007 2006 2005 20041 2003 1998 1997 1996 1991 1990 2002 2001 20002 19993 19954 19945 19936 19927 2008 1989 1988 Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . 20th percentile limit . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . 90th percentile limit . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,161 12,629 12,815 12,449 12,431 12,334 12,710 12,996 13,231 13,369 12,796 12,326 12,175 12,171 11,533 11,278 11,277 11,442 11,690 12,071 11,480 . 20,712 21,071 21,395 21,151 21,072 21,053 21,442 21,854 22,405 22,143 21,259 20,598 20,180 20,201 19,288 19,026 18,945 19,411 19,962 20,280 19,906 . 50,303 52,163 51,473 51,093 50,535 50,711 50,756 51,356 52,500 52,587 51,295 49,497 48,499 47,803 46,351 45,839 46,063 46,445 47,818 48,463 47,614 . 100,240 103,842 103,619 101,141 100,311 101,693 100,552 101,549 102,232 102,383 98,936 95,636 92,940 91,359 90,279 88,477 87,217 87,505 88,161 90,048 88,482 . 138,300 141,226 142,028 139,064 137,772 138,374 136,572 138,189 140,033 139,270 133,630 130,629 125,783 123,028 121,945 119,937 116,602 116,988 118,335 120,635 117,176 . 180,000 183,801 185,824 183,081 179,133 180,425 179,525 183,030 181,568 183,492 174,390 169,269 163,347 158,521 157,771 153,535 148,883 148,619 151,310 153,825 149,775 Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18 8.72 3.52 1.99 4.93 0.40 11.08 8.69 3.61 2.01 4.84 0.42 11.08 8.50 3.54 1.98 4.76 0.42 10.42 8.29 3.49 1.95 4.62 0.42 10.44 8.20 3.40 1.93 4.65 0.41 10.60 8.22 3.42 1.93 4.64 0.42 10.63 8.38 3.56 1.98 4.65 0.43 10.11 7.85 3.32 1.91 4.52 0.42 10.57 8.18 3.40 1.95 4.68 0.42 11.22 8.57 3.56 2.01 4.83 0.42 10.75 8.37 3.54 1.98 4.69 0.42 10.58 8.10 3.46 1.95 4.56 0.43 10.33 8.10 3.37 1.92 4.61 0.42 11.17 8.66 3.58 1.98 4.78 0.41 10.64 8.07 3.35 1.93 4.65 0.42 . . . . . . 11.37 8.69 3.58 1.99 4.84 0.41 10.34 7.86 3.23 1.89 4.60 0.41 10.22 7.66 3.20 1.88 4.51 0.42 10.12 7.58 3.16 1.84 4.42 0.42 9.99 7.59 3.17 1.86 4.44 0.42 10.21 7.52 3.15 1.86 4.45 0.42 Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,656 11,995 12,122 11,751 11,677 11,702 11,956 12,327 12,699 12,812 12,166 11,823 11,745 11,707 11,082 10,798 10,910 11,141 11,444 11,726 11,306 . 29,517 30,573 30,731 30,172 29,878 30,060 30,399 30,973 31,708 31,459 30,721 29,557 28,828 28,614 27,617 27,374 27,336 27,982 28,793 29,174 28,537 . 50,132 51,888 51,496 51,065 50,622 51,027 51,226 51,843 52,804 52,657 51,404 49,726 48,490 47,845 46,525 45,885 46,055 46,478 47,559 48,495 47,729 . 79,760 82,151 81,511 80,319 79,821 80,770 80,578 81,286 82,086 81,954 79,499 77,019 75,049 73,549 72,398 71,308 70,699 70,851 71,706 73,354 72,149 . 171,057 174,425 179,586 176,003 172,619 172,181 172,035 177,523 177,879 174,769 168,230 164,204 157,846 153,486 152,203 148,567 136,990 135,865 139,154 143,394 137,741 38 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 3.4 8.7 14.8 23.4 49.7 3.4 8.6 14.5 22.9 50.5 3.4 8.6 14.6 23.0 50.4 3.5 8.8 14.8 23.3 49.7 3.5 8.7 14.6 23.0 50.1 3.4 8.7 14.8 23.4 49.8 3.6 8.9 14.8 23.0 49.8 3.6 8.9 14.9 23.2 49.4 3.4 8.7 14.7 23.2 50.1 3.6 9.0 15.0 23.2 49.2 3.6 8.9 15.0 23.2 49.4 3.6 9.0 15.1 23.3 49.0 3.7 9.1 15.2 23.3 48.7 3.6 8.9 15.0 23.4 49.1 3.6 9.0 15.1 23.5 48.9 3.8 9.4 15.8 24.2 46.9 3.8 9.6 15.9 24.2 46.5 3.8 9.6 15.9 24.0 46.6 3.8 9.5 15.8 24.0 46.8 3.8 9.6 16.0 24.2 46.3 0.463 0.532 0.391 0.543 0.417 0.099 0.192 0.289 0.098 0.192 0.289 0.095 0.187 0.283 0.097 0.190 0.286 0.095 0.186 0.279 0.098 0.189 0.282 0.543 0.406 0.514 0.398 0.095 0.185 0.281 0.545 0.411 0.530 0.397 0.515 0.413 0.470 0.469 0.466 0.464 0.462 0.466 0.462 0.490 0.404 0.096 0.185 0.275 0.458 0.476 0.386 0.092 0.180 0.268 0.456 0.488 0.389 0.093 0.181 0.271 0.459 0.484 0.396 0.094 0.183 0.272 0.455 0.464 0.389 0.093 0.179 0.266 0.450 0.452 0.378 0.090 0.175 0.261 0.456 0.471 0.387 0.092 0.180 0.268 0.454 0.467 0.385 0.092 0.178 0.266 0.433 0.416 0.323 0.080 0.160 0.242 0.428 0.411 0.313 0.078 0.156 0.237 0.428 0.402 0.317 0.078 0.156 0.236 0.431 0.406 0.324 0.080 0.158 0.239 0.426 0.401 0.314 0.078 0.155 0.236 Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 8.6 14.7 23.3 50.0 .. 0.466 .. .. 0.541 0.398 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 0.096 0.188 0.285 See footnotes at end of table. U.S. Census Bureau Table A-3. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) U.S. Census Bureau 1986 19859 1984 1982 1978 1977 1973 1970 1969 1981 1980 198310 197911 197612 197513 197215 197116 197413, 14 1968 196717 11,447 11,370 10,858 10,183 10,025 10,260 10,001 9,187 19,137 19,046 18,641 18,014 18,250 18,562 18,023 16,909 44,091 45,533 44,632 42,798 43,219 43,557 41,995 40,261 76,128 78,019 75,943 72,058 72,548 72,170 68,816 66,735 98,164 100,708 97,576 92,442 92,411 91,573 86,779 84,771 120,495 125,397 122,223 114,429 114,678 113,188 107,660 107,091 10.09 7.53 3.10 1.85 4.49 0.41 9.61 7.10 3.04 1.85 4.31 0.43 9.15 6.69 2.85 1.76 4.14 0.43 8.90 6.66 2.79 1.75 4.16 0.42 9.69 7.24 3.05 1.85 4.38 0.42 9.22 6.88 2.89 1.80 4.28 0.42 8.74 6.63 2.80 1.77 4.19 0.42 8.70 6.48 2.76 1.74 4.08 0.43 8.53 6.43 2.72 1.73 4.07 0.42 8.58 6.30 2.73 1.73 3.98 0.43 8.86 6.58 2.75 1.71 4.10 0.42 9.55 7.21 3.06 1.85 4.36 0.42 9.49 7.15 2.98 1.80 4.33 0.42 9.09 6.78 2.86 1.78 4.21 0.42 8.99 6.56 2.74 1.70 4.07 0.42 9.08 6.35 2.67 1.68 4.00 0.42 9.22 6.28 2.65 1.68 3.98 0.42 8.93 6.10 2.60 1.66 3.89 0.43 8.68 5.97 2.56 1.64 3.82 0.43 9.23 6.33 2.66 1.66 3.95 0.42 9,017 10,958 10,998 10,509 9,918 9,856 10,031 9,793 27,235 27,652 27,143 26,213 26,701 27,082 26,263 24,984 43,896 45,357 44,297 42,497 42,997 43,276 41,653 39,891 63,393 65,248 63,593 60,419 60,606 60,616 58,105 55,813 112,318 116,746 114,169 107,056 107,296 106,543 100,965 100,441 3.8 9.7 16.2 24.3 46.1 3.9 9.8 16.2 24.4 45.6 4.0 9.9 16.3 24.6 45.2 4.0 9.9 16.4 24.6 45.1 4.0 10.0 16.5 24.5 45.0 4.1 10.1 16.7 24.8 44.3 4.2 10.2 16.8 24.7 44.1 4.1 10.2 16.8 24.6 44.2 4.2 10.2 16.8 24.7 44.1 4.2 10.2 16.9 24.7 44.0 4.3 10.3 17.0 24.7 43.7 4.3 10.4 17.0 24.7 43.6 4.3 10.6 17.0 24.6 43.5 4.2 10.4 17.0 24.5 43.9 4.1 10.4 17.0 24.5 43.9 4.1 10.6 17.3 24.5 43.5 4.1 10.8 17.4 24.5 43.3 4.1 10.9 17.5 24.5 43.0 4.2 11.1 17.6 24.5 42.6 4.0 10.8 17.3 24.2 43.6 0.425 0.406 0.387 0.277 0.375 0.274 0.069 0.140 0.216 0.070 0.141 0.220 0.416 0.310 0.077 0.155 0.237 0.075 0.151 0.231 0.073 0.147 0.225 0.072 0.147 0.226 0.072 0.146 0.226 0.403 0.300 0.391 0.290 0.397 0.288 0.401 0.287 0.419 0.415 0.414 0.412 0.403 0.404 0.369 0.279 0.070 0.141 0.216 0.402 0.363 0.275 0.069 0.139 0.213 0.402 0.364 0.276 0.069 0.139 0.213 0.398 0.361 0.271 0.068 0.137 0.211 0.397 0.361 0.270 0.067 0.136 0.210 0.395 0.352 0.267 0.067 0.134 0.207 0.400 0.355 0.270 0.068 0.136 0.210 0.401 0.370 0.279 0.070 0.140 0.216 0.396 0.370 0.273 0.068 0.138 0.214 0.394 0.370 0.271 0.068 0.138 0.214 0.391 0.357 0.268 0.067 0.135 0.209 0.386 0.356 0.273 0.067 0.135 0.208 0.397 0.380 0.287 0.071 0.143 0.220 Measures of income dispersion 19878 Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . 20th percentile limit . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . 90th percentile limit . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,308 11,212 11,253 11,245 10,801 10,842 11,040 11,195 11,346 11,567 11,334 11,196 11,134 . 19,581 19,206 18,970 18,751 18,386 17,995 18,227 18,604 19,348 19,136 18,558 18,597 18,193 . 47,251 46,665 45,069 44,242 42,910 43,212 43,328 44,059 45,498 45,625 43,925 43,649 42,936 . 87,686 86,186 83,159 81,675 79,299 77,979 77,914 78,316 80,156 79,619 77,675 75,936 74,083 . 115,681 113,116 109,073 107,433 103,787 102,836 101,777 101,759 103,757 102,977 99,067 97,372 94,969 . 146,728 144,522 137,403 135,204 130,466 128,721 125,390 126,035 129,520 127,373 122,985 120,424 116,907 Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.23 7.49 3.11 1.86 4.48 0.41 Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,117 10,823 10,713 10,730 10,382 10,261 10,454 10,723 11,073 11,162 10,794 10,847 10,586 . 28,256 27,839 27,149 26,724 26,080 25,967 26,041 26,687 27,541 27,410 26,567 26,553 26,002 . 47,240 46,586 45,064 44,287 43,117 42,983 43,139 44,038 45,407 45,259 43,949 43,667 42,661 . 71,405 70,181 67,785 66,683 64,702 63,926 64,305 64,878 66,634 66,298 64,393 63,414 61,987 . 135,793 132,836 126,620 122,612 118,795 117,245 114,868 115,675 119,585 118,366 114,828 112,231 109,443 Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 9.6 16.1 24.3 46.2 .. 0.426 .. .. 0.414 0.311 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 0.077 0.155 0.238 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 39 See footnotes at end of table. Table A-3. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 2007 2006 2005 20041 2003 1998 1997 1996 1991 1990 2002 2001 20002 19993 19954 19945 19936 19927 2008 1989 1988 Standard Errors of Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . 20th percentile limit . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . 90th percentile limit . . . 95th percentile limit . . . 84 116 145 311 612 890 88 117 221 391 603 1,070 85 118 171 355 592 1,232 84 118 223 355 560 1,045 84 117 220 374 593 834 85 123 166 274 538 854 89 121 157 294 524 919 90 128 165 300 607 1,164 90 123 246 320 584 1,022 88 129 303 309 506 1,011 92 122 229 424 540 884 86 123 245 323 582 804 87 113 276 343 533 942 81 112 211 294 539 894 81 114 214 332 419 763 80 114 218 288 385 753 83 118 224 317 420 760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 107 137 306 583 922 89 123 244 339 454 854 89 126 267 279 727 821 89 125 233 311 476 930 Standard Errors of Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . 0.089 0.064 0.021 0.009 0.031 0.003 0.090 0.069 0.025 0.011 0.032 0.003 0.090 0.076 0.028 0.010 0.031 0.003 0.088 0.069 0.025 0.011 0.032 0.003 0.091 0.062 0.021 0.011 0.032 0.003 0.083 0.062 0.022 0.009 0.030 0.003 0.083 0.063 0.023 0.010 0.029 0.003 0.085 0.070 0.026 0.009 0.029 0.003 0.091 0.065 0.022 0.011 0.034 0.003 0.087 0.063 0.022 0.011 0.032 0.003 0.083 0.065 0.024 0.010 0.029 0.003 0.082 0.069 0.024 0.010 0.032 0.003 0.084 0.064 0.023 0.010 0.031 0.003 0.087 0.066 0.024 0.010 0.031 0.003 0.085 0.063 0.022 0.011 0.033 0.003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.091 0.063 0.023 0.010 0.029 0.003 0.081 0.062 0.021 0.010 0.032 0.003 0.082 0.061 0.021 0.011 0.032 0.003 0.087 0.063 0.022 0.010 0.032 0.003 0.095 0.062 0.021 0.009 0.031 0.003 0.089 0.066 0.023 0.010 0.032 0.003 40 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 42 39 49 78 836 43 37 48 79 1,008 43 38 48 76 944 43 39 49 77 885 44 39 50 76 1,048 44 40 51 77 913 42 39 48 73 978 43 37 49 75 934 43 38 49 75 929 44 40 50 76 1,038 44 40 51 75 952 40 39 48 70 952 40 39 46 70 895 40 38 46 71 898 40 38 46 70 898 39 39 46 67 498 40 39 45 67 474 41 40 45 68 524 42 41 47 68 579 41 40 47 67 525 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.33 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.34 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.34 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.34 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.35 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.34 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.34 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.35 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.35 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.36 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.36 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.34 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.0027 0.0028 0.0063 0.0002 0.0063 0.0001 0.0013 0.0020 0.0026 0.0012 0.0018 0.0024 0.0054 0.0001 0.0014 0.0021 0.0027 0.0013 0.0020 0.0026 0.0063 0.0001 0.0052 0.0001 0.0012 0.0020 0.0025 0.0029 0.0029 0.0062 0.0001 0.0011 0.0018 0.0024 0.0029 0.0028 0.0030 0.0051 0.0002 0.0014 0.0022 0.0027 0.0030 0.0049 0.0002 0.0013 0.0021 0.0026 0.0041 0.0059 0.0001 0.0013 0.0021 0.0027 0.0042 0.0069 0.0002 0.0015 0.0023 0.0029 0.0043 0.0067 0.0002 0.0016 0.0025 0.0030 0.0043 0.0064 0.0002 0.0016 0.0024 0.0030 0.0043 0.0063 0.0002 0.0015 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0061 0.0002 0.0015 0.0023 0.0028 0.0042 0.0061 0.0002 0.0015 0.0024 0.0029 0.0038 0.0055 0.0001 0.0007 0.0013 0.0019 0.0038 0.0056 0.0001 0.0007 0.0012 0.0018 0.0039 0.0053 0.0001 0.0007 0.0013 0.0018 0.0040 0.0053 0.0001 0.0008 0.0014 0.0019 0.0041 0.0055 0.0001 0.0008 0.0014 0.0020 Standard Errors of Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 36 48 75 827 Standard Errors of Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.33 .. 0.0027 .. .. 0.0063 0.0001 Standard Errors of Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 0.0011 0.0017 0.0023 See footnotes at end of table. U.S. Census Bureau Table A-3. