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Second Test Next Wednesday



 Format

 MultipleChoice (10 questions) 40%

 Short Answer (2 questions) 20%

 Essay (1 question) 40%

Second Test Next Wednesday

 Content to be tested

 Theories

 Modernization



 Dependency



 Statism



 Neo-liberalism



 Concepts

 Corporatism



 Patron-client relations



 Institutions

 Political and economic

 Parliamentary/Presidential system

 Electoral system

 Role of state/market in economic development

Themes in Nigerian Development

 Legacies of colonialism

 Dependency theory

 Role of the state

 Statism—developmental or predatory state institutions?

 Individual values

 Modern vs. traditional values?

 Role of the market

 Is the free market allowed to function, promote

efficiency?

Nigeria



Legacies of British Colonialism

 Dominant role for state in the economy

 Politicization of ethnicity

Legacies of British Colonialism

 Dominant role for

state in economy

 Colonial and post-

colonial state control

over export

commodities &

production

 through state marketing

boards

 monopsony—single

buyer

Global Structure of Agricultural

Commodity Markets

 Tariff barriers against entering core markets

 Example: European Union

 Import tariffs increase the more processed a product becomes.

 Ensures that most imports to the EU are raw products like coffee,

cocoa (lower value-added)

 EU tariffs

 30 percent for processed cocoa products like chocolate bars

 60 percent for some other refined products containing cocoa.

 Non-tariff barriers against entering core markets

 Example: EU

 Strict EU standards for imported food products

 Hygiene and health standards

 Regulations for size, form and color

Legacies of British Colonialism

 Dominant role for state in economy

 Raised stakes of office-holding

 Control of state also meant control over economy

Legacies of British Colonialism

 Dominant role for state in economy

 Created basis for ―patronage politics‖

 Define

Legacies of British Colonialism

 Dominant role for state in economy

 Created basis for ―patronage politics‖

 Defined as ―securing societal support for those in

power by selective distribution of state resources‖

Post-colonial Nigeria

 Dominant role for state in economy

 Continued basis for ―patronage politics‖

 Expands from agricultural commodities to oil

Post-colonial Nigeria

 Dominant role for state in economy

 Continued basis for ―patronage politics‖

 Beyond commodities

 Examples

 Expansion of university system (not primary education)

 Particularistic benefits

 2002: adult literacy 57%

 Expansion of civil service

 Particularistic hiring

 By 1980s, government employs 60% of urban sector

 BUT most Nigerians rural

 2002: 45% of population below poverty line

 State enterprises

 Number of state firms increased 4x from 1970-1980

Compare Nigeria and Japan

 Civil service recruitment

Legacies of British Colonialism

 Politicization of ethnicity

 ―Africanization‖

 1951 regional assembly elections

 Northern, Western, Eastern regions



 Divisions coincide with ethnic divisions



 Political parties organize along ethnic lines



 1959 first full parliamentary elections

 Parties coalesce along ethnic/regional lines



 Electoral dominance: Northern Hausa-Fulani

 Single largest ethnic group



 Previously excluded



 Seeks to gain and hold power for particular benefits

Evolution of Political Competition in

Nigeria

NORTH WEST EAST

(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)

First Republic (1960-1966)

NPC (Northern

People's AG (Action NCNC (National

Congress) Group) Council)





Ibo coup & counter-coup ↓ ↓ ↓

→ CIVIL WAR

Evolution of Political Competition in

Nigeria

NORTH WEST EAST

(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)



Second Republic (1979-1983)

NPN (National UPN (Unity Party NPP (Nigerian

Party of Nigeria) of Nigeria) People's Party)





1985 coup ↓ ↓ ↓

Evolution of Political

Competition in Nigeria

NORTH WEST EAST SOUTH

(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)



Abortive Third Republic (1993)

NRC "Northern"

(National SDP "Southern"

Republican (Social

Convention) Democratic Party)





1993 elections annulled

Abacha seizes power

↓ ↓

Death of dictator Abacha creates

political opening for 4th Republic

Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule



 National Assembly

 Senate (109 seats)

 House of Representatives

(360 seats)

 Single-member districts

 Elected by winner-take-all

 British, US influence

 Creates strong majorities

1999 Democracy Returns

(Obasanjo elected)









A PDP election rally: Millions of Nigerians turned out for a peaceful vote

Evolution of Political

Competition in Nigeria

(SOUTH)

NORTH WEST EAST

(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)

Fourth Republic (1999)

PDP (People's

Democratic Party) AD (Alliance for "-->allied in APP (All

Obasanjo Democracy) election split from

PDP<--"





PDP (People's AC (Action ANPP (All

Democratic Party) Congress) Nigerian People's

2007 election Yar'Adua Abubakar Party) Buhari



↓ ↓ ↓

PDP (People's AC (Action ANPP (All

Democratic Party) Congress) Nigerian People's

2011 election Jonathan Abubakar Party) Babangida

Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule

 2007 presidential elections

 1st

time an elected Nigerian leader handed power to

another since independence in 1960

 PDP north-south power-sharing agreement









Yar'Adua

Money and Violence Hobble

Democracy in Nigeria

November 24, 2006

Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule



 Ethnic/religious tensions

 Northern states

 British colony—indirect rule

 Islamic (Shari’a) Law continues in north

 Today: Muslim with significant Christianity minority

 1999 Shari’a Law becomes campaign issue

 Seeks to expand beyond special family law courts

 Shari’a Law introduced in 12 northern states

 May 1999 – February 2002 alone

 ―more than 10,000 people have died in murderous ethnic

and religious clashes (NYTimes 2/8/02)‖

Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule

 Increasingly unfair elections

 Charges that ruling People’s Democratic Party (PDP)

 Used state resources for partisan purposes

 Restricted access to state-owned media

 Electoral fraud 2003, 2007

 National level and for ―lucrative‖ governorships

 Thefts of ballot boxes

 Violent intimidation of opposition

 Independent National Electoral Commission

 Commission not independent of the president (appoints)

 ―Unprepared for 2007 election…environment of uncertainty,

growing insecurity among the population, rising political

violence, and a disastrous voter registration process

[computerized]‖ (int’l ngo: National Democratic Institute)



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