January | February 2012
Feature title: Use of soybean products in aquafeeds: a review
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FEATURE FEATURE
water fishes. Viola (1977) iso-nitrogenously survival of carps when reared together and also and higher dietary energy value in full fat soybean
reduced the fishmeal content in the diet of carps in combination with fresh water prawn. which is more advantageous with cold water fish
containing 25 percent protein supplemented Channel cat fish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed on species because warm water fish (Carp, Catfish
by soybean meal with the addition of amino all plant protein diets grew significantly less than etc) can utilise carbohydrates more efficiently.
acids, vitamins and minerals and opined that fish fed diets containing fishmeal (Lyman et al, The only recommendation relating to the limit
soybean diet did not induce good growth in 1944). Growth was substantially reduced when of inclusion of full fat soybean in fish diets is not
carp. Similarly Atack et al (1979) reported poor menhaden fishmeal was replaced by soybean to exceed the known practical limits relating to
Use of soybean products utilisation of soybean protein by carp when it meal at an isonitrogenous basis (Andrews and fats in general in order to avoid problems of feed
in aquafeeds: a review
formed the sole protein source. Gracek (1979) Page, 1974). Full fat soybean meal heat treated preparation and to reduce the risk of high fat
used different qualities of soybean meal to sup- differently replaced fishmeal at low levels in diets levels in the meal.
plement ground maize for feeding carp fry and for channel cat fish showed that replacement
recorded better survival. gave satisfactory results (Saad, 1979). Recommended Inclusion Rates
by T. H.Bhat, M. H.Balkhi and Tufail Banday (Sher-e-Kashmir No difference in growth was observed when Growth and feed efficiency of fingerling Soybean may replace animal protein in diets for
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were fed either hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was aquatic animals to a certain extent. However, with
T
with 45 percent soybean meal (+10 percent significantly depressed when soybean meal increasing substitution of e.g. fish meal by soybean
he world demand for seafood is The chemical composition of soybean meal Lectins: - This type of toxic protein is chemi- fishmeal) or 20 percent soybean meal (+22 replaced fishmeal at the optimum level (30 meal the performance of fish decline. Herbivores
increasing dramatically year by year, is fairly consistent (Figure 1). cally hem agglutinin, which causes agglutination percent fishmeal). Other trails however showed percent) in their diet (Shiau et al, 1988). The may tolerate higher levels of soybean meal than
although an annual upper limit of The crude protein level depends on the of RBC's (Liener, 1969). There are indications that the growth performance and feed efficiency growth depression of the hybrid tilapia was carnivores. It appears that full fat soybean meal is
100 million tons is set so as not to soybean meal quality. Soybean has one of the that lectins reduce the nutritive value of soybean of common carp were reduced when dietary reduced when a 30 percent crude protein diet more beneficial for cold-water fish than for warm
exhaust reserves. It is for this reason that there best amino acid profiles of all vegetable oil meal for Salmonids but are inactivated by treat- fishmeal was replaced by soybean meals. containing soybean meal but by adding two to water species due to the better utilization of the
is a considerable move towards modernising meals. The limiting amino acids in soybean meal ment of the meals (Ingh et al, 1991). There were no differences in performance three percent dicalcium phosphate to the diet, energy from the soybean products. Only properly
and intensifying fish farming.To be economically are methionine and cystine while arginine and Other properties: - Soybean is unpalatable between extruded full fat soybean meal and growth rate of tilapia was comparable to the heat-treated soybean products should be used
viable, fish farming must be competitive, which phenylalanine are in good supply (New, 1987). for some fishes such as Chinook salmon. While oil reconstituted soybean meal (Inghet et al; control (Viola et al, 1986). Soybean meal with for aquatic feeds. Furthermore, it is advisable to
means that feed costs amongst others must The fat content of the solvent extracted soy- as herbivorous and omnivorous species are less 1991). A better weight gain was reported when supplemental methionine could replace up to use only soybean meals processed from dehulled
be carefully monitored as the operational cost bean meal is insignificant but soybean expeller choosy. The size or age of the fish may also soybean meal was incorporated in the diets of 67 percent fishmeal in the diets for milk fish seeds in order to reduce the crude fisher content
goes 60 percent for feed alone. Therefore has oil content between six and seven percent, affect the palatability of soybean meal. carp fish (Cristoma et al; 1984). Similarly sklyrov (Chanos chanos) (Shiau et al, 1988). in the diet. ■
selection of cheaper and quality ingredients while full fat soybean expeller et al (1985) successfully used soybean meal in Growth, feed conversion and survival of tiger
is of paramount importance for sustainable has oil content between 18 to Utilisation of rearing carp fish commercially. It is claimed that prawn (Penaeus monodon) juveniles fed two levels
This article originally appeared on
and economical aquaculture. Identification of 20 percent. Soybean meal and Soybean Products soybean meal is deficient in available energy of soybean meal under laboratory conditions were
suitable alternate protein sources for inclusion soybean expeller are lower in in Aquaculture and lysine as well as methionine for carps. lower with higher levels of soybean meal (Piedad,
in fish feeds becomes imperative to counter macro and trace elements than Comprehensive Supplementation of soybean meal diets with Pascual and Catacutan, 1990). No significant differ-
the scarcity of fishmeal. fishmeal. There is no substantial research work has been methionine coated with aldehyde treated caesin ences in growth and survival could be established
difference between the indi- done to evaluate soy- significantly improved utilisation of amino acid by when soybean meal
In addition to its scarcity and high cost, vidual soybean meal products. bean meals as a replace- common carp (Murai et al; 1982). at levels from 15- 55
