January | February 2012
Feature title: The effects of dissolved oxygen on fish growth in aquaculture
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FEATURE FEATURE
The effects of dissolved
oxygen on fish growth in aquaculture
by Yovita John Mallya, Kingolwira National Fish Farming Centre Fisheries
Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania
tion), which is directly propor tional to oxygen as it moves along, but always
C
the par tial pressure and is repor ted on coming into contact with water that has
ommercial aquaculture is conversion ratio was higher at 60 percent Consequently, partial pressure of oxygen is most oxygen probes that have built in a higher O2 content. The blood receiv-
growing worldwide except in and 140 percent compared to the other the most appropriate term for expressing algorithms for temperature and salin- ing the O2 continues to pick up O2 as
Africa where production is still groups. The conclusion was that oxygen oxygen levels in aquaculture water. ity (Bergheim et al. 2006). In this study it moves along because fresh water is
low. With fisheries reaching a saturation level has an effect on growth and However, oxygen concentration is the percent saturation was used. being washed over the epithelial lining
stagnating phase, the world and more so feed conversion ratios of fish, and in the more commonly used term and, for a of the gills (Jobling 1995). By doing so,
Africa will have to look to aquaculture in case of Atlantic halibut, the growth Oxygen uptake in and carbon the fish ventilate the gills while also
the future to provide fish products that will rate is higher when the oxygen dioxide release from the fish taking in oxygen and releasing carbon
likely be needed. In view of this, a study on level is between 80 percent and During respiration fish, like other animals, dioxide (Groot et al. 1995).
water quality management was done which 120 percent. The feed conversion take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. However there are two ways fish
specifically looked at the effects of dissolved ratio for halibut was lower at 120 The process is done by using gills in almost ventilate their gills: buccal/opercula
oxygen saturation on fish growth. The study percent oxygen saturation. all fish although some can also use the skin pumping (active ventilation) and ram
was done through a review of literature and some have lung like structures used in ventilation (passive ventilation). In
and a case study using Atlantic halibut. In Gas exchange and oxygen addition to gills. When a fish respires, a pres- buccal/opercula ventilation the fish
the case study, halibut of 20-50 g in weight concentration in water surised gulp of water flows from the mouth pull in water through the mouth
were reared in replicate at 60 percent, 80 Oxygen as a gas has a low into a gill chamber on each side of the head. (buccal chamber) and push it over
percent, 100 percent, 120 percent and 140 solubility in water. In addition, the Gills themselves, located in gill clefts within the gills and out of the opercula
percent oxygen saturation levels in a tank amount of oxygen contained in Figure 1 the gill chambers, consist of fleshy, sheet like chamber (where the gills are housed).
recirculation system. water varies with temperature and filaments transected by extensions called At this time the pressure in the buccal
salinity in a predictable lamellae. As water flows across the gills, the chamber is kept higher than the pres-
manner. Less oxygen can oxygen within them diffuses into blood cir- sure in the opercula chamber so as to
be held in fully air-sat- culating through vessels in the filaments and allow the fresh water to be constantly
"The effect of oxygen saturation levels urated warm seawater lamellae. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide in flushed over the gills.
than fully air-saturated the fish’s bloodstream diffuses into the water In ram ventilation, a fish swims with
on growth and feed conversion ratios cold freshwater. While and is carried out of the body (see Figure 1). its mouth open, allowing water to wash
the oxygen content over the gills. This method of ventilation is
were taken after two weeks. The results of the water sets the Function of fish gills common to fast moving fish, and it enables
showed that oxygen saturation level absolute availability of For most fish species gills work by a tuna to keep enough oxygen going to the
oxygen in the water, it unidirectional flow of water over the epithelial gill surface while swimming at high speed
had a positive effect on the growth is the oxygen par tial surface of the gill, where the transfer of gases (Boyd and Tucker 1998). During this time
pressure gradient that occurs (O2 in, CO2 out). The reason for this the oxygen is absorbed into the blood
and feed conversion ratio when it determines how rapidly unidirectional flow of water is the energetic while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the
was set at 80% to 120% saturation" oxygen can move from nature of the system. The energy that would blood to the water.