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2008—Con. (Income in 2008 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) U.S. Census Bureau 1986 1978 1977 1973 1970 1969 19859 1984 1982 1981 1980 198310 197911 197612 197513 197413, 14 197215 197116 1968 196717 90 127 242 335 516 604 86 125 244 273 464 1,146 85 113 201 290 370 676 87 116 195 262 458 624 87 115 195 290 394 742 130 117 227 232 381 697 128 122 226 273 432 668 126 132 216 231 416 715 127 132 185 295 341 696 121 129 165 227 469 603 121 132 162 263 342 694 116 134 175 314 430 630 122 163 169 215 354 795 121 161 173 250 364 570 120 160 170 297 491 770 117 155 166 351 263 460 121 162 158 187 298 570 124 165 161 200 352 701 121 162 152 224 465 484 118 157 147 264 626 455 0.093 0.059 0.018 0.011 0.034 0.003 0.085 0.077 0.028 0.010 0.032 0.003 0.102 0.056 0.018 0.009 0.032 0.003 0.097 0.059 0.019 0.010 0.035 0.004 0.079 0.056 0.020 0.010 0.030 0.003 0.088 0.056 0.019 0.010 0.031 0.003 0.084 0.062 0.021 0.010 0.032 0.003 0.114 0.059 0.020 0.009 0.030 0.003 0.110 0.057 0.019 0.010 0.031 0.003 0.108 0.059 0.020 0.009 0.031 0.003 0.102 0.059 0.020 0.010 0.033 0.003 0.099 0.059 0.020 0.010 0.032 0.004 0.096 0.068 0.022 0.009 0.036 0.004 0.100 0.063 0.018 0.010 0.037 0.004 0.109 0.070 0.021 0.010 0.038 0.004 0.107 0.060 0.016 0.011 0.040 0.004 0.115 0.064 0.017 0.008 0.037 0.004 0.113 0.066 0.020 0.008 0.036 0.004 0.115 0.060 0.016 0.009 0.036 0.004 0.136 0.065 0.016 0.010 0.040 0.004 42 40 47 66 486 42 37 44 62 376 41 39 45 64 442 41 38 45 64 390 42 38 43 61 378 43 39 45 59 383 44 41 47 61 425 45 41 46 58 431 43 37 45 59 354 43 40 47 60 427 46 41 46 60 435 45 41 44 57 432 48 43 43 60 437 46 46 46 61 473 47 45 45 60 495 46 44 43 57 470 49 46 43 57 483 48 47 43 56 493 49 45 41 54 462 47 45 40 53 502 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.36 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.36 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.35 0.03 0.08 0.14 0.20 0.36 0.04 0.08 0.14 0.20 0.36 0.04 0.09 0.14 0.21 0.37 0.04 0.09 0.14 0.21 0.37 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.37 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.38 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.38 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.22 0.39 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.22 0.39 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.22 0.39 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.40 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.40 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.40 0.04 0.10 0.17 0.23 0.41 0.0038 0.0037 0.0056 0.0001 0.0006 0.0011 0.0017 0.0006 0.0011 0.0016 0.0006 0.0011 0.0016 0.0006 0.0011 0.0017 0.0055 0.0001 0.0056 0.0001 0.0057 0.0001 0.0056 0.0001 0.0006 0.0011 0.0017 0.0037 0.0057 0.0001 0.0007 0.0012 0.0018 0.0037 0.0038 0.0038 0.0036 0.0051 0.0001 0.0006 0.0010 0.0016 0.0038 0.0050 0.0001 0.0006 0.0011 0.0017 0.0039 0.0054 0.0001 0.0006 0.0011 0.0016 0.0039 0.0054 0.0001 0.0006 0.0011 0.0017 0.0041 0.0054 0.0001 0.0006 0.0011 0.0017 0.0056 0.0059 0.0001 0.0007 0.0012 0.0018 0.0066 0.0058 0.0001 0.0006 0.0011 0.0017 0.0040 0.0057 0.0001 0.0007 0.0012 0.0017 0.0069 0.0060 0.0001 0.0007 0.0013 0.0018 0.0063 0.0061 0.0001 0.0007 0.0013 0.0019 0.0078 0.0060 0.0001 0.0007 0.0013 0.0019 0.0066 0.0058 0.0001 0.0008 0.0014 0.0020 0.0042 0.0057 0.0001 0.0007 0.0012 0.0018 0.0044 0.0060 0.0001 0.0008 0.0014 0.0020 Measures of income dispersion 19878 Standard Errors of Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . 20th percentile limit . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . 90th percentile limit . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 126 223 301 419 684 Standard Errors of Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.088 0.060 0.020 0.010 0.033 0.003 Standard Errors of Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 40 48 67 515 Standard Errors of Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.19 0.35 .. 0.0038 .. .. 0.0055 0.0001 Standard Errors of Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 0.0007 0.0013 0.0018 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 41 See footnotes on next page. 42 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions; 7,000 household sample reduction; and revised editing of responses on race. Introduction of 1990 census sample design. Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 7 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 8 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 9 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 11 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 12 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 13 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation. 14 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 15 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 16 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 17 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 1 2 3 4 5 6 U.S. Census Bureau APPENDIX B. ESTIMATES OF POVERTY How Poverty Is Calculated Following the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below). Poverty Thresholds in 2008 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years (Dollars) Related children under 18 years Size of family unit None One person (unrelated individual): Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two people: Householder under 65 years. . . . . . . . . . . Householder 65 years and older . . . . . . . Three people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Four people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Five people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Six people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seven people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eight people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nine people or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source: U.S. Census Bureau. One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight or more 11,201 10,326 14,417 13,014 16,841 22,207 26,781 30,803 35,442 39,640 47,684 14,840 14,784 17,330 22,570 27,170 30,925 35,664 39,990 47,915 17,346 21,834 26,338 30,288 34,901 39,270 47,278 21,910 25,694 29,677 34,369 38,639 46,743 25,301 28,769 33,379 37,744 45,864 28,230 32,223 36,608 44,656 30,955 35,426 43,563 35,125 43,292 41,624 If a family’s total income is less than that family’s threshold, then that fam­ ily and every individual in it are con­ sidered in poverty. The official poverty thresholds do not vary geographically, but they are updated annually for inflation using the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The official poverty definition uses money income before taxes and does not include capital gains or noncash benefits (such as public housing, Medicaid, and food stamps). Example: Suppose Family A consists of five people: two children, their mother, their father, and their greataunt. Family A’s poverty threshold in 2008 was $26,338. Suppose also that each member had the following income in 2008: Mother Father Great-aunt First child Second child Total: $10,000 7,000 10,000 0 0 $27,000 Since their total family income, $27,000, was higher than their threshold ($26,338), the family would not be considered “in poverty” accord­ ing to the official poverty measure. While the thresholds in some sense represent families’ needs, they should be interpreted as a statistical yardstick rather than as a complete description of what people and fami­ lies need to live. Many of the govern­ ment’s aid programs use different dollar amounts as eligibility criteria. Poverty rates and the number in poverty are important ways of exam­ ining people’s well-being. Other more detailed measures of poverty are considered in the section “Depth of Poverty Measures” and in the Census Bureau report Supplemental Measures of Material Well-Being: Expenditures, Consumption, and Poverty 1998 and 2001 (P23-201). For a history of the official poverty measure, see “The Development of the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds and Their Subsequent History as the Official U.S. Poverty Measure” by Gordon M. Fisher, available at . Weighted average thresholds: Some data users want a summary of the 48 thresholds to get a general sense of the “poverty line.” The average thresholds shown below provide that summary, but they are not used to compute poverty data. The averages are based on the relative number of families by size and composition. Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2008 by Size of Family (Dollars) One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven people Eight people Nine people or more Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 10,991 14,051 17,163 22,025 26,049 29,456 33,529 37,220 44,346 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 43 Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008 (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) All people Below poverty All families Below poverty Total ALL RACES 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,041 298,699 296,450 293,135 290,617 287,699 285,317 281,475 278,944 276,208 271,059 268,480 266,218 263,733 261,616 259,278 256,549 251,192 248,644 245,992 243,530 240,982 238,554 236,594 233,816 231,700 229,412 227,157 225,027 222,903 215,656 213,867 212,303 210,864 209,362 207,621 206,004 204,554 202,183 199,517 197,628 195,672 193,388 191,413 189,710 187,258 184,276 181,277 179,503 176,557 39,829 37,276 36,460 36,950 37,040 35,861 34,570 32,907 31,581 32,791 34,476 35,574 36,529 36,425 38,059 39,265 38,014 35,708 33,585 31,528 31,745 32,221 32,370 33,064 33,700 35,303 34,398 31,822 29,272 26,072 24,497 24,720 24,975 25,877 23,370 22,973 24,460 25,559 25,420 24,147 25,389 27,769 28,510 33,185 36,055 36,436 38,625 39,628 39,851 39,490 13.2 12.5 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.5 12.1 11.7 11.3 11.9 12.7 13.3 13.7 13.8 14.5 15.1 14.8 14.2 13.5 12.8 13.0 13.4 13.6 14.0 14.4 15.2 15.0 14.0 13.0 11.7 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.3 11.2 11.1 11.9 12.5 12.6 12.1 12.8 14.2 14.7 17.3 19.0 19.5 21.0 21.9 22.2 22.4 248,301 245,443 245,199 242,389 240,754 238,903 236,921 233,911 231,909 230,789 227,229 225,369 223,955 222,792 221,430 219,489 217,936 212,723 210,967 209,515 208,056 206,877 205,459 203,963 202,288 201,338 200,385 198,541 196,963 195,860 191,071 190,757 190,844 190,630 190,436 189,361 189,193 188,242 186,692 184,891 183,825 182,558 181,117 179,281 177,653 176,076 173,263 170,131 168,615 165,858 28,564 26,509 25,915 26,068 26,544 25,684 24,534 23,215 22,347 23,830 25,370 26,217 27,376 27,501 28,985 29,927 28,961 27,143 25,232 24,066 24,048 24,725 24,754 25,729 26,458 27,933 27,349 24,850 22,601 19,964 19,062 19,505 19,632 20,789 18,817 18,299 19,577 20,405 20,330 19,175 20,695 22,771 23,809 28,358 30,912 31,498 33,623 34,509 34,925 34,562 11.5 10.8 10.6 10.8 11.0 10.8 10.4 9.9 9.6 10.3 11.2 11.6 12.2 12.3 13.1 13.6 13.3 12.8 12.0 11.5 11.6 12.0 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.9 13.6 12.5 11.5 10.2 10.0 10.2 10.3 10.9 9.9 9.7 10.3 10.8 10.9 10.4 11.3 12.5 13.1 15.8 17.4 17.9 19.4 20.3 20.7 20.8 44,027 43,961 43,223 42,244 42,053 41,311 40,529 39,261 38,375 38,580 39,000 38,412 38,584 38,908 37,253 37,861 36,446 34,795 33,795 32,525 32,164 31,893 31,152 30,878 30,844 30,049 28,834 28,587 27,565 26,927 26,032 25,404 24,204 23,580 23,165 21,823 21,264 20,153 19,673 17,995 18,048 17,788 17,240 16,371 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 13,812 13,478 13,199 13,153 12,832 12,413 11,657 11,223 10,926 11,764 12,907 13,494 13,796 14,205 14,380 14,636 14,205 13,824 12,578 11,668 11,972 12,148 11,944 11,600 11,831 12,072 11,701 11,051 10,120 9,400 9,269 9,205 9,029 8,846 8,462 8,178 8,114 7,797 7,503 6,879 6,990 6,898 6,861 7,524 7,297 7,646 7,781 7,252 7,247 7,014 31.4 30.7 30.5 31.1 30.5 30.0 28.8 28.6 28.5 30.5 33.1 35.1 35.8 36.5 38.6 38.7 39.0 39.7 37.2 35.9 37.2 38.1 38.3 37.6 38.4 40.2 40.6 38.7 36.7 34.9 35.6 36.2 37.3 37.5 36.5 37.5 38.2 38.7 38.1 38.2 38.7 38.8 39.8 46.0 44.4 47.7 50.3 48.1 48.9 49.4 51,534 51,740 49,884 49,526 48,609 47,594 47,156 46,392 45,624 43,977 42,539 41,672 40,727 39,484 38,538 38,038 36,842 36,845 36,056 35,185 34,340 32,992 31,679 31,351 30,268 29,158 27,908 27,714 27,133 26,170 24,585 23,110 21,459 20,234 18,926 18,260 16,811 16,311 15,491 14,626 13,803 13,114 12,271 12,132 12,057 11,182 11,013 11,146 10,888 10,699 10,710 10,189 9,977 10,425 9,926 9,713 9,618 9,226 8,653 8,400 8,478 8,687 8,452 8,247 8,287 8,388 8,075 7,773 7,446 6,760 7,070 6,857 6,846 6,725 6,609 6,740 6,458 6,490 6,227 5,743 5,435 5,216 5,344 5,088 4,553 4,674 4,883 5,154 5,090 4,972 4,694 4,998 4,701 4,827 5,143 4,938 5,002 5,119 4,926 4,928 20.8 19.7 20.0 21.1 20.4 20.4 20.4 19.9 19.0 19.1 19.9 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.5 22.1 21.9 21.1 20.7 19.2 20.6 20.8 21.6 21.5 21.8 23.1 23.1 23.4 22.9 21.9 22.1 22.6 24.9 25.1 24.1 25.6 29.0 31.6 32.9 34.0 34.0 38.1 38.3 39.8 42.7 44.2 45.4 45.9 45.2 46.1 Number Percent Total Number Percent Total People in families Families with female householder, no husband present Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Unrelated individuals Below poverty Race, Hispanic origin, and year See footnotes at end of table. 