Second Test Next Wednesday
Format
MultipleChoice (10 questions) 40%
Short Answer (2 questions) 20%
Essay (1 question) 40%
Second Test Next Wednesday
Content to be tested
Theories
Modernization
Dependency
Statism
Neo-liberalism
Concepts
Corporatism
Patron-client relations
Institutions
Political and economic
Parliamentary/Presidential system
Electoral system
Role of state/market in economic development
Themes in Nigerian Development
Legacies of colonialism
Dependency theory
Role of the state
Statism—developmental or predatory state institutions?
Individual values
Modern vs. traditional values?
Role of the market
Is the free market allowed to function, promote
efficiency?
Nigeria
Legacies of British Colonialism
Dominant role for state in the economy
Politicization of ethnicity
Legacies of British Colonialism
Dominant role for
state in economy
Colonial and post-
colonial state control
over export
commodities &
production
through state marketing
boards
monopsony—single
buyer
Global Structure of Agricultural
Commodity Markets
Tariff barriers against entering core markets
Example: European Union
Import tariffs increase the more processed a product becomes.
Ensures that most imports to the EU are raw products like coffee,
cocoa (lower value-added)
EU tariffs
30 percent for processed cocoa products like chocolate bars
60 percent for some other refined products containing cocoa.
Non-tariff barriers against entering core markets
Example: EU
Strict EU standards for imported food products
Hygiene and health standards
Regulations for size, form and color
Legacies of British Colonialism
Dominant role for state in economy
Raised stakes of office-holding
Control of state also meant control over economy
Legacies of British Colonialism
Dominant role for state in economy
Created basis for ―patronage politics‖
Define
Legacies of British Colonialism
Dominant role for state in economy
Created basis for ―patronage politics‖
Defined as ―securing societal support for those in
power by selective distribution of state resources‖
Post-colonial Nigeria
Dominant role for state in economy
Continued basis for ―patronage politics‖
Expands from agricultural commodities to oil
Post-colonial Nigeria
Dominant role for state in economy
Continued basis for ―patronage politics‖
Beyond commodities
Examples
Expansion of university system (not primary education)
Particularistic benefits
2002: adult literacy 57%
Expansion of civil service
Particularistic hiring
By 1980s, government employs 60% of urban sector
BUT most Nigerians rural
2002: 45% of population below poverty line
State enterprises
Number of state firms increased 4x from 1970-1980
Compare Nigeria and Japan
Civil service recruitment
Legacies of British Colonialism
Politicization of ethnicity
―Africanization‖
1951 regional assembly elections
Northern, Western, Eastern regions
Divisions coincide with ethnic divisions
Political parties organize along ethnic lines
1959 first full parliamentary elections
Parties coalesce along ethnic/regional lines
Electoral dominance: Northern Hausa-Fulani
Single largest ethnic group
Previously excluded
Seeks to gain and hold power for particular benefits
Evolution of Political Competition in
Nigeria
NORTH WEST EAST
(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)
First Republic (1960-1966)
NPC (Northern
People's AG (Action NCNC (National
Congress) Group) Council)
Ibo coup & counter-coup ↓ ↓ ↓
→ CIVIL WAR
Evolution of Political Competition in
Nigeria
NORTH WEST EAST
(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)
Second Republic (1979-1983)
NPN (National UPN (Unity Party NPP (Nigerian
Party of Nigeria) of Nigeria) People's Party)
1985 coup ↓ ↓ ↓
Evolution of Political
Competition in Nigeria
NORTH WEST EAST SOUTH
(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)
Abortive Third Republic (1993)
NRC "Northern"
(National SDP "Southern"
Republican (Social
Convention) Democratic Party)
1993 elections annulled
Abacha seizes power
↓ ↓
Death of dictator Abacha creates
political opening for 4th Republic
Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule
National Assembly
Senate (109 seats)
House of Representatives
(360 seats)
Single-member districts
Elected by winner-take-all
British, US influence
Creates strong majorities
1999 Democracy Returns
(Obasanjo elected)
A PDP election rally: Millions of Nigerians turned out for a peaceful vote
Evolution of Political
Competition in Nigeria
(SOUTH)
NORTH WEST EAST
(Hausa-Fulani) (Yoruba) (Ibo)
Fourth Republic (1999)
PDP (People's
Democratic Party) AD (Alliance for "-->allied in APP (All
Obasanjo Democracy) election split from
PDP<--"
PDP (People's AC (Action ANPP (All
Democratic Party) Congress) Nigerian People's
2007 election Yar'Adua Abubakar Party) Buhari
↓ ↓ ↓
PDP (People's AC (Action ANPP (All
Democratic Party) Congress) Nigerian People's
2011 election Jonathan Abubakar Party) Babangida
Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule
2007 presidential elections
1st
time an elected Nigerian leader handed power to
another since independence in 1960
PDP north-south power-sharing agreement
Yar'Adua
Money and Violence Hobble
Democracy in Nigeria
November 24, 2006
Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule
Ethnic/religious tensions
Northern states
British colony—indirect rule
Islamic (Shari’a) Law continues in north
Today: Muslim with significant Christianity minority
1999 Shari’a Law becomes campaign issue
Seeks to expand beyond special family law courts
Shari’a Law introduced in 12 northern states
May 1999 – February 2002 alone
―more than 10,000 people have died in murderous ethnic
and religious clashes (NYTimes 2/8/02)‖
Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule
Increasingly unfair elections
Charges that ruling People’s Democratic Party (PDP)
Used state resources for partisan purposes
Restricted access to state-owned media
Electoral fraud 2003, 2007
National level and for ―lucrative‖ governorships
Thefts of ballot boxes
Violent intimidation of opposition
Independent National Electoral Commission
Commission not independent of the president (appoints)
―Unprepared for 2007 election…environment of uncertainty,
growing insecurity among the population, rising political
violence, and a disastrous voter registration process
[computerized]‖ (int’l ngo: National Democratic Institute)