Figure 2: Diagram showing the structure for
the water into the fish’s be required to move water into and out of a
respiration (gas exchange) in fish.
blood to suppor t its (Source: Microsoft Encarta.1993-2002. respiratory organ would be much more than Effect of oxygen
metabolic rate. www.kwic.com 2008-02-08) that used to move air because water holds on fish growth
The effect of oxygen saturation levels This is because oxygen moves low oxygen due to its low solubility (Groot Oxygen is impor tant in respiration
on growth and feed conversion ratios were by diffusion across the gills of fish. et al. 1995). The blood flowing just under the and metabolism processes in any
taken after two weeks. The results showed According to Fick’s law of diffusion, the gill given temperature and salinity, the par tial epithelial gill tissue usually moves in a counter animal. In fish, the metabolic rate is
that oxygen saturation level had a positive area determines the rate of diffusion of pressure of oxygen and oxygen content current flow to that of the water moving highly affected by the concentration
effect on the growth and feed conversion oxygen across the gills, the diffusion distance in water are linearly related. Another suit- over it. of oxygen in the rearing environment.
ratio when it was set at 80 percent to across the gill epithelia, the diffusion constant able method for expressing oxygen levels This allows for most of the O2 to be As the dissolved oxygen concentra-
120 percent saturation. At 140 percent and the difference in partial pressure of oxy- in aquaculture is percent air saturation taken in by the blood because the diffusion tion decreases, respiration and feeding
the growth was slightly lower and the feed gen across the gills (Crampton et al. 2003). (often reduced to just percent satura- gradient is kept high by the blood picking up activities also decrease. As a result, the
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012 January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
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FEATURE
saturation level which will growth rate of the Atlantic halibut reared
C L E A N C O N T R O L
not affect its physiological or at different oxygen saturation levels (Figure
Swivel Valve Cooler MkII
metabolic activities, so as to 3) during the first period (SGR1). However,
have high production in any there was a significant difference (p<0.02)
culture system (Wedemeyer in the growth rate of the fish during the
1996). More than that, one second period (SGR2). Then the SGR
has to keep in mind that the of fish reared at 100 percent saturation
oxygen level requirement was significantly higher than that of fish No hollow spaces | No cross contamination
depends on the species, but
also on fish size and activ-
reared at either 60 percent or 140 percent
saturation.
Excellent cleaning access | Filtered air inlet
ity of the fish. According to The results of the experiment under Temperature control | Moisture control | Cleaning in Place
Tom (1998) oxygen require- different oxygen levels clearly showed
Figure 3: The graph showing the specific growth ments per unit weight of that the level of oxygen saturation affects
rate (SGR) of Atlantic halibut reared at different
fish significantly decline with growth. During the second period the SGR
oxygen saturation levels
increasing individual weight. was highest at 100 percent saturation. The
In carp this reduction best FCR was obtained in the groups with
growth rate is reduced and the possibility may be expressed by the following ratios: the highest growth rate although there
of a disease attack is increased. However, yearling = 1, two-year-old carp = 0.5–0.7, was no significant difference in FCR of
fish is not able to assimilate the food marketable carp = 0.3–0.4. Significant dif- fish reared at different oxygen saturation
consumed when DO is low (Tom 1998). ferences in oxygen demand are also found levels. The growth of other species of
Overall health and physiological conditions for different species. Using a coefficient of fish is also affected by oxygen saturation
are best if the dissolved oxygen is kept 1 to express the oxygen requirement of such as tilapia (Tsadik and Kutty 1987)
closer to saturation. When the levels are common carp, the comparative values for and Atlantic salmon (Crampton et al.
lower than those mentioned above, the some other species are as follows: trout 2003, Seymour et al. 1992, Forsberg and
growth of the fish can be highly affected 2.83, peled 2.20, pike perch 1.76, roach 1.51, Bergheim 1996). The growth of Atlantic
by an increase in stress, tissue hypoxia, sturgeon 1.50, perch 1.46, bream 1.41, pike halibut and Atlantic salmon increases with
and a decrease in swimming activities and 1.10, eel 0.83, and tench 0.83. increasing saturation up to 100 percent
reduction in immunity to diseases. saturation. However, these species appear
However, there is a need to maintain Growth to be more sensitive to oxygen saturation
the level of dissolved oxygen at the There was no significant difference in than tilapia ■
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Aqua News
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