44 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) All people Below poverty All families Below poverty Total WHITE ALONE 7 People in families Families with female householder, no husband present Below poverty Total Number Percent Unrelated individuals Below poverty Race, Hispanic origin, and year Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,548 239,133 237,619 235,430 233,741 231,866 230,376 229,675 227,846 225,361 222,837 221,200 219,656 218,028 216,460 214,899 213,060 210,133 208,611 206,853 205,235 203,605 202,282 200,918 198,941 197,496 195,919 194,504 192,912 191,742 186,450 185,254 184,165 183,164 182,376 181,185 180,125 179,398 177,376 175,349 173,732 172,038 170,247 168,732 167,313 165,309 162,842 160,306 158,863 156,956 26,990 25,120 24,416 24,872 25,327 24,272 23,466 22,739 21,645 22,169 23,454 24,396 24,650 24,423 25,379 26,226 25,259 23,747 22,326 20,785 20,715 21,195 22,183 22,860 22,955 23,984 23,517 21,553 19,699 17,214 16,259 16,416 16,713 17,770 15,736 15,142 16,203 17,780 17,484 16,659 17,395 18,983 19,290 22,496 24,957 25,238 26,672 27,890 28,309 28,484 11.2 10.5 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.5 9.8 10.5 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.7 12.2 11.9 11.3 10.7 10.0 10.1 10.4 11.0 11.4 11.5 12.1 12.0 11.1 10.2 9.0 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.7 8.6 8.4 9.0 9.9 9.9 9.5 10.0 11.0 11.3 13.3 14.9 15.3 16.4 17.4 17.8 18.1 197,763 195,944 196,061 194,277 193,024 192,074 190,823 190,413 188,966 187,833 186,184 185,147 184,119 183,450 182,546 181,330 180,409 177,619 176,504 175,857 175,111 174,488 174,024 172,863 171,839 171,407 170,748 169,868 168,756 168,461 165,193 165,385 165,571 165,661 166,081 165,424 165,630 165,184 163,875 162,779 161,777 160,720 159,561 158,255 156,898 155,584 153,348 150,717 149,458 147,802 18,558 17,141 16,644 16,782 17,445 16,740 16,043 15,369 14,692 15,353 16,549 17,258 17,621 17,593 18,474 18,968 18,294 17,268 15,916 15,179 15,001 15,593 16,393 17,125 17,299 18,377 18,015 16,127 14,587 12,495 12,050 12,364 12,500 13,799 12,181 11,412 12,268 13,566 13,323 12,623 13,546 14,851 15,430 18,508 20,716 21,149 22,613 23,747 24,262 24,443 9.4 8.7 8.5 8.6 9.0 8.7 8.4 8.1 7.8 8.2 8.9 9.3 9.6 9.6 10.1 10.5 10.1 9.7 9.0 8.6 8.6 8.9 9.4 9.9 10.1 10.7 10.6 9.5 8.6 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.5 8.3 7.3 6.9 7.4 8.2 8.1 7.8 8.4 9.2 9.7 11.7 13.2 13.6 14.7 15.8 16.2 16.5 27,010 27,159 27,057 25,943 26,139 25,536 24,903 24,619 24,166 23,913 24,211 23,773 23,744 23,732 22,713 23,224 22,453 21,608 20,845 20,362 20,396 20,244 20,163 20,105 19,727 19,256 18,374 18,795 17,642 17,349 16,877 16,721 15,941 15,577 15,433 14,303 13,739 13,502 13,226 12,285 12,190 12,131 12,261 11,573 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 7,340 7,188 7,160 7,021 6,892 6,530 5,992 5,972 5,609 5,947 6,674 7,296 7,073 7,047 7,228 7,199 6,907 6,806 6,210 5,723 5,950 5,989 6,171 5,990 5,866 6,017 5,686 5,600 4,940 4,375 4,371 4,474 4,463 4,577 4,278 4,003 3,770 4,099 3,761 3,577 3,551 3,453 3,646 4,092 3,911 4,051 4,089 4,062 4,296 4,232 27.2 26.5 26.5 27.1 26.4 25.6 24.1 24.3 23.2 24.9 27.6 30.7 29.8 29.7 31.8 31.0 30.8 31.5 29.8 28.1 29.2 29.6 30.6 29.8 29.7 31.2 30.9 29.8 28.0 25.2 25.9 26.8 28.0 29.4 27.7 28.0 27.4 30.4 28.4 29.1 29.1 28.5 29.7 35.4 33.4 35.6 37.9 37.6 39.0 40.2 41,810 41,931 40,461 40,164 39,712 38,913 38,575 38,294 37,699 36,441 35,563 34,858 34,247 33,399 32,569 32,112 31,170 31,207 30,833 29,993 29,315 28,290 27,143 27,067 26,094 25,206 24,300 23,913 23,370 22,587 21,257 19,869 18,594 17,503 16,295 15,761 14,495 14,214 13,500 12,570 11,955 11,318 10,686 10,477 10,415 9,725 9,494 9,589 9,405 9,154 7,982 7,505 7,334 7,718 7,416 7,225 7,105 6,996 6,454 6,411 6,386 6,593 6,463 6,336 6,292 6,443 6,147 5,872 5,739 5,063 5,314 5,174 5,198 5,299 5,181 5,189 5,041 5,061 4,760 4,452 4,209 4,051 4,213 3,972 3,555 3,730 3,935 4,214 4,161 4,036 3,849 4,132 3,860 3,988 4,241 4,089 4,059 4,143 4,047 4,041 19.1 17.9 18.1 19.2 18.7 18.6 18.4 18.3 17.1 17.6 18.0 18.9 18.9 19.0 19.3 20.1 19.7 18.8 18.6 16.9 18.1 18.3 19.2 19.6 19.9 20.6 20.7 21.2 20.4 19.7 19.8 20.4 22.7 22.7 21.8 23.7 27.1 29.6 30.8 32.1 32.2 36.5 36.1 38.1 40.7 42.0 42.7 43.2 43.0 44.1 See footnotes at end of table. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 45 Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) All people Below poverty All families Below poverty Total WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC7 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE, NOT HISPANIC8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,538 193,691 192,565 192,754 191,859 191,459 190,951 192,543 190,843 189,001 189,116 188,129 186,979 185,961 184,936 184,119 183,455 182,469 181,393 181,903 180,909 179,798 178,814 174,731 173,563 173,235 172,417 171,463 170,488 15,271 14,366 14,735 15,799 16,491 16,462 16,267 18,110 18,882 18,202 17,741 16,622 15,599 15,565 16,029 17,244 17,839 18,300 19,538 19,362 17,987 16,365 14,419 13,755 13,802 14,025 14,883 13,217 12,864 7.8 7.4 7.7 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.5 9.4 9.9 9.6 9.4 8.8 8.3 8.4 8.7 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.8 10.6 9.9 9.1 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.6 7.7 7.5 159,178 158,838 158,550 159,301 158,796 159,044 159,402 161,254 160,062 159,102 158,850 158,394 158,127 157,687 157,785 157,665 157,106 156,930 156,719 157,818 157,330 156,633 156,567 154,321 154,449 155,324 155,539 155,764 155,330 9,122 8,664 9,013 10,061 10,401 10,553 10,599 12,118 12,756 12,277 11,998 11,086 10,723 10,467 11,051 12,078 12,706 13,234 14,437 14,271 12,903 11,568 10,009 9,798 9,977 10,066 11,137 9,854 9,262 5.7 5.5 5.7 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.6 7.5 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.0 6.8 6.6 7.0 7.7 8.1 8.4 9.2 9.0 8.2 7.4 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.5 7.2 6.3 6.0 18,365 18,196 17,892 18,547 18,474 18,597 18,340 18,186 18,508 18,016 17,609 17,160 16,827 16,828 16,787 16,739 16,749 16,742 16,369 15,830 16,323 15,358 15,410 15,132 14,888 14,261 13,809 13,763 12,731 3,661 3,412 3,545 4,074 4,604 4,339 4,183 4,743 4,724 4,640 4,710 4,284 3,922 3,988 4,075 4,350 4,136 4,193 4,448 4,161 4,222 3,699 3,371 3,390 3,429 3,516 3,570 3,379 3,185 19.9 18.8 19.8 22.0 24.9 23.3 22.8 26.1 25.5 25.8 26.7 25.0 23.3 23.7 24.3 26.0 24.7 25.0 27.2 26.3 25.9 24.1 21.9 22.4 23.0 24.7 25.9 24.6 25.0 34,603 33,943 33,189 32,573 32,049 31,410 30,586 30,157 29,681 28,775 29,215 28,688 28,055 27,552 26,439 25,525 25,544 24,671 23,894 23,329 22,950 22,455 21,638 20,410 19,114 17,912 16,879 15,699 15,158 5,882 5,356 5,412 5,352 5,632 5,455 5,303 5,500 5,570 5,350 5,261 5,002 4,466 4,746 4,613 4,668 4,789 4,659 4,746 4,701 4,769 4,474 4,179 3,957 3,825 3,959 3,746 3,364 3,602 17.0 15.8 16.3 16.4 17.6 17.4 17.3 18.2 18.8 18.6 18.0 17.4 15.9 17.2 17.4 18.3 18.7 18.9 19.9 20.2 20.8 19.9 19.3 19.4 20.0 22.1 22.2 21.4 23.8 196,940 196,583 196,049 195,553 195,098 194,595 194,144 17,024 16,032 16,013 16,227 16,908 15,902 15,567 8.6 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.7 8.2 8.0 159,344 158,703 159,572 159,204 159,221 159,215 158,764 10,138 9,553 9,676 9,604 10,323 9,658 9,389 6.4 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.5 6.1 5.9 18,799 19,179 19,349 18,899 19,009 18,792 18,664 4,046 4,099 4,353 4,278 4,116 3,959 3,733 21.5 21.4 22.5 22.6 21.7 21.1 20.0 36,848 36,909 35,642 35,626 35,141 34,683 34,614 6,539 6,155 6,021 6,393 6,237 6,015 5,947 17.7 16.7 16.9 17.9 17.7 17.3 17.2 Number Percent Total Number Percent Total People in families Families with female householder, no husband present Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Unrelated individuals Below poverty Race, Hispanic origin, and year See footnotes at end of table. 46 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) All people Below poverty All families Below poverty Total BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLACK ALONE9 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLACK8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number Percent Total Number Percent Total People in families Families with female householder, no husband present Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Unrelated individuals Below poverty Race, Hispanic origin, and year 40,097 39,564 39,013 38,551 38,037 37,503 37,207 37,966 37,665 37,306 36,802 36,426 35,989 35,678 35,871 35,425 35,756 34,877 34,458 34,110 33,740 33,353 32,910 32,411 31,313 30,806 30,332 29,849 29,362 28,871 28,485 28,087 27,678 27,216 26,834 26,408 25,944 24,956 24,710 24,399 24,089 23,699 23,512 23,144 22,784 22,515 22,011 21,944 21,590 21,206 18,013 9,882 9,668 9,447 9,517 9,411 9,108 8,884 9,379 9,237 9,048 9,168 9,014 8,781 8,602 8,136 7,982 8,441 9,091 9,116 9,694 9,872 10,196 10,877 10,827 10,242 9,837 9,302 9,356 9,520 8,983 8,926 9,490 9,882 9,697 9,173 8,579 8,050 7,625 7,726 7,595 7,545 7,182 7,388 7,710 7,396 7,548 7,095 7,616 8,486 8,867 9,927 24.6 24.4 24.2 24.7 24.7 24.3 23.9 24.7 24.5 24.3 24.9 24.7 24.4 24.1 22.7 22.5 23.6 26.1 26.5 28.4 29.3 30.6 33.1 33.4 32.7 31.9 30.7 31.3 32.4 31.1 31.3 33.8 35.7 35.6 34.2 32.5 31.0 30.6 31.3 31.1 31.3 30.3 31.4 33.3 32.5 33.5 32.2 34.7 39.3 41.8 55.1 32,818 32,427 32,130 31,663 31,468 31,059 31,008 30,986 30,778 30,621 30,154 30,065 29,727 29,671 29,869 29,378 29,819 29,333 28,962 28,933 28,777 28,499 28,106 27,790 26,565 26,296 25,931 25,484 25,128 24,910 24,620 24,387 24,138 23,948 23,423 23,084 22,666 22,027 21,850 21,840 21,687 21,341 21,328 21,116 20,900 20,724 20,192 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 7,768 7,668 7,411 7,459 7,495 7,162 6,985 7,339 7,312 7,072 7,164 7,153 6,870 6,761 6,389 6,221 6,758 7,259 7,386 7,993 8,189 8,447 9,242 9,134 8,504 8,160 7,704 7,650 7,848 7,410 7,504 8,104 8,376 8,355 7,780 7,190 6,800 6,493 6,667 6,576 6,533 6,255 6,560 6,841 6,530 6,683 6,245 6,839 7,677 8,090 9,112 23.7 23.6 23.1 23.6 23.8 23.1 22.5 23.7 23.8 23.1 23.8 23.8 23.1 22.8 21.4 21.2 22.7 24.7 25.5 27.6 28.5 29.6 32.9 32.9 32.0 31.0 29.7 30.0 31.2 29.7 30.5 33.2 34.7 34.9 33.2 31.1 30.0 29.5 30.5 30.1 30.1 29.3 30.8 32.4 31.2 32.2 30.9 33.7 38.4 40.9 54.9 14,332 14,396 13,848 14,080 13,830 13,664 13,551 13,648 13,741 13,244 13,481 13,244 13,118 13,030 12,550 12,383 12,823 13,156 13,218 13,193 13,604 12,926 13,132 12,591 11,960 11,866 11,190 10,794 10,701 10,175 10,041 10,384 10,059 9,699 9,214 9,338 9,065 8,689 8,315 7,926 7,679 7,483 7,188 7,125 6,398 6,225 5,537 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,782 5,702 5,422 5,524 5,484 5,312 5,145 5,533 5,459 5,180 5,303 5,247 5,115 4,980 4,694 4,774 5,232 5,629 5,654 6,123 6,553 6,489 6,955 6,799 6,557 6,005 5,530 5,601 5,789 5,473 5,342 5,666 5,736 5,698 5,222 4,984 4,816 4,712 4,595 4,415 4,168 4,116 4,064 4,139 3,587 3,656 3,225 3,312 3,362 3,160 2,416 40.3 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.7 38.9 38.0 40.5 39.7 39.1 39.3 39.6 39.0 38.2 37.4 38.6 40.8 42.8 42.8 46.4 48.2 50.2 53.0 54.0 54.8 50.6 49.4 51.9 54.1 53.8 53.2 54.6 57.0 58.8 56.7 53.4 53.1 54.2 55.3 55.7 54.3 55.0 56.5 58.1 56.1 58.7 58.2 58.9 61.6 65.3 70.6 7,123 7,036 6,715 6,754 6,418 6,194 6,034 6,835 6,807 6,545 6,521 6,217 6,034 5,858 5,873 5,885 5,668 5,390 5,316 4,989 4,756 4,649 4,608 4,410 4,505 4,244 4,180 4,095 3,977 3,714 3,641 3,501 3,287 3,051 3,277 3,208 3,127 2,929 2,860 2,559 2,402 2,359 2,183 2,028 1,884 1,791 1,819 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,430 2,042 1,968 1,935 2,003 1,840 1,814 1,851 1,970 1,898 1,897 1,949 1,792 1,781 1,800 1,692 1,702 1,562 1,752 1,645 1,606 1,551 1,617 1,541 1,569 1,590 1,491 1,471 1,509 1,471 1,431 1,264 1,255 1,338 1,229 1,296 1,314 1,168 1,132 1,059 1,019 1,011 927 828 870 866 865 850 777 809 777 815 28.7 28.0 28.8 29.7 28.7 29.3 30.7 28.8 27.9 29.0 29.9 28.8 29.5 30.7 28.8 28.9 27.5 32.5 31.0 32.2 32.6 34.8 33.4 35.6 35.3 35.1 35.2 36.8 37.0 38.5 34.7 35.8 40.7 40.3 39.6 41.0 37.3 38.6 37.0 39.8 42.1 39.3 37.9 42.9 46.0 48.3 46.7 46.3 49.3 54.4 57.0 See footnotes at end of table. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 47 Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) All people Below poverty All families Below poverty Total ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN ALONE10 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,465 12,672 11,955 10,873 10,482 10,054 9,644 6,654 7,434 7,779 7,192 7,014 6,673 6,447 6,322 1,275 1,258 1,285 1,360 1,468 1,454 1,411 974 1,134 985 996 858 939 1,117 1,021 10.2 9.9 10.7 12.5 14.0 14.5 14.6 14.6 15.3 12.7 13.8 12.2 14.1 17.3 16.1 10,745 11,044 10,507 9,576 9,312 8,900 8,582 5,915 6,609 6,922 6,367 6,300 5,917 5,767 5,785 873 895 1,010 1,087 1,116 1,172 1,112 776 898 787 773 712 779 942 875 8.1 8.1 9.6 11.4 12.0 13.2 13.0 13.1 13.6 11.4 12.1 11.3 13.2 16.3 15.1 1,333 1,231 1,201 1,123 932 1,018 919 582 725 729 721 638 614 650 584 198 289 275 373 313 300 266 137 126 183 177 132 212 263 187 14.8 23.4 22.9 33.2 33.6 29.5 28.9 23.6 17.4 25.0 24.6 20.7 34.6 40.5 32.0 1,682 1,588 1,415 1,266 1,134 1,120 1,013 696 791 828 785 668 712 651 516 393 350 270 257 327 255 260 179 228 193 209 124 144 160 138 23.4 22.0 19.1 20.3 28.9 22.8 25.6 25.7 28.8 23.3 26.6 18.5 20.2 24.5 26.8 13,310 13,257 13,177 12,580 12,231 11,856 11,541 1,576 1,349 1,353 1,402 1,201 1,401 1,161 11.8 10.2 10.3 11.1 9.8 11.8 10.1 11,719 11,471 11,428 10,911 10,734 10,333 9,899 1,192 930 912 970 812 1,017 763 10.2 8.1 8.0 8.9 7.6 9.8 7.7 1,308 1,256 1,057 1,059 1,024 1,028 1,019 209 217 187 189 135 242 155 16.0 17.3 17.7 17.8 13.2 23.6 15.2 1,574 1,720 1,683 1,645 1,472 1,494 1,613 378 391 428 427 388 375 390 24.0 22.7 25.4 26.0 26.3 25.1 24.2 14,543 14,430 14,331 13,731 13,291 12,891 12,487 1,686 1,467 1,447 1,501 1,295 1,527 1,243 11.6 10.2 10.1 10.9 9.7 11.8 10.0 12,817 12,527 12,463 11,931 11,661 11,266 10,742 1,270 1,012 984 1,039 876 1,116 816 9.9 8.1 7.9 8.7 7.5 9.9 7.6 1,471 1,421 1,210 1,223 1,190 1,184 1,146 228 250 220 220 170 294 175 15.5 17.6 18.1 18.0 14.3 24.8 15.3 1,707 1,837 1,801 1,771 1,599 1,590 1,708 410 426 449 457 417 402 417 24.0 23.2 24.9 25.8 26.1 25.3 24.4 Number Percent Total Number Percent Total People in families Families with female householder, no husband present Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Unrelated individuals Below poverty Race, Hispanic origin, and year See footnotes at end of table. 