often fishmeal is adulterated with sand, salt The calcium content is low and ment of animal protein Lack of phosphorus rather than the sulphur percent replaced par-
and other undesirable materials. All these the phosphorus level is rather sources in diets for fishes amino acids may be the cause for poor perform- tially or completely fish Aquaculture UK 2012
factors have forced fish feed manufactures all higher. However, the phospho- but the replacement of ance of common carps when 40 percent soy- meal in the diets for 23-24 May 2012
over the world to look for alternate sources. rus is bound to phytic acid and all fishmeal by soybean bean meal diets were fed to them. Addition of tiger prawns stocked Aviemore, Scotland
In this context they have been left with no its availability for aquatic animals Figure 1: The chemical meal has not been very 2.0 percent sodium phosphate did not improve in cages in ponds at more than 100 years a reliable partner
protein but to substitute animal protein with is, therefore, limited. composition of Soyabean meal successful perhaps due their performances (Viola et al; 1986). Kim and 10 to 20 shrimps
plant protein sources. A variety of plant Soybean meals and expel- to the limiting amino Oh (1985) attributed the poor performance per square meter Feed mills Silos
protein sources including soybean meal, leaf lers are reasonable source of B-vitamins. For most acids and insufficient heat treatment of the soy- of common carp fed with a diet containing 40 (Piedad, Pascual et Flourmills Bulk handling systems
protein concentrate and single cell protein vitamins there are insignificant differences between bean meals. Smith et al (1980) claimed success percent soybean to lack of phosphorus rather al, 1991). Lim and Pet Food plants Electric control &
have been tested. The tests have shown the different products. However the full fat soy- in feeding rainbow trout a diet based almost than sulphur and amino acids, since addition of Dominy(1991) Automation systems
Aqua feed mills
that these can be included as alternatives bean meal tends to be higher in some vitamins. entirely on raw materials of vegetable origin two percent sodium phosphates to soybean obtained compara-
to fishmeal (Ogino et al, 1978, Appler and While the products are mainly higher in choline containing 80 percent full fat roasted soybean. In meal diet improved their performance to a level ble results in feeding Premix & concentrate
content, the vitamin B12 content is low and pan- a similar report, Brandt (1979) evaluated a diet Penalus Vannamel plants
Jauncy, 1983). obtained with the best commercial feed.
Of various plant protein sources, soybean tothenic acid is mainly damaged by heat treatment. based entirely on plant ingredients (containing Nour et al (1989) studied the effect of heat with diets containing Cereal Processing
meal (SBM) is one of the most promising The digestible energy of soybean meal over 50 percent heated full fat soybean + 10 percent treatment on the nutritive value of soybean up to 17 percent of plants
replacements for part or whole of fishmeal. all fish species ranges from 2572 to 3340 Kcal/ maize gluten meal to overcome a possible defi- meal as complete diet for common carp by dry extruded full fat Oil seed processing
Soybean meal is the by-product after the kg (10.8 to 14.0 MJ/kg). The metabolisable and ciency of S-amino acids). autoclaving the soybean seeds for 0, 15, 30, or soybean meal as a
removal of oil from Soya beans (glycine digestible energy of full soybean meal increases Reinitz et al (1978) observed that rainbow 90 minutes and recorded maximum average partial replacement WWW.OTTEVANGER.COM
max). At present soybean meal is the most with the increase heating temperature at a given trout fry fed a diet containing 72.7 percent full daily weight gain with diets containing soybean for fish protein.
important protein source as feed for farm time due to the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors. fat soybean had a greater daily increase in length seeds autoclaved for 30 minutes. Nandeesha et Generally the Aalten - Holland Moerkapelle - Holland
animals and as partial or entire replacement and weight with an improved feed conversion al (1989) incorporated soybean meal in the diets studies outlined T +31 (0)543 47 26 88 T +31 (0)79 593 52 97
of fishmeal? Deleterious constituents ratio compared with those fed a control diet of Catla and indicated the possibility of utilising above together F +31 (0)543 47 54 75 F +31 (0)79 593 11 47
The products obtained from soybeans and of soybean products based on 25 percent herring meal, five percent soybean meal in carp diets. with several others E aalten@ottevanger.com E mkp@ottevanger.com
their processing are as follows:- Trypsin inhibitors: - About six percent of the fish oil 20 percent soybean oil meal. The mortal- Keshavapa et al (1990) used soybean flour in indicate that there is
• Soybean meals, solvent extract total protein of soybeans reduces activities of ity rate for both groups was similar. Taste panel the diet of carp fry and recorded better survival. an advantage to be
• Soybean meal from dehulled seeds, sol- trypsin and chymotrysin, which are pancreatic studies indicated that there was no effect of Senappa (1992) studied protein digestibility from gained from using
vent extracted, enzymes and involved in protein digestion (Yen dietary treatment on firmness and flavour of soybean-incorporated diets and recorded better properly processed The UK’s major Aquaculture exhibition and conference
• Soybean expeller et al., 1977). The activity of trypsin inhibitor is the fish. digestibility when fed to fingerlings of Catla. Naik soybean products featuring the latest aquaculture products and innovations.
• Soybean expeller from dehulled seeds not fully understood, but is responsible for the Kaneko (1969) reported that 1/3rd of white (1998) studied the effect of Soya flour and for formulating diets Visit www.aquacultureUK.com for further information or
• Full fat soybean meal poor performance of certain fish species (Alexis fishmeal could be replaced by soybean meal fishmeal based diets in the diet of Catla catla & for fish due to their contact info@aquacultureUK.com
CRAFTMANSHIP IN THE ANIMAL FEED AND FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY
• Full fat soybean meal from dehulled seeds et al., 1985, Balogum and Ologhobo., 1989). with no negative effects on growth of warm Labeo rohita and observed a better growth and better quality protein
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012 January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 41
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