48 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) All people Below poverty All families Below poverty Total HISPANIC (ANY RACE) 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,398 45,933 44,784 43,020 41,690 40,300 39,216 37,312 35,955 34,632 31,515 30,637 29,614 28,344 27,442 26,559 25,646 22,070 21,405 20,746 20,064 19,395 18,758 18,075 16,916 16,544 14,385 14,021 13,600 13,371 12,079 12,046 11,269 11,117 11,201 10,795 10,588 10,987 9,890 9,243 9,368 9,122 9,051 8,555 7,997 7,747 7,876 8,070 8,308 8,697 8,574 8,416 8,126 7,592 6,339 6,006 5,430 5,357 5,422 5,117 5,236 4,806 4,633 4,301 3,713 3,491 2,921 2,607 2,700 2,783 2,991 2,575 2,366 2,414 23.2 21.5 20.6 21.8 21.9 22.5 21.8 21.4 21.5 22.7 25.6 27.1 29.4 30.3 30.7 30.6 29.6 28.7 28.1 26.2 26.7 28.0 27.3 29.0 28.4 28.0 29.9 26.5 25.7 21.8 21.6 22.4 24.7 26.9 23.0 21.9 22.8 41,732 40,125 39,177 37,759 36,438 35,469 34,598 33,110 31,700 30,872 28,055 27,467 26,340 25,165 24,390 23,439 22,695 19,658 18,912 18,488 18,102 17,342 16,880 16,276 15,293 15,075 13,242 12,922 12,547 12,291 11,193 11,249 10,552 10,472 10,584 10,269 10,099 9,303 8,248 7,650 7,767 7,705 7,637 7,184 6,674 6,430 6,702 6,814 7,198 7,515 7,341 7,357 6,876 6,455 5,541 5,091 4,659 4,700 4,761 4,469 4,605 4,192 4,113 3,865 3,349 3,143 2,599 2,343 2,463 2,516 2,755 2,374 2,209 2,252 22.3 20.6 19.5 20.6 21.1 21.5 20.8 20.2 20.3 21.7 24.3 26.2 28.5 29.2 30.2 29.3 28.4 28.2 26.9 25.2 26.0 27.5 26.5 28.3 27.4 27.3 29.2 25.9 25.1 21.1 20.9 21.9 23.8 26.3 22.4 21.5 22.3 9,265 8,917 8,652 7,868 7,825 7,452 7,013 6,830 6,469 6,527 6,074 5,718 5,641 5,785 5,328 5,333 4,806 4,326 3,993 3,763 3,734 3,678 3,631 3,561 3,139 3,032 2,664 2,622 2,421 2,058 1,817 1,901 1,766 1,842 1,723 1,534 1,370 3,751 3,527 3,189 3,069 3,072 2,861 2,554 2,585 2,444 2,642 2,837 2,911 3,020 3,053 2,920 2,837 2,474 2,282 2,115 1,902 2,052 2,045 1,921 1,983 1,764 1,670 1,601 1,465 1,319 1,053 1,024 1,077 1,000 1,053 915 881 733 40.5 39.6 36.9 39.0 39.3 38.4 36.4 37.8 37.8 40.5 46.7 50.9 53.5 52.8 54.8 53.2 51.5 52.7 53.0 50.6 55.0 55.6 52.9 55.7 56.2 55.1 60.1 55.9 54.5 51.2 56.4 56.7 56.6 57.2 53.1 57.4 53.5 5,417 5,508 5,317 4,971 4,971 4,620 4,364 3,981 3,978 3,481 3,218 2,976 2,985 2,947 2,798 2,717 2,577 2,146 2,254 2,045 1,864 1,933 1,685 1,602 1,481 1,364 1,018 1,005 970 991 886 797 716 645 617 526 488 1,577 1,490 1,468 1,451 1,293 1,325 1,255 1,211 1,163 1,068 1,097 1,017 1,066 1,092 926 972 881 667 774 634 597 598 553 532 545 457 358 313 312 286 264 237 266 236 201 157 162 29.1 27.1 27.6 29.2 26.0 28.7 28.8 30.4 29.2 30.7 34.1 34.2 35.7 37.0 33.1 35.8 34.2 31.1 34.3 31.0 32.0 31.0 32.8 33.2 36.8 33.5 35.1 31.1 32.2 28.8 29.8 29.8 37.2 36.6 32.6 29.9 33.2 Number Percent Total Number Percent Total People in families Families with female householder, no husband present Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Unrelated individuals Below poverty Race, Hispanic origin, and year (NA) Not available. 1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls. 4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. 5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file. 6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 7 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. 8 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 9 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race. 10 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race. Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded from people in families. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 49 Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008 (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Under 18 years Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total ALL RACES 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,068 73,996 73,727 73,285 73,241 72,999 72,696 72,021 71,741 71,685 71,338 71,069 70,650 70,566 70,020 69,292 68,440 65,918 65,049 64,144 63,747 63,294 62,948 62,876 62,447 62,334 62,345 62,449 62,914 63,375 62,311 63,137 64,028 65,079 66,134 66,959 67,930 68,816 69,159 69,090 70,385 70,408 70,218 69,986 69,711 69,181 67,722 66,121 65,601 64,315 14,068 13,324 12,827 12,896 13,041 12,866 12,133 11,733 11,587 12,280 13,467 14,113 14,463 14,665 15,289 15,727 15,294 14,341 13,431 12,590 12,455 12,843 12,876 13,010 13,420 13,911 13,647 12,505 11,543 10,377 9,931 10,288 10,273 11,104 10,156 9,642 10,284 10,551 10,440 9,691 10,954 11,656 12,389 14,676 16,051 16,005 16,963 16,909 17,634 17,552 19.0 18.0 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.6 16.7 16.3 16.2 17.1 18.9 19.9 20.5 20.8 21.8 22.7 22.3 21.8 20.6 19.6 19.5 20.3 20.5 20.7 21.5 22.3 21.9 20.0 18.3 16.4 15.9 16.2 16.0 17.1 15.4 14.4 15.1 15.3 15.1 14.0 15.6 16.6 17.6 21.0 23.0 23.1 25.0 25.6 26.9 27.3 72,980 72,792 72,609 72,095 72,133 71,907 71,619 70,950 70,538 70,424 70,253 69,844 69,411 69,425 68,819 68,040 67,256 64,800 63,908 63,225 62,906 62,423 62,009 62,019 61,681 61,578 61,565 61,756 62,168 62,646 61,987 62,823 63,729 64,750 65,802 66,626 67,592 68,474 68,815 68,746 70,035 70,058 69,869 69,638 69,364 68,837 67,385 65,792 65,275 63,995 13,507 12,802 12,299 12,335 12,473 12,340 11,646 11,175 11,005 11,678 12,845 13,422 13,764 13,999 14,610 14,961 14,521 13,658 12,715 12,001 11,935 12,275 12,257 12,483 12,929 13,427 13,139 12,068 11,114 9,993 9,722 10,028 10,081 10,882 9,967 9,453 10,082 10,344 10,235 9,501 10,739 11,427 12,146 14,388 15,736 15,691 16,630 16,577 17,288 17,208 18.5 17.6 16.9 17.1 17.3 17.2 16.3 15.8 15.6 16.6 18.3 19.2 19.8 20.2 21.2 22.0 21.6 21.1 19.9 19.0 19.0 19.7 19.8 20.1 21.0 21.8 21.3 19.5 17.9 16.0 15.7 16.0 15.8 16.8 15.1 14.2 14.9 15.1 14.9 13.8 15.3 16.3 17.4 20.7 22.7 22.8 24.7 25.2 26.5 26.9 189,185 187,913 186,688 184,345 182,166 180,041 178,388 175,685 173,638 171,146 167,327 165,329 163,691 161,508 160,329 159,208 157,680 154,684 153,502 152,282 150,761 149,201 147,631 146,396 144,551 143,052 141,328 139,477 137,428 135,333 130,169 128,262 126,175 124,122 122,101 120,060 117,957 115,911 113,554 111,528 108,684 107,024 105,241 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 96,685 22,105 20,396 20,239 20,450 20,545 19,443 18,861 17,760 16,671 17,289 17,623 18,085 18,638 18,442 19,107 19,781 18,793 17,586 16,496 15,575 15,809 15,815 16,017 16,598 16,952 17,767 17,000 15,464 13,858 12,014 11,332 11,316 11,389 11,456 10,132 9,977 10,438 10,735 10,187 9,669 9,803 10,725 11,007 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 16,457 11.7 10.9 10.8 11.1 11.3 10.8 10.6 10.1 9.6 10.1 10.5 10.9 11.4 11.4 11.9 12.4 11.9 11.4 10.7 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.4 12.0 11.1 10.1 8.9 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.2 8.3 8.3 8.8 9.3 9.0 8.7 9.0 10.0 10.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 17.0 37,788 36,790 36,035 35,505 35,209 34,659 34,234 33,769 33,566 33,377 32,394 32,082 31,877 31,658 31,267 30,779 30,430 30,590 30,093 29,566 29,022 28,487 27,975 27,322 26,818 26,313 25,738 25,231 24,686 24,194 23,175 22,468 22,100 21,662 21,127 20,602 20,117 19,827 19,470 18,899 18,559 18,240 17,929 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 15,557 3,656 3,556 3,394 3,603 3,453 3,552 3,576 3,414 3,323 3,222 3,386 3,376 3,428 3,318 3,663 3,755 3,928 3,781 3,658 3,363 3,481 3,563 3,477 3,456 3,330 3,625 3,751 3,853 3,871 3,682 3,233 3,177 3,313 3,317 3,085 3,354 3,738 4,273 4,793 4,787 4,632 5,388 5,114 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,481 9.7 9.7 9.4 10.1 9.8 10.2 10.4 10.1 9.9 9.7 10.5 10.5 10.8 10.5 11.7 12.2 12.9 12.4 12.2 11.4 12.0 12.5 12.4 12.6 12.4 13.8 14.6 15.3 15.7 15.2 14.0 14.1 15.0 15.3 14.6 16.3 18.6 21.6 24.6 25.3 25.0 29.5 28.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 35.2 All people Below poverty Number Percent Total Related children in families Below poverty Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Below poverty 18 to 64 years 65 years and older See footnotes at end of table. 50 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Under 18 years Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total WHITE ALONE7 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,089 55,980 55,833 56,016 55,863 55,606 55,444 55,186 54,639 54,110 52,523 51,929 51,400 51,203 51,012 51,111 51,031 50,814 50,726 50,920 51,140 51,653 52,262 51,669 52,563 53,428 54,405 55,590 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 7,527 7,307 7,639 8,443 8,990 9,044 8,981 9,346 9,752 9,399 8,848 8,232 7,599 7,435 7,788 8,209 8,253 8,472 8,862 8,678 7,785 7,181 6,193 5,831 6,097 6,189 6,927 6,223 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 13.4 13.1 13.7 15.1 16.1 16.3 16.2 16.9 17.8 17.4 16.8 15.9 14.8 14.5 15.3 16.1 16.2 16.7 17.5 17.0 15.2 13.9 11.8 11.3 11.6 11.6 12.7 11.2 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 55,238 55,021 54,873 55,126 54,870 54,599 54,532 54,221 53,614 53,110 51,627 51,028 50,704 50,590 50,360 50,356 50,358 50,192 50,183 50,305 50,553 51,002 51,687 51,409 52,299 53,167 54,126 55,320 56,211 57,181 58,119 58,472 58,578 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 7,086 6,834 7,194 7,935 8,441 8,488 8,474 8,826 9,123 8,752 8,316 7,696 7,164 7,095 7,398 7,714 7,838 8,086 8,534 8,282 7,429 6,817 5,909 5,674 5,943 6,034 6,748 6,079 5,462 5,784 6,341 6,138 5,667 6,373 6,729 7,204 8,595 11,229 11,386 12.8 12.4 13.1 14.4 15.4 15.5 15.5 16.3 17.0 16.5 16.1 15.1 14.1 14.0 14.7 15.3 15.6 16.1 17.0 16.5 14.7 13.4 11.4 11.0 11.4 11.3 12.5 11.0 9.7 10.1 10.9 10.5 9.7 10.7 11.3 12.1 14.4 20.0 20.6 143,796 142,164 139,974 138,061 136,784 135,586 134,149 133,289 132,680 131,694 130,312 129,784 128,974 128,031 126,991 125,998 125,258 123,922 123,014 121,766 120,574 118,935 117,583 113,832 112,374 110,717 109,105 107,579 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 12,555 11,754 12,085 12,456 12,838 12,940 12,869 13,187 13,535 12,871 12,097 11,387 10,647 10,687 10,703 11,285 11,909 11,904 12,347 11,971 10,790 9,478 8,110 7,897 7,893 7,890 8,210 7,053 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 8.7 8.3 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.9 10.2 9.8 9.3 8.8 8.3 8.3 8.4 9.0 9.5 9.6 10.0 9.8 8.9 8.0 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.5 6.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 29,790 29,703 29,553 28,759 28,553 28,464 28,436 27,985 27,580 27,256 27,297 26,898 26,479 26,001 25,602 25,173 24,629 24,206 23,754 23,234 22,791 22,325 21,898 20,950 20,316 20,020 19,654 19,206 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 17,062 16,791 16,514 (NA) (NA) (NA) 2,656 2,584 2,446 2,555 2,569 2,667 2,572 2,846 2,939 2,989 2,802 2,707 2,539 2,593 2,704 2,689 2,698 2,579 2,776 2,870 2,978 3,042 2,911 2,530 2,426 2,633 2,634 2,460 2,698 3,072 3,605 4,011 4,052 3,939 4,646 4,357 (NA) (NA) 4,744 8.9 8.7 8.3 8.9 9.0 9.4 9.0 10.2 10.7 11.0 10.3 10.1 9.6 10.0 10.6 10.7 11.0 10.7 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.6 13.3 12.1 11.9 13.2 13.4 12.8 14.4 16.8 19.9 22.6 23.3 23.1 27.7 26.4 (NA) (NA) 33.1 56,153 56,419 56,205 56,075 56,053 55,779 55,703 8,863 8,395 7,908 8,085 8,308 7,985 7,549 15.8 14.9 14.1 14.4 14.8 14.3 13.6 55,339 55,483 55,330 55,152 55,212 54,989 54,900 8,441 8,002 7,522 7,652 7,876 7,624 7,203 15.3 14.4 13.6 13.9 14.3 13.9 13.1 151,681 150,875 150,143 148,450 146,974 145,783 144,694 15,356 14,135 14,035 14,086 14,486 13,622 13,178 10.1 9.4 9.3 9.5 9.9 9.3 9.1 32,714 31,839 31,270 30,905 30,714 30,303 29,980 2,771 2,590 2,473 2,700 2,534 2,666 2,739 8.5 8.1 7.9 8.7 8.3 8.8 9.1 All people Below poverty Number Percent Total Related children in families Below poverty Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Below poverty 18 to 64 years 65 years and older See footnotes at end of table. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 51 Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Under 18 years Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC7 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE, NOT HISPANIC8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,095 44,244 44,272 45,355 45,491 45,605 45,689 46,668 46,096 45,590 45,236 44,797 44,492 44,438 44,461 44,664 44,752 44,886 44,830 45,531 45,950 46,578 46,967 46,819 47,689 48,824 49,670 50,759 4,194 4,018 4,155 4,822 5,204 5,072 5,115 5,823 6,255 6,017 5,918 5,532 5,110 4,888 5,230 5,789 5,745 6,156 6,649 6,566 5,946 5,510 4,730 4,506 4,714 4,799 5,342 4,820 9.5 9.1 9.4 10.6 11.4 11.1 11.2 12.5 13.6 13.2 13.1 12.3 11.5 11.0 11.8 13.0 12.8 13.7 14.8 14.4 12.9 11.8 10.1 9.6 9.9 9.8 10.8 9.5 43,459 43,554 43,570 44,670 44,665 44,844 44,973 45,874 45,322 44,833 44,506 44,045 43,938 43,910 43,907 44,041 44,199 44,349 44,374 45,001 45,440 45,989 46,448 46,606 47,459 48,601 49,421 50,520 3,887 3,715 3,832 4,458 4,759 4,656 4,745 5,404 5,819 5,558 5,497 5,106 4,779 4,594 4,902 5,388 5,421 5,828 6,381 6,229 5,639 5,174 4,476 4,383 4,582 4,664 5,185 4,697 8.9 8.5 8.8 10.0 10.7 10.4 10.6 11.8 12.8 12.4 12.4 11.6 10.9 10.5 11.2 12.2 12.3 13.1 14.4 13.8 12.4 11.3 9.6 9.4 9.7 9.6 10.5 9.3 122,470 121,499 120,341 120,282 119,373 118,822 118,228 119,192 118,475 117,386 117,672 117,477 116,983 116,479 115,721 115,157 114,969 114,180 113,570 113,717 112,722 111,460 110,509 107,481 106,063 104,846 103,496 101,894 8,811 8,130 8,462 8,760 9,088 9,074 8,908 9,732 9,964 9,461 9,244 8,619 8,154 8,293 8,327 8,963 9,608 9,734 10,279 10,082 9,207 7,990 6,930 6,837 6,772 6,720 7,039 6,051 7.2 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.5 8.2 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.3 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.8 8.4 8.5 9.1 8.9 8.2 7.2 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.8 5.9 27,973 27,948 27,952 27,118 26,995 27,033 27,034 26,684 26,272 26,025 26,208 25,854 25,504 25,044 24,754 24,298 23,734 23,402 22,992 22,655 22,237 21,760 21,339 20,431 19,812 19,565 19,251 18,810 2,266 2,218 2,118 2,217 2,200 2,316 2,243 2,556 2,663 2,724 2,580 2,471 2,335 2,384 2,472 2,492 2,486 2,410 2,610 2,714 2,834 2,865 2,759 2,412 2,316 2,506 2,503 2,346 8.1 7.9 7.6 8.2 8.1 8.6 8.3 9.6 10.1 10.5 9.8 9.6 9.2 9.5 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.3 11.4 12.0 12.7 13.2 12.9 11.8 11.7 12.8 13.0 12.5 41,309 41,979 42,212 42,523 42,978 43,150 43,614 4,364 4,255 4,208 4,254 4,519 4,233 4,090 10.6 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.5 9.8 9.4 40,707 41,304 41,563 41,867 42,363 42,547 43,017 4,059 3,996 3,930 3,973 4,190 3,957 3,848 10.0 9.7 9.5 9.5 9.9 9.3 8.9 125,482 125,161 124,847 124,326 123,481 123,110 122,511 10,380 9,598 9,761 9,708 10,236 9,391 9,157 8.3 7.7 7.8 7.8 8.3 7.6 7.5 30,149 29,442 28,990 28,704 28,639 28,335 28,018 2,280 2,179 2,044 2,264 2,153 2,277 2,321 7.6 7.4 7.0 7.9 7.5 8.0 8.3 All people Below poverty Number Percent Total Related children in families Below poverty Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Below poverty 18 to 64 years 65 years and older See footnotes at end of table. 52 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Under 18 years Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,388 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,380 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,375 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,159 12,190 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,215 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,114 BLACK ALONE9 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,172 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,302 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,315 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,136 11,244 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,367 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,275 BLACK8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,556 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,480 11,488 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,317 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,367 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,338 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,369 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,211 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,127 10,956 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,350 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,162 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,012 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,865 9,730 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,629 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,545 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,480 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,417 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,400 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,374 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,368 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,307 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,229 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,296 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,322 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,421 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,439 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) See footnotes at end of table. All people Below poverty Number Percent Total Related children in families Below poverty Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Below poverty 18 to 64 years 65 years and older 4,202 4,178 4,086 4,074 4,059 4,108 3,817 3,878 3,904 3,777 3,841 3,788 3,877 3,645 3,492 3,581 3,813 4,151 4,225 4,519 4,761 4,906 5,125 5,106 4,755 4,550 4,375 4,296 4,385 4,148 4,157 4,413 4,398 4,472 4,237 3,961 3,833 3,830 3,888 3,787 3,925 3,755 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 33.9 33.7 33.0 33.5 33.3 33.6 31.5 34.7 34.5 33.4 34.5 33.7 34.1 32.3 30.2 31.2 33.2 36.7 37.2 39.9 41.9 43.8 46.1 46.6 45.9 44.8 43.7 43.5 45.1 43.1 43.6 46.6 46.7 47.6 45.2 42.3 41.2 41.5 41.8 40.6 41.7 39.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 12,201 12,227 12,206 11,975 12,012 11,989 11,931 10,998 11,174 11,168 10,962 11,080 11,162 11,111 11,419 11,296 11,260 11,176 11,193 11,155 11,198 11,044 10,969 10,823 10,178 9,980 9,847 9,681 9,546 9,467 9,405 9,356 9,245 9,269 9,291 9,287 9,172 9,168 9,253 9,291 9,374 9,384 9,405 9,426 9,414 9,448 9,290 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,104 4,106 3,977 3,972 3,962 3,977 3,733 3,781 3,838 3,690 3,743 3,702 3,750 3,570 3,423 3,495 3,698 4,073 4,116 4,411 4,644 4,787 5,030 5,015 4,637 4,412 4,257 4,148 4,234 4,037 4,057 4,320 4,273 4,388 4,170 3,906 3,745 3,781 3,850 3,758 3,884 3,713 3,822 4,025 3,836 3,922 3,677 4,188 4,558 4,774 5,022 33.6 33.6 32.6 33.2 33.0 33.2 31.3 34.4 34.3 33.0 34.2 33.4 33.6 32.1 30.0 30.9 32.8 36.4 36.8 39.5 41.5 43.3 45.9 46.3 45.6 44.2 43.2 42.8 44.4 42.7 43.1 46.2 46.2 47.3 44.9 42.1 40.8 41.2 41.6 40.4 41.4 39.6 40.6 42.7 40.4 41.5 39.6 43.1 47.4 50.6 65.6 24,404 23,968 23,510 23,338 22,842 22,355 22,170 23,565 23,213 22,907 22,659 22,226 21,746 21,547 21,462 21,160 21,518 20,837 20,400 20,155 19,892 19,585 19,272 18,952 18,355 18,097 17,833 17,548 17,245 16,911 16,667 16,369 16,065 15,692 15,358 14,987 14,596 13,774 13,483 13,224 12,872 12,539 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,017 4,742 4,652 4,735 4,638 4,313 4,376 4,855 4,602 4,570 4,627 4,521 4,224 4,277 4,018 3,794 4,000 4,222 4,191 4,515 4,483 4,590 5,049 4,884 4,607 4,427 4,164 4,275 4,361 4,113 4,052 4,368 4,694 4,415 4,117 3,835 3,478 3,133 3,137 3,163 2,968 2,836 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 20.6 19.8 19.8 20.3 20.3 19.3 19.7 20.6 19.8 19.9 20.4 20.3 19.4 19.9 18.7 17.9 18.6 20.3 20.5 22.4 22.5 23.4 26.2 25.8 25.1 24.5 23.3 24.4 25.3 24.3 24.3 26.7 29.2 28.1 26.8 25.6 23.8 22.7 23.3 23.9 23.1 22.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 3,305 3,215 3,128 3,053 3,005 2,933 2,922 3,229 3,150 3,085 3,007 2,956 2,876 2,856 2,853 2,785 2,750 2,723 2,691 2,616 2,478 2,557 2,510 2,504 2,606 2,547 2,487 2,436 2,387 2,331 2,273 2,238 2,197 2,124 2,102 2,054 2,040 1,954 1,930 1,852 1,795 1,721 1,672 1,603 1,584 1,422 1,373 1,374 1,341 1,311 (NA) 663 748 710 708 714 688 691 646 731 701 701 705 680 680 626 607 628 718 700 661 629 700 702 838 880 860 763 785 774 722 717 710 791 811 820 783 740 662 701 644 652 591 620 640 623 683 689 655 715 722 711 20.0 23.3 22.7 23.2 23.8 23.5 23.6 20.0 23.2 22.7 23.3 23.8 23.7 23.8 21.9 21.8 22.8 26.4 26.0 25.3 25.4 27.4 28.0 33.5 33.8 33.8 30.7 32.2 32.4 31.0 31.5 31.7 36.0 38.2 39.0 38.1 36.2 33.9 36.3 34.8 36.3 34.3 37.1 39.9 39.3 48.0 50.2 47.7 53.3 55.1 62.5 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 53 Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Under 18 years Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN ALONE10 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER8 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,215 3,294 3,212 3,137 3,096 2,924 2,900 1,739 2,061 2,218 2,056 2,126 1,983 1,970 1,937 369 420 381 564 628 571 564 318 375 363 360 374 392 474 455 11.5 12.7 11.9 18.0 20.3 19.5 19.5 18.3 18.2 16.4 17.5 17.6 19.8 24.1 23.5 3,169 3,256 3,178 3,099 3,061 2,899 2,858 1,719 2,029 2,199 2,036 2,098 1,945 1,949 1,908 353 407 367 542 608 553 532 308 358 352 348 356 368 458 432 11.1 12.5 11.5 17.5 19.9 19.1 18.6 17.9 17.6 16.0 17.1 17.0 18.9 23.5 22.7 8,352 8,500 7,879 6,951 6,680 6,484 6,123 4,401 4,871 5,067 4,582 4,375 4,225 4,035 4,010 814 756 807 698 753 821 757 589 680 568 565 422 512 583 510 9.7 8.9 10.2 10.0 11.3 12.7 12.4 13.4 14.0 11.2 12.3 9.6 12.1 14.4 12.7 899 878 864 785 705 647 622 513 503 494 555 514 465 442 375 92 82 96 97 87 63 89 67 79 53 70 62 34 60 56 10.2 9.3 11.1 12.4 12.3 9.7 14.3 13.0 15.6 10.8 12.7 12.1 7.4 13.5 15.0 3,052 2,980 2,956 2,871 2,854 2,759 2,683 446 374 360 317 281 344 315 14.6 12.5 12.2 11.1 9.9 12.5 11.7 3,016 2,932 2,915 2,842 2,823 2,726 2,648 430 345 351 312 265 331 302 14.2 11.8 12.0 11.0 9.4 12.1 11.4 8,961 9,012 9,039 8,591 8,294 8,044 7,881 974 832 851 941 774 907 764 10.9 9.2 9.4 11.0 9.3 11.3 9.7 1,296 1,265 1,182 1,118 1,083 1,052 977 157 143 142 143 146 151 82 12.1 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 8.4 3,717 3,606 3,573 3,472 3,406 3,316 3,199 494 431 408 359 329 420 353 13.3 11.9 11.4 10.3 9.7 12.7 11.0 3,678 3,558 3,530 3,435 3,367 3,279 3,159 476 402 398 352 311 406 338 12.9 11.3 11.3 10.2 9.2 12.4 10.7 9,507 9,531 9,553 9,115 8,780 8,510 8,292 1,031 892 897 999 819 956 804 10.8 9.4 9.4 11.0 9.3 11.2 9.7 1,319 1,293 1,205 1,144 1,104 1,065 995 162 144 142 144 147 152 86 12.3 11.2 11.8 12.6 13.3 14.2 8.7 All people Below poverty Number Percent Total Related children in families Below poverty Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Below poverty 18 to 64 years 65 years and older See footnotes at end of table. 54 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Under 18 years Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total HISPANIC (ANY RACE) 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 19924 19915 1990 1989 19886 19876 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 16,370 15,647 15,147 14,654 14,173 13,730 13,210 12,763 12,399 12,188 11,152 10,802 10,511 10,213 9,822 9,462 9,081 7,648 7,457 7,186 7,003 6,792 6,646 6,475 6,068 6,066 5,527 5,369 5,276 5,483 5,012 5,028 4,771 (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,010 4,482 4,072 4,143 4,098 4,077 3,782 3,570 3,522 3,693 3,837 3,972 4,237 4,080 4,075 3,873 3,637 3,094 2,865 2,603 2,631 2,670 2,507 2,606 2,376 2,312 2,181 1,925 1,749 1,535 1,384 1,422 1,443 (NA) (NA) (NA) 30.6 28.6 26.9 28.3 28.9 29.7 28.6 28.0 28.4 30.3 34.4 36.8 40.3 40.0 41.5 40.9 40.0 40.4 38.4 36.2 37.6 39.3 37.7 40.3 39.2 38.1 39.5 35.9 33.2 28.0 27.6 28.3 30.2 (NA) (NA) (NA) 16,138 15,375 14,907 14,361 13,929 13,519 12,971 12,539 12,115 11,912 10,921 10,625 10,255 10,011 9,621 9,188 8,829 7,473 7,300 7,040 6,908 6,692 6,511 6,346 5,982 5,977 5,436 5,291 5,211 5,426 4,972 5,000 4,736 4,896 4,939 4,910 4,888 4,348 3,959 3,977 3,985 3,982 3,653 3,433 3,342 3,561 3,670 3,865 4,090 3,938 3,956 3,666 3,440 2,977 2,750 2,496 2,576 2,606 2,413 2,512 2,317 2,251 2,117 1,874 1,718 1,505 1,354 1,402 1,424 1,619 1,414 1,364 30.3 28.3 26.6 27.7 28.6 29.5 28.2 27.4 27.6 29.9 33.6 36.4 39.9 39.3 41.1 39.9 39.0 39.8 37.7 35.5 37.3 38.9 37.1 39.6 38.7 37.7 38.9 35.4 33.0 27.7 27.2 28.0 30.1 33.1 28.6 27.8 28,311 27,731 27,209 26,051 25,324 24,490 23,952 22,653 21,734 20,782 18,668 18,217 17,587 16,673 16,192 15,708 15,268 13,279 12,857 12,536 12,056 11,718 11,206 10,685 10,029 9,697 8,262 8,084 7,740 7,314 6,527 6,500 6,034 (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,452 4,970 4,698 4,765 4,620 4,568 4,334 4,014 3,844 3,843 3,877 3,951 4,089 4,153 4,018 3,956 3,668 3,008 2,896 2,616 2,501 2,509 2,406 2,411 2,254 2,148 1,963 1,642 1,563 1,232 1,098 1,164 1,212 (NA) (NA) (NA) 19.3 17.9 17.3 18.3 18.2 18.7 18.1 17.7 17.7 18.5 20.8 21.7 23.3 24.9 24.8 25.2 24.0 22.7 22.5 20.9 20.7 21.4 21.5 22.6 22.5 22.5 23.8 20.3 20.2 16.8 16.8 17.9 20.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) 2,717 2,555 2,428 2,315 2,194 2,080 2,053 1,896 1,822 1,661 1,696 1,617 1,516 1,458 1,428 1,390 1,298 1,143 1,091 1,024 1,005 885 906 915 819 782 596 568 582 574 539 518 464 (NA) (NA) (NA) 525 438 472 460 403 406 439 413 381 340 356 384 370 342 323 297 287 237 245 211 225 243 204 219 176 173 159 146 179 154 125 113 128 137 117 95 19.3 17.1 19.4 19.9 18.4 19.5 21.4 21.8 20.9 20.5 21.0 23.8 24.4 23.5 22.6 21.4 22.1 20.8 22.5 20.6 22.4 27.5 22.5 23.9 21.5 22.1 26.6 25.7 30.8 26.8 23.2 21.9 27.7 32.6 28.9 24.9 All people Below poverty Number Percent Total Related children in families Below poverty Below poverty Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Below poverty 18 to 64 years 65 years and older (NA) Not available. 1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls. 4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. 5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file. 6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 7 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. 8 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 9 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race. 10 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race. Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded from people in families. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 55 Table B-3. Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family: 1959 to 2008 (Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) All families Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total ALL RACES 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Below poverty Number Percent Total Married-couple families Below poverty Number Percent Total Male householder, no wife present Below poverty Number Percent Total Female householder, no husband present Below poverty Number Percent 78,874 77,908 78,454 77,418 76,866 76,232 75,616 74,340 73,778 73,206 71,551 70,884 70,241 69,597 69,313 68,506 68,216 67,175 66,322 66,090 65,837 65,204 64,491 63,558 62,706 62,015 61,393 61,019 60,309 59,550 57,804 57,215 56,710 56,245 55,698 55,053 54,373 53,296 52,227 51,586 50,511 49,835 48,921 48,278 47,836 47,436 46,998 46,341 45,435 45,054 8,147 7,623 7,668 7,657 7,835 7,607 7,229 6,813 6,400 6,792 7,186 7,324 7,708 7,532 8,053 8,393 8,144 7,712 7,098 6,784 6,874 7,005 7,023 7,223 7,277 7,647 7,512 6,851 6,217 5,461 5,280 5,311 5,311 5,450 4,922 4,828 5,075 5,303 5,260 5,008 5,047 5,667 5,784 6,721 7,160 7,554 8,077 8,391 8,243 8,320 10.3 9.8 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.0 9.6 9.2 8.7 9.3 10.0 10.3 11.0 10.8 11.6 12.3 11.9 11.5 10.7 10.3 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.4 11.6 12.3 12.2 11.2 10.3 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.7 8.8 8.8 9.3 10.0 10.1 9.7 10.0 11.4 11.8 13.9 15.0 15.9 17.2 18.1 18.1 18.5 59,137 58,395 58,964 58,189 57,983 57,725 57,327 56,755 56,598 56,290 54,778 54,321 53,604 53,570 53,865 53,181 53,090 52,457 52,147 52,317 52,100 51,675 51,537 50,933 50,350 50,081 49,908 49,630 49,294 49,112 47,692 47,385 47,497 47,318 47,069 46,812 46,314 45,752 44,739 44,436 43,842 43,292 42,553 42,107 41,648 41,311 40,923 40,405 39,624 39,335 3,261 2,849 2,910 2,944 3,216 3,115 3,052 2,760 2,637 2,748 2,879 2,821 3,010 2,982 3,272 3,481 3,385 3,158 2,981 2,931 2,897 3,011 3,123 3,438 3,488 3,815 3,789 3,394 3,032 2,640 2,474 2,524 2,606 2,904 2,474 2,482 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 5.5 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.7 6.9 7.6 7.6 6.8 6.2 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.5 6.1 5.3 5.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,255 5,103 5,067 5,134 4,901 4,717 4,663 4,440 4,277 4,099 3,977 3,911 3,847 3,513 3,228 2,914 3,065 3,025 2,907 2,884 2,847 2,833 2,510 2,414 2,228 2,038 2,016 1,986 1,933 1,733 1,654 1,594 1,500 1,445 1,399 1,438 1,452 1,353 1,487 1,559 1,228 1,210 1,197 1,179 1,182 1,243 1,334 1,293 1,202 1,226 723 696 671 669 657 636 564 583 485 485 476 507 531 493 549 488 484 392 349 348 336 340 287 311 292 268 290 205 213 176 152 177 162 116 125 154 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 13.8 13.6 13.2 13.0 13.4 13.5 12.1 13.1 11.3 11.8 12.0 13.0 13.8 14.0 17.0 16.8 15.8 13.0 12.0 12.1 11.8 12.0 11.4 12.9 13.1 13.2 14.4 10.3 11.0 10.2 9.2 11.1 10.8 8.0 8.9 10.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 14,482 14,411 14,424 14,095 13,981 13,791 13,626 13,146 12,903 12,818 12,796 12,652 12,790 12,514 12,220 12,411 12,061 11,693 11,268 10,890 10,890 10,696 10,445 10,211 10,129 9,896 9,469 9,403 9,082 8,705 8,458 8,236 7,713 7,482 7,230 6,804 6,607 6,191 6,001 5,591 5,441 5,333 5,171 4,992 5,006 4,882 4,741 4,643 4,609 4,493 4,163 4,078 4,087 4,044 3,962 3,856 3,613 3,470 3,278 3,559 3,831 3,995 4,167 4,057 4,232 4,424 4,275 4,161 3,768 3,504 3,642 3,654 3,613 3,474 3,498 3,564 3,434 3,252 2,972 2,645 2,654 2,610 2,543 2,430 2,324 2,193 2,158 2,100 1,952 1,827 1,755 1,774 1,721 1,916 1,822 1,972 2,034 1,954 1,955 1,916 28.7 28.3 28.3 28.7 28.3 28.0 26.5 26.4 25.4 27.8 29.9 31.6 32.6 32.4 34.6 35.6 35.4 35.6 33.4 32.2 33.4 34.2 34.6 34.0 34.5 36.0 36.3 34.6 32.7 30.4 31.4 31.7 33.0 32.5 32.1 32.2 32.7 33.9 32.5 32.7 32.3 33.3 33.1 38.4 36.4 40.4 42.9 42.1 42.4 42.6 (NA) Not available. 1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls. 4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. 5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file. 6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. Note: Before 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families. Beginning in 1979, unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 56 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau APPENDIX C. ESTIMATES OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates National surveys and health insurance coverage. Health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported on the Current Population Survey (CPS). While underreporting affects most, if not all, surveys, underreporting of health insurance coverage appears to be a larger problem in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) than in other national surveys that ask about insurance. Some reasons for the disparity may include the fact that income, not health insurance, is the main focus of the ASEC questionnaire. In addition, the ASEC collects health insurance information in February through April but asks about the pre­ vious year’s coverage. Asking annual retrospective questions appears to cause few problems when collect­ ing income data (possibly because the interview period is close to when people pay their taxes), but it may be less than ideal when asking about health insurance coverage. Compared with other national surveys, the CPS estimate of the number of people without health insurance more closely approximates the number of people who are uninsured at a specific point in time during the year than the number of people uninsured for the entire year. For a comparison of health insurance coverage rates from the major federal surveys, see How Many People Lack Insurance and for How Long? (Congressional Budget Office, May 2003). Reporting of coverage through major federal health insurance programs. The CPS ASEC data underreport Medicare and Medicaid coverage, compared with enrollment and participation data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).48 Because the CPS is largely a labor force survey, interviewers receive less training on health insur­ ance concepts than labor concepts. Additionally, many people may not be aware that a health insurance pro­ gram covers them or their children if they have not used covered services recently. CMS data, on the other hand, represent the actual number of people who have enrolled or participated in these programs. The State Health Access Data Assistance Center (SHADAC) of the University of Minnesota has worked with the U.S. Census Bureau, CMS, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) on a research project to evalu­ ate why CPS ASEC estimates of the number of people with Medicaid are lower than counts of the number of people enrolled in the program from CMS. Reports from all four phases of the research project are available from the Census Bureau’s Web site at . During Phase 2, files from the Medicaid Statistical Information System (MSIS) were linked with the CPS ASEC files and the individual records were compared. The report from Phase 2 showed a gap between CPS ASEC estimates and MSIS files of 48 CMS is the federal agency primarily responsible for administering the Medicare and Medicaid programs at the national level. 2.8 million Medicaid enrollees. A key finding indicating survey response error in the CPS ASEC was that 16.9 percent of people with an MSIS record indicating Medicaid cover­ age reported in the CPS ASEC that they were uninsured.49 The report found that Medicaid subscribers with longer and more recent enrollment were more likely to report coverage. Respondents for children enrolled in Medicaid were more apt to report coverage for those children than for enrolled adults within the household. Families with lower incomes tended to report coverage more frequently. Individuals who received Medicaid services during the reporting cycle tended to report coverage more often than individuals who had not received services. Reporting differences were also apparent among states. Phase 3 of the research project is further broken down into three steps that attempt to account for discrep­ ancies found in Phase 2 between the MSIS records and the CPS ASEC files. These steps focus on determining the number of enrollees who were out of scope for the 2001 March CPS inter­ view (people living in institutions and other group quarters are not eligible for CPS ASEC interview; MSIS counts all people, regardless of their living situation). Phase 3 narrowed the gap between CPS ASEC estimates and MSIS files by 1.0 million, to 1.8 million Medicaid enrollees. 49 For consistency across the MSIS and the CPS, SHADAC removed all MSIS enrollees who received only partial coverage, those who had died before the CPS reporting cycle, and all duplicate person records. Also, all Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) enrollees were removed from the MSIS count. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 57 Phase 4 consisted of repeating the Phase 2 process using National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data instead of CPS data. The purpose of this was two-fold—to provide explanations for the differences found between NHIS data and MSIS files and to examine how differing survey designs and methodologies affect the survey data and estimates. The report found that the NHIS Medicaid undercount was 27.3 percent in 2001 and 21.7 percent in 2002 but noted that the NHIS added questions in 2004, and these results may not apply to more recent data. The report found higher false-negative reporting for enrollees who were older, had higher incomes, and also had private insurance. Falsenegative reporting was lower for very low-income enrollees, those on other benefits programs, and those who had recently used Medicaid services. The report found that the dynamics of false-negative reporting was similar in NHIS and CPS. In November 2008, SHADAC released a new imputation adjustment for public-use CPS ASEC microdata through its Web site to help research­ ers interested in partially adjusting CPS ASEC data.50 This is an experi­ 50 See for more information. mental imputation and was produced for interested parties to use in their research. The Census Bureau has not evaluated the methodology, and users should be aware that this is not an official data product. There are several ongoing projects aimed at improving the quality of health coverage data from the CPS ASEC. This research includes: 1) cognitive research and field testing to improve the wording of the CPS ASEC health coverage questions; 2) editing and imputation research, including additional research on the use of models that attempt to account for Medicaid underreporting; and 3) expanding the number of studies that match administrative Medicaid data to current survey data to include other surveys, such as the NHIS and the American Community Survey (ACS). This research will make it possible to compare and contrast CPS ASEC underreporting rates with other sur­ veys. This, in turn, will allow Census Bureau analysts to better understand the nature and impact of CPS ASEC health coverage underreporting. Changes in Medicaid coverage estimates from one year to the next should be viewed with cau­ tion. Because many people who are covered by Medicaid do not report that coverage, the Census Bureau assigns coverage to those who are generally regarded as “categorically eligible” (those who received some other benefits, usually public assis­ tance payments, that make them eli­ gible for Medicaid). Since the number of people receiving public assistance has been dropping, the relationship between Medicaid coverage and pub­ lic assistance has changed, causing the imputation process to introduce a downward bias in the most recent Medicaid estimates. After consulting with health insur­ ance experts, the Census Bureau modified the definition of the popula­ tion without health insurance in the supplement to the March 1998 CPS, which collected data about cover­ age in 1997. Previously, people with no coverage other than access to the Indian Health Service were counted as part of the insured population. Subsequently, the Census Bureau has counted these people as uninsured. The effect of this change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage was negligible. 58 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table C-1. Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2008 (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Year Total people Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 301,483 299,106 296,824 293,834 291,166 288,280 285,933 282,082 279,517 276,804 274,087 271,743 269,094 266,792 264,314 262,105 259,753 256,830 251,447 248,886 246,191 243,685 241,187 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 255,143 253,449 249,829 249,020 247,669 244,876 243,914 242,322 241,091 238,037 233,073 228,800 226,735 225,699 223,733 222,387 220,040 218,189 216,003 214,167 212,807 211,005 210,161 84.6 84.7 84.2 84.7 85.1 84.9 85.3 85.9 86.3 86.0 85.0 84.2 84.3 84.6 84.6 84.8 84.7 85.0 85.9 86.1 86.4 86.6 87.1 200,992 201,991 201,690 201,167 200,924 199,871 200,891 201,695 202,794 200,721 196,536 192,507 189,955 188,224 185,881 184,318 182,351 181,466 181,375 182,135 183,610 182,019 182,160 66.7 67.5 67.9 68.5 69.0 69.3 70.3 71.5 72.6 72.5 71.7 70.8 70.6 70.6 70.3 70.3 70.2 70.7 72.1 73.2 74.6 74.7 75.5 176,332 177,446 177,152 176,924 176,247 175,844 177,095 178,261 179,436 176,838 171,692 170,105 166,419 164,096 161,453 159,634 148,318 148,796 150,077 150,215 151,644 150,940 149,739 58.5 59.3 59.7 60.2 60.5 61.0 61.9 63.2 64.2 63.9 62.6 62.6 61.8 61.5 61.1 60.9 57.1 57.9 59.7 60.4 61.6 61.9 62.1 26,777 26,673 27,066 27,055 27,551 26,783 26,846 26,309 26,799 27,731 27,298 26,165 27,431 28,419 30,188 31,349 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 8.9 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.6 10.0 9.9 9.6 10.2 10.7 11.4 12.0 ((NA)) ((NA)) ((NA)) ((NA)) ((NA)) ((NA)) ((NA)) 87,411 83,031 80,270 80,213 79,486 76,755 73,624 71,295 69,037 67,683 66,176 66,087 66,685 69,000 69,776 70,163 68,554 66,244 63,882 60,965 57,382 56,850 56,282 29.0 27.8 27.0 27.3 27.3 26.6 25.7 25.3 24.7 24.5 24.1 24.3 24.8 25.9 26.4 26.8 26.4 25.8 25.4 24.5 23.3 23.3 23.3 42,641 39,554 38,281 38,104 37,955 35,647 33,246 31,601 29,533 28,506 27,890 27,854 28,956 31,451 31,877 31,645 31,749 29,416 26,880 24,261 21,185 20,728 20,211 14.1 13.2 12.9 13.0 13.0 12.4 11.6 11.2 10.6 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.8 11.8 12.1 12.1 12.2 11.5 10.7 9.7 8.6 8.5 8.4 43,029 41,375 40,343 40,177 39,703 39,456 38,448 38,043 37,740 36,923 36,066 35,887 35,590 35,227 34,655 33,901 33,097 33,230 32,907 32,260 31,495 30,925 30,458 14.3 13.8 13.6 13.7 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.5 13.5 13.3 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.1 12.9 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.6 11,560 10,955 10,547 11,166 10,789 9,979 10,063 9,552 9,099 8,648 8,530 8,747 8,527 8,712 9,375 11,165 9,560 9,510 9,820 9,922 9,870 10,105 10,542 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.5 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 46,340 45,657 46,995 44,815 43,498 43,404 42,019 39,760 38,426 38,767 41,014 42,943 42,359 41,093 40,582 39,718 39,713 38,641 35,445 34,719 33,385 32,680 31,026 15.4 15.3 15.8 15.3 14.9 15.1 14.7 14.1 13.7 14.0 15.0 15.8 15.7 15.4 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.0 14.1 13.9 13.6 13.4 12.9 (NA) Not available. Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions about direct-purchase coverage before the 1995 Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement. 1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 2 The 2004 and 2005 data were revised in March 2007. See . 3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 4 Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 5 Beginning with the 1998 CPS ASEC, people with no coverage other than access to Indian Health Service are no longer considered covered by health insurance; instead, they are considered to be uninsured. The effect of this change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage is negligible; however, the decrease in the number of people covered by Medicaid may be partially due to this change. 6 The data for 1996 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates. To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at . 7 Health insurance questions were redesigned. Increases in estimates of employment-based and military health care coverage may be partially due to questionnaire changes. Overall coverage estimates were not affected. 8 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. 9 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 10 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 59 Table C-2. Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2008 (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total people ALL RACES Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE ALONE4 Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE5 Number 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 301,483 299,106 296,824 293,834 291,166 288,280 285,933 282,082 279,517 276,804 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 255,143 253,449 249,829 249,020 247,669 244,876 243,914 242,322 241,091 238,037 84.6 84.7 84.2 84.7 85.1 84.9 85.3 85.9 86.3 86.0 200,992 201,991 201,690 201,167 200,924 199,871 200,891 201,695 202,794 200,721 66.7 67.5 67.9 68.5 69.0 69.3 70.3 71.5 72.6 72.5 176,332 177,446 177,152 176,924 176,247 175,844 177,095 178,261 179,436 176,838 58.5 59.3 59.7 60.2 60.5 61.0 61.9 63.2 64.2 63.9 26,777 26,673 27,066 27,055 27,551 26,783 26,846 26,309 26,799 27,731 8.9 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.6 10.0 87,411 83,031 80,270 80,213 79,486 76,755 73,624 71,295 69,037 67,683 29.0 27.8 27.0 27.3 27.3 26.6 25.7 25.3 24.7 24.5 42,641 39,554 38,281 38,104 37,955 35,647 33,246 31,601 29,533 28,506 14.1 13.2 12.9 13.0 13.0 12.4 11.6 11.2 10.6 10.3 43,029 41,375 40,343 40,177 39,703 39,456 38,448 38,043 37,740 36,923 14.3 13.8 13.6 13.7 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.5 13.5 13.3 11,560 10,955 10,547 11,166 10,789 9,979 10,063 9,552 9,099 8,648 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 46,340 45,657 46,995 44,815 43,498 43,404 42,019 39,760 38,426 38,767 15.4 15.3 15.8 15.3 14.9 15.1 14.7 14.1 13.7 14.0 240,852 239,399 237,892 235,903 234,116 232,254 230,809 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 205,962 205,099 202,405 201,957 201,095 199,537 199,392 85.5 85.7 85.1 85.6 85.9 85.9 86.4 166,916 167,905 167,640 167,430 167,475 167,503 168,745 69.3 70.1 70.5 71.0 71.5 72.1 73.1 145,183 146,398 146,285 146,365 145,890 146,300 147,706 60.3 61.2 61.5 62.0 62.3 63.0 64.0 23,537 23,433 23,530 23,452 23,997 23,483 23,686 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.2 10.1 10.3 67,449 64,390 62,613 62,138 61,572 59,495 57,072 28.0 26.9 26.3 26.3 26.3 25.6 24.7 29,224 27,172 26,507 25,968 25,888 23,959 22,171 12.1 11.4 11.1 11.0 11.1 10.3 9.6 36,469 35,117 34,416 34,326 34,061 33,765 33,135 15.1 14.7 14.5 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.4 9,290 8,852 8,621 9,020 8,623 8,105 8,065 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 34,890 34,300 35,486 33,946 33,022 32,717 31,417 14.5 14.3 14.9 14.4 14.1 14.1 13.6 230,071 228,208 225,794 100.0 100.0 100.0 200,073 199,280 197,137 87.0 87.3 87.3 170,710 171,543 170,289 74.2 75.2 75.4 149,788 150,708 149,024 65.1 66.0 66.0 23,333 23,722 24,458 10.1 10.4 10.8 56,200 54,287 53,175 24.4 23.8 23.6 21,535 19,889 18,977 9.4 8.7 8.4 33,006 32,695 32,144 14.3 14.3 14.2 7,788 7,158 6,902 3.4 3.1 3.1 29,998 28,928 28,657 13.0 12.7 12.7 60 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table C-2. Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total people WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHITE, NOT HISPANIC Number 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 197,159 196,768 196,252 195,893 195,347 194,877 194,421 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 175,837 176,220 175,091 174,984 174,793 174,409 174,747 89.2 89.6 89.2 89.3 89.5 89.5 89.9 147,855 149,122 149,592 149,613 149,882 150,563 151,812 75.0 75.8 76.2 76.4 76.7 77.3 78.1 127,687 129,138 129,618 130,075 129,766 130,614 132,101 64.8 65.6 66.0 66.4 66.4 67.0 67.9 21,844 21,717 22,068 21,724 22,346 22,090 22,291 11.1 11.0 11.2 11.1 11.4 11.3 11.5 54,271 52,512 51,445 51,189 51,002 49,743 47,736 27.5 26.7 26.2 26.1 26.1 25.5 24.6 18,724 17,786 17,731 17,396 17,462 16,247 14,984 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.3 7.7 33,444 32,436 31,860 31,717 31,624 31,458 30,718 17.0 16.5 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.1 15.8 8,498 8,131 7,869 8,276 8,005 7,563 7,465 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.8 21,322 20,548 21,162 20,909 20,554 20,468 19,674 10.8 10.4 10.8 10.7 10.5 10.5 10.1 194,822 193,931 192,858 100.0 100.0 100.0 176,488 176,279 175,045 90.6 90.9 90.8 154,218 155,152 154,407 79.2 80.0 80.1 134,586 135,472 134,436 69.1 69.9 69.7 22,009 22,476 23,110 11.3 11.6 12.0 47,661 46,297 45,540 24.5 23.9 23.6 15,035 13,788 13,157 7.7 7.1 6.8 30,811 30,642 30,256 15.8 15.8 15.7 7,144 6,564 6,326 3.7 3.4 3.3 18,333 17,652 17,813 9.4 9.1 9.2 40,216 39,683 39,083 38,729 38,179 37,651 37,350 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32,614 32,059 31,162 31,491 31,077 30,543 30,093 81.1 80.8 79.7 81.3 81.4 81.1 80.6 21,042 21,226 20,966 20,935 20,800 20,376 20,440 52.3 53.5 53.6 54.1 54.5 54.1 54.7 19,422 19,498 19,257 19,146 19,144 18,885 19,038 48.3 49.1 49.3 49.4 50.1 50.2 51.0 1,743 1,771 1,835 2,009 1,909 1,773 1,638 4.3 4.5 4.7 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.4 15,063 13,985 13,121 13,864 13,623 13,195 12,624 37.5 35.2 33.6 35.8 35.7 35.0 33.8 10,385 9,606 9,086 9,730 9,562 9,292 8,744 25.8 24.2 23.2 25.1 25.0 24.7 23.4 4,671 4,398 4,127 4,184 3,996 4,080 3,851 11.6 11.1 10.6 10.8 10.5 10.8 10.3 1,663 1,445 1,289 1,438 1,492 1,283 1,342 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.6 7,602 7,624 7,921 7,239 7,103 7,108 7,257 18.9 19.2 20.3 18.7 18.6 18.9 19.4 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 61 Table C-2. Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total people BLACK ALONE6 Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLACK5 Number 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 38,076 37,775 37,369 36,965 36,548 36,121 35,806 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30,792 30,403 29,717 29,959 29,684 29,234 28,744 80.9 80.5 79.5 81.0 81.2 80.9 80.3 19,894 20,169 20,034 19,950 19,899 19,552 19,544 52.2 53.4 53.6 54.0 54.4 54.1 54.6 18,371 18,525 18,401 18,263 18,352 18,135 18,193 48.2 49.0 49.2 49.4 50.2 50.2 50.8 1,638 1,691 1,766 1,918 1,803 1,701 1,589 4.3 4.5 4.7 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.4 14,177 13.234 12,454 13,168 12,995 12,585 12,058 37.2 35.0 33.3 35.6 35.6 34.8 33.7 9,686 8,986 8,531 9,154 9,048 8,797 8,289 25.4 23.8 22.8 24.8 24.8 24.4 23.1 4,539 4,303 4,059 4,108 3,921 3,989 3,776 11.9 11.4 10.9 11.1 10.7 11.0 10.5 1,544 1,358 1,216 1,357 1,415 1,225 1,268 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.5 7,284 7,372 7,652 7,006 6,864 6,887 7,062 19.1 19.5 20.5 19.0 18.8 19.1 19.7 36,023 35,597 35,893 100.0 100.0 100.0 29,359 29,065 28,918 81.5 81.7 80.6 20,569 20,652 20,638 57.1 58.0 57.5 19,177 19,075 19,039 53.2 53.6 53.0 1,713 1,910 2,118 4.8 5.4 5.9 11,616 11,579 11,361 32.2 32.5 31.7 7,994 7,735 7,652 22.2 21.7 21.3 3,783 3,871 3,615 10.5 10.9 10.1 1,192 1,372 1,216 3.3 3.9 3.4 6,664 6,532 6,975 18.5 18.3 19.4 14,548 14,444 14,348 13,758 13,307 12,905 12,504 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12,065 12,122 12,188 11,472 11,276 10,577 10,332 82.9 83.9 84.9 83.4 84.7 82.0 82.6 9,998 9,995 10,222 9,886 9,611 8,908 8,728 68.7 69.2 71.2 71.9 72.2 69.0 69.8 8,946 8,951 9,033 8,788 8,428 7,891 7,652 61.5 62.0 63.0 63.9 63.3 61.1 61.2 1,216 1,216 1,387 1,272 1,342 1,181 1,208 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.2 10.1 9.2 9.7 2,969 2,888 2,859 2,558 2,599 2,478 2,341 20.4 20.0 19.9 18.6 19.5 19.2 18.7 1,704 1,659 1,616 1,341 1,389 1,385 1,322 11.7 11.5 11.3 9.7 10.4 10.7 10.6 1,290 1,238 1,227 1,133 1,110 1,096 1,008 8.9 8.6 8.6 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.1 374 379 404 461 440 355 347 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.8 2,484 2,321 2,160 2,286 2,031 2,329 2,172 17.1 16.1 15.1 16.6 15.3 18.0 17.4 62 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table C-2. Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Race, Hispanic origin, and year Total people ASIAN ALONE7 Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER5 Number 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HISPANIC (any race) Number 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 13,315 13,268 13,194 12,599 12,241 11,869 11,558 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10,971 11,034 11,149 10,438 10,341 9,698 9,499 82.4 83.2 84.5 82.8 84.5 81.7 82.2 9,081 9,067 9,339 9,006 8,805 8,210 8,024 68.2 68.3 70.8 71.5 71.9 69.2 69.4 8,094 8,107 8,201 7,968 7,711 7,263 7,004 60.8 61.1 62.2 63.2 63.0 61.2 60.6 1,138 1,127 1,323 1,206 1,250 1,111 1,151 8.5 8.5 10.0 9.6 10.2 9.4 10.0 2,708 2,649 2,636 2,301 2,398 2,244 2,132 20.3 20.0 20.0 18.3 19.6 18.9 18.4 1,540 1,528 1,480 1,211 1,280 1,229 1,202 11.6 11.5 11.2 9.6 10.5 10.4 10.4 1,258 1,195 1,187 1,103 1,081 1,067 988 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.8 8.8 9.0 8.5 292 296 335 353 366 295 270 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 2.5 2.3 2,344 2,234 2,045 2,161 1,900 2,171 2,060 17.6 16.8 15.5 17.2 15.5 18.3 17.8 12,500 12,693 11,964 100.0 100.0 100.0 10,291 10,473 9,769 82.3 82.5 81.6 8,716 8,993 8,299 69.7 70.9 69.4 7,748 8,178 7,426 62.0 64.4 62.1 1,099 1,005 982 8.8 7.9 8.2 2,312 2,249 2,204 18.5 17.7 18.4 1,257 1,288 1,179 10.1 10.1 9.9 949 886 897 7.6 7.0 7.5 414 443 450 3.3 3.5 3.8 2,208 2,220 2,196 17.7 17.5 18.4 47,485 46,026 44,854 43,168 41,840 40,425 39,384 37,438 36,093 34,773 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32,928 31,256 29,558 29,214 28,527 27,355 26,815 25,146 24,340 23,445 69.3 67.9 65.9 67.7 68.2 67.7 68.1 67.2 67.4 67.4 20,779 20,194 19,434 19,252 19,090 18,372 18,324 17,460 17,264 16,786 43.8 43.9 43.3 44.6 45.6 45.4 46.5 46.6 47.8 48.3 19,094 18,551 17,934 17,597 17,499 16,970 16,921 16,096 16,031 15,419 40.2 40.3 40.0 40.8 41.8 42.0 43.0 43.0 44.4 44.3 1,797 1,804 1,587 1,856 1,788 1,559 1,481 1,401 1,354 1,414 3.8 3.9 3.5 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.1 14,448 13,031 12,207 11,958 11,530 10,716 10,280 9,227 8,566 8,168 30.4 28.3 27.2 27.7 27.6 26.5 26.1 24.6 23.7 23.5 11,559 10,348 9,646 9,357 9,205 8,505 7,946 7,074 6,552 6,253 24.3 22.5 21.5 21.7 22.0 21.0 20.2 18.9 18.2 18.0 3,218 2,887 2,757 2,771 2,614 2,462 2,535 2,295 2,141 1,979 6.8 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 898 801 813 869 697 639 724 704 682 626 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 14,558 14,770 15,296 13,954 13,313 13,070 12,569 12,292 11,753 11,328 30.7 32.1 34.1 32.3 31.8 32.3 31.9 32.8 32.6 32.6 1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 2 The 2004 and 2005 data were revised in March 2007. See . 3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 4 The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. 5 The 2001 CPS and earlier years asked respondents to report only one race. The reference groups for these years are White, White not Hispanic, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 6 Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race. 7 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race. Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question. The data for 1999 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates. To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at . Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 63 Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2008 (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Age Total people ALL AGES Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNDER 18 YEARS Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 301,483 299,106 296,824 293,834 291,166 288,280 285,933 282,082 279,517 276,804 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 255,143 253,449 249,829 249,020 247,669 244,876 243,914 242,322 241,091 238,037 84.6 84.7 84.2 84.7 85.1 84.9 85.3 85.9 86.3 86.0 200,992 201,991 201,690 201,167 200,924 199,871 200,891 201,695 202,794 200,721 66.7 67.5 67.9 68.5 69.0 69.3 70.3 71.5 72.6 72.5 176,332 177,446 177,152 176,924 176,247 175,844 177,095 178,261 179,436 176,838 58.5 59.3 59.7 60.2 60.5 61.0 61.9 63.2 64.2 63.9 26,777 26,673 27,066 27,055 27,551 26,783 26,846 26,309 26,799 27,731 8.9 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.6 10.0 87,411 83,031 80,270 80,213 79,486 76,755 73,624 71,295 69,037 67,683 29.0 27.8 27.0 27.3 27.3 26.6 25.7 25.3 24.7 24.5 42,641 39,554 38,281 38,104 37,955 35,647 33,246 31,601 29,533 28,506 14.1 13.2 12.9 13.0 13.0 12.4 11.6 11.2 10.6 10.3 43,029 41,375 40,343 40,177 39,703 39,456 38,448 38,043 37,740 36,923 14.3 13.8 13.6 13.7 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.5 13.5 13.3 11,560 10,955 10,547 11,166 10,789 9,979 10,063 9,552 9,099 8,648 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 46,340 45,657 46,995 44,815 43,498 43,404 42,019 39,760 38,426 38,767 15.4 15.3 15.8 15.3 14.9 15.1 14.7 14.1 13.7 14.0 74,510 74,403 74,101 73,985 73,791 73,580 73,312 72,628 72,314 72,281 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67,161 66,254 65,440 65,935 66,070 65,466 65,082 64,401 63,929 63,248 90.1 89.0 88.3 89.1 89.5 89.0 88.8 88.7 88.4 87.5 47,282 47,750 47,906 48,686 49,017 48,784 49,807 49,978 50,755 50,588 63.5 64.2 64.6 65.8 66.4 66.3 67.9 68.8 70.2 70.0 43,874 44,252 44,257 45,039 45,274 45,297 46,510 46,762 47,679 47,102 58.9 59.5 59.7 60.9 61.4 61.6 63.4 64.4 65.9 65.2 3,812 3,930 3,890 4,035 4,271 3,918 3,876 3,647 3,604 4,087 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.7 24,767 23,041 22,109 21,934 22,023 21,389 19,662 18,822 17,658 16,793 33.2 31.0 29.8 29.6 29.8 29.1 26.8 25.9 24.4 23.2 22,555 20,899 20,067 19,723 19,917 19,392 17,526 16,502 15,090 14,697 30.3 28.1 27.1 26.7 27.0 26.4 23.9 22.7 20.9 20.3 623 518 411 538 503 483 524 423 518 364 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 2,241 2,101 2,058 2,264 2,090 2,021 2,148 2,381 2,563 2,076 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.5 2.9 7,348 8,149 8,661 8,050 7,721 8,114 8,229 8,227 8,385 9,033 9.9 11.0 11.7 10.9 10.5 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.6 12.5 64 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Age Total people 18 TO 24 YEARS Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 TO 34 YEARS Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 28,688 28,398 28,405 27,965 28,008 27,824 27,438 27,312 26,815 26,326 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20,488 20,407 20,081 19,765 19,762 19,703 19,575 19,910 19,612 19,245 71.4 71.9 70.7 70.7 70.6 70.8 71.3 72.9 73.1 73.1 16,947 17,074 17,030 16,733 16,765 16,834 16,834 17,292 17,295 16,817 59.1 60.1 60.0 59.8 59.9 60.5 61.4 63.3 64.5 63.9 13,450 13,747 13,768 13,526 13,354 13,720 13,691 14,039 14,351 13,836 46.9 48.4 48.5 48.4 47.7 49.3 49.9 51.4 53.5 52.6 1,700 1,635 1,736 1,580 1,604 1,637 1,582 1,653 1,554 1,591 5.9 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.1 5.8 6.0 4,741 4,428 4,006 4,199 4,106 3,929 3,738 3,642 3,361 3,485 16.5 15.6 14.1 15.0 14.7 14.1 13.6 13.3 12.5 13.2 3,798 3,563 3,252 3,289 3,291 3,016 2,909 2,831 2,508 2,684 13.2 12.5 11.4 11.8 11.8 10.8 10.6 10.4 9.4 10.2 254 180 154 186 208 176 183 180 207 152 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 868 823 721 872 807 902 779 742 805 787 3.0 2.9 2.5 3.1 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.0 8,200 7,991 8,323 8,201 8,247 8,121 7,863 7,402 7,203 7,081 28.6 28.1 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.2 28.7 27.1 26.9 26.9 40,520 40,146 39,868 39,480 39,310 39,201 39,243 38,670 38,865 39,031 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 29,766 29,817 29,154 29,320 29,544 29,055 29,685 29,826 30,547 30,532 73.5 74.3 73.1 74.3 75.2 74.1 75.6 77.1 78.6 78.2 25,879 26,430 25,814 25,751 26,176 25,812 26,715 27,124 27,951 27,962 63.9 65.8 64.7 65.2 66.6 65.8 68.1 70.1 71.9 71.6 24,130 24,505 24,009 23,927 24,381 24,136 25,022 25,521 26,388 26,369 59.6 61.0 60.2 60.6 62.0 61.6 63.8 66.0 67.9 67.6 2,189 2,347 2,160 2,259 2,329 2,085 2,105 2,087 2,056 2,148 5.4 5.8 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.5 5,086 4,539 4,460 4,751 4,678 4,210 3,944 3,653 3,551 3,578 12.6 11.3 11.2 12.0 11.9 10.7 10.1 9.4 9.1 9.2 3,748 3,237 3,374 3,449 3,482 3,073 2,801 2,587 2,480 2,458 9.3 8.1 8.5 8.7 8.9 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.3 546 501 472 541 479 538 455 489 403 332 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.8 1,104 1,047 890 1,058 1,015 898 922 817 922 974 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.5 10,754 10,329 10,713 10,161 9,766 10,146 9,558 8,844 8,318 8,499 26.5 25.7 26.9 25.7 24.8 25.9 24.4 22.9 21.4 21.8 U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 65 Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Age Total people 35 TO 44 YEARS Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 TO 54 YEARS Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 41,322 42,132 42,762 43,121 43,351 43,573 44,074 44,284 44,566 44,474 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33,287 34,415 34,744 35,220 35,446 35,796 36,464 37,272 37,820 37,894 80.6 81.7 81.2 81.7 81.8 82.2 82.7 84.2 84.9 85.2 29,780 31,067 31,531 31,903 32,061 32,654 33,424 34,449 35,186 35,074 72.1 73.7 73.7 74.0 74.0 74.9 75.8 77.8 79.0 78.9 27,899 29,009 29,463 29,747 29,944 30,497 31,362 32,522 33,135 32,776 67.5 68.9 68.9 69.0 69.1 70.0 71.2 73.4 74.4 73.7 2,444 2,687 2,788 2,808 2,833 2,806 2,826 2,655 2,747 3,170 5.9 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.0 6.2 7.1 4,685 4,546 4,409 4,628 4,747 4,420 4,240 4,003 3,920 4,028 11.3 10.8 10.3 10.7 11.0 10.1 9.6 9.0 8.8 9.1 3,155 3,027 2,977 3,087 3,192 2,860 2,728 2,532 2,390 2,390 7.6 7.2 7.0 7.2 7.4 6.6 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.4 970 924 806 885 901 940 881 860 780 825 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 1,097 1,016 1,015 1,099 1,153 1,111 1,121 1,066 1,206 1,257 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.8 8,035 7,717 8,018 7,901 7,904 7,777 7,610 7,012 6,746 6,580 19.4 18.3 18.8 18.3 18.2 17.8 17.3 15.8 15.1 14.8 44,366 43,935 43,461 42,797 41,961 41,068 40,234 39,545 38,720 37,334 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37,312 37,161 36,819 36,570 36,074 35,443 34,913 34,595 34,227 32,927 84.1 84.6 84.7 85.5 86.0 86.3 86.8 87.5 88.4 88.2 33,234 33,350 33,250 33,114 32,776 32,368 32,011 31,909 31,659 30,548 74.9 75.9 76.5 77.4 78.1 78.8 79.6 80.7 81.8 81.8 30,861 30,805 30,868 30,651 30,370 30,053 29,884 29,718 29,578 28,448 69.6 70.1 71.0 71.6 72.4 73.2 74.3 75.2 76.4 76.2 3,182 3,292 3,297 3,396 3,324 3,255 3,124 3,135 3,103 3,226 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.6 5,797 5,363 5,182 4,956 4,898 4,569 4,345 3,990 3,964 3,682 13.1 12.2 11.9 11.6 11.7 11.1 10.8 10.1 10.2 9.9 3,313 3,103 2,885 2,837 2,656 2,359 2,227 2,071 1,996 1,769 7.5 7.1 6.6 6.6 6.3 5.7 5.5 5.2 5.2 4.7 1,967 1,795 1,739 1,591 1,550 1,569 1,382 1,331 1,384 1,162 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.1 1,371 1,285 1,337 1,355 1,426 1,369 1,351 1,170 1,169 1,244 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.3 7,054 6,774 6,642 6,227 5,886 5,625 5,321 4,950 4,492 4,407 15.9 15.4 15.3 14.5 14.0 13.7 13.2 12.5 11.6 11.8 66 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 U.S. Census Bureau Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2008—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar09.pdf) Covered by private and/or government health insurance Private health insurance Age Total people 55 TO 64 YEARS Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 YEARS AND OLDER Number 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percent 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20052 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Total Employment based Direct purchase Total Medicaid Medicare Military health care1 Not covered Government health insurance 34,289 33,302 32,191 30,981 29,536 28,375 27,399 25,874 24,672 23,981 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 29,989 29,291 28,096 27,154 26,016 25,039 24,219 22,820 21,641 21,082 87.5 88.0 87.3 87.6 88.1 88.2 88.4 88.2 87.7 87.9 25,584 25,114 24,255 23,543 22,640 21,963 21,170 19,959 18,977 18,678 74.6 75.4 75.3 76.0 76.7 77.4 77.3 77.1 76.9 77.9 22,906 22,569 21,701 21,092 20,254 19,692 18,844 17,862 16,792 16,518 66.8 67.8 67.4 68.1 68.6 69.4 68.8 69.0 68.1 68.9 3,346 3,237 3,276 3,194 3,180 3,051 3,123 2,832 2,990 3,008 9.8 9.7 10.2 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.4 10.9 12.1 12.5 6,901 6,651 6,122 5,886 5,478 4,893 4,882 4,567 4,185 4,033 20.1 20.0 19.0 19.0 18.5 17.2 17.8 17.7 17.0 16.8 2,644 2,462 2,362 2,325 2,085 1,757 1,773 1,807 1,731 1,551 7.7 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.1 6.2 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.5 3,365 3,179 2,956 2,708 2,644 2,494 2,392 2,301 2,159 2,084 9.8 9.5 9.2 8.7 9.0 8.8 8.7 8.9 8.8 8.7 2,059 2,079 1,845 1,908 1,795 1,471 1,482 1,220 1,024 1,053 6.0 6.2 5.7 6.2 6.1 5.2 5.4 4.7 4.2 4.4 4,301 4,011 4,095 3,826 3,519 3,335 3,180 3,054 3,031 2,899 12.5 12.0 12.7 12.4 11.9 11.8 11.6 11.8 12.3 12.1 37,788 36,790 36,035 35,505 35,209 34,659 34,234 33,769 33,566 33,377 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37,142 36,103 35,494 35,056 34,755 34,373 33,976 33,498 33,314 33,109 98.3 98.1 98.5 98.7 98.7 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.3 99.2 22,287 21,206 21,904 21,437 21,488 21,457 20,929 20,984 20,971 21,054 59.0 57.6 60.8 60.4 61.0 61.9 61.1 62.1 62.5 63.1 13,212 12,558 13,086 12,942 12,670 12,448 11,782 11,837 11,512 11,789 35.0 34.1 36.3 36.5 36.0 35.9 34.4 35.1 34.3 35.3 10,103 9,546 9,918 9,783 10,010 10,032 10,210 10,299 10,746 10,501 26.7 25.9 27.5 27.6 28.4 28.9 29.8 30.5 32.0 31.5 35,434 34,464 33,982 33,859 33,555 33,345 32,813 32,618 32,398 32,083 93.8 93.7 94.3 95.4 95.3 96.2 95.8 96.6 96.5 96.1 3,428 3,263 3,364 3,394 3,332 3,190 3,283 3,270 3,339 2,956 9.1 8.9 9.3 9.6 9.5 9.2 9.6 9.7 9.9 8.9 35,304 34,278 33,806 33,727 33,419 33,257 32,631 32,458 32,289 32,004 93.4 93.2 93.8 95.0 94.9 96.0 95.3 96.1 96.2 95.9 2,821 2,604 2,682 2,611 2,504 2,206 2,259 2,156 1,410 1,257 7.5 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.6 6.4 4.2 3.8 646 686 541 449 454 286 258 272 251 268 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. 2 The 2004 and 2005 data were revised in March 2007. See . 3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 4 Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question. The data for 1999 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates. To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at . Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008 67