From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter usage
Twitter usage
Ever since the inception of Twitter on July 15, 2006, there had to send a tweet after each course unit with feedback
has been many notable uses for the service, in a variety to the teacher. Twitter’s simplicity and electronic data
of environments. handling required small administrative effort and turned
out to be "a useful tool for evaluating a course formative-
In Policing ly".[7]
At the University of Texas at Dallas, Twitter has been
Many police officers use Twitter to provide details on incorporated into the classroom setting of History cours-
their daily rountine and appeals for information regard- es with big groups of students. This allows more students
ing crimes they or their organisation is investigating in to express their views in the class discussions and forces
an attempt to widen the number of people being reached them to focus on the central point due to the character
by these appeals. limit.[8]
In May 2011 the innovative website tweetathief [1] According to telegraph.co.uk, Twitter is put on the
was launched, which uses numerous social networks new primary school curriculum. Children should be able
along side a Twitter app to allow people to post lost, miss- to "organise and adjust" speaking and writing skills de-
ing, found, stolen pets, people, and items. The site also al- pending on the technology being used, including using
lows police or other organisations to register and broad- "emails, messaging, wikis and twitters". During the pri-
cast appeals to information to these social networks. mary years, children should also be taught to speak,
write and broadcast using "blogs, podcasts, websites,
In legal proceedings email [and] video".[9]
In 2009, higher education faculty began using Twitter
The first criminal prosecution arising from Twitter posts to help establish social presence and just-in-time interac-
was started in April 2009. FBI agents arrested Daniel tion with students that are not bound by a learning man-
Knight Hayden, who was accused of sending threatening agement system.[10] [11]
tweets in connection with his plan to attend a Tea Party
protest in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[2]
In July 2009, Horizon Realty Group, a Chicago real es- In emergencies
tate management company, sued a former tenant, Aman- Research reported in New Scientist in May 2008[12] found
da Bonnen, for libel based on a Twitter message she sent that blogs, maps, photo sites and instant messaging sys-
to friends. Horizon contended that Bonnen defamed tems like Twitter did a better job of getting information
Horizon by posting a tweet to her friends that said, "You out during emergencies than either the traditional news
should just come anyway. Who said sleeping in a moldy media or government emergency services. The study also
apartment was bad for you? Horizon realty thinks it’s found that those using Twitter during the fires in Cal-
ok." Horizon asked for at least $50,000 for the alleged li- ifornia in October 2007 kept their followers (who were
bel.[3] The lawsuit prompted widespread comment from often friends and neighbors) informed of their where-
journalists, bloggers, and legal experts.[4] In January abouts and of the location of various fires minute by
2010, Cook County Circuit Court Judge Diane J. Larsen minute. Relief effort organizations are also using Twitter.
granted Bonnen’s motion to dismiss, stating that the The American Red Cross started using Twitter[13] to ex-
statement was "too vague" to amount to defamation.[5] change minute-to-minute information about local disas-
ters including statistics and directions.[14]
In education During the 2008 Mumbai attacks, eyewitnesses sent
an estimated 16 tweets every second. Twitter users on
The Distance College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the ground helped compile a list of the dead and injured.
China, used Twitter with native Chinese students to train In addition, users sent out vital information such as
communicative and cultural competence. Students had emergency phone numbers and the location of hospitals
to post a number of English tweets and react to the needing blood donations.[15] CNN called this "the day
tweets of their fellow students. Twitter was viewed as that social media appeared to come of age" since many
a supplement to practice different aspects of the target different groups made significant use of Twitter to gather
language in authentic environment.[6] news and coordinate responses.[15]
The University of Vienna, Austria, used Twitter as an In January 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 experienced
evaluation platform for student ratings. Every student multiple bird strikes and had to land in water in the Hud-
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter usage
son River. Janis Krums, a passenger on one of the ferries
that rushed to help, took a picture of the downed plane
In protests and politics
as passengers were still evacuating and sent it to Twitpic
before any other media arrived at the scene.[16][17] For Introduction to Twitter and politics
this he won the Shorty Award for Real-Time Photo of the The social networking site is used for a multitude of rea-
Year.[18] sons and one of them is connecting and impacting the
The Victorian Country Fire Authority in Australia public.
used Twitter to send out regular alerts and updates re- One of Twitter’s mission statements is, “At Twitter,
garding the February 2009 bushfires.[19] The then Prime we believe that the open exchange of information can
Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd used his Twitter ac- have a positive global impact.” [30] People around the
count to send out information on the fires, how to donate world have taken this idea, using the 140-character tweet
money and blood, and where to seek emergency help.[20] to spark an interest or gain attention for a cause or issue.
In April 2009, public health departments used Twitter Politicians have taken this idea and used it to influ-
to provide updates on H1N1 cases.[21] ence their followers and persuade their opponents. Most
political leaders or activists have Twitter accounts,[citation
needed] which include senators, representatives, activists,
Used to survey opinion and the President. Their tweets consist of information
During the CBC News television coverage of the Canadian about current events and where they stand on key issues.
federal election on October 14, 2008 the CBC cited tweets To get all the current tweets of politicians a good website
regarding Elizabeth May and Stéphane Dion along with is http://www.politicstweet.com/. [31]
a graph of items mentioned on Twitter as evidence that By politicians taking advantage of this social media,
people were calling for Dion to step down in response to they have opened the door for an interactive govern-
the election results.[22] ment, where people can directly make statements and
As of April 26, 2010, the Australian television program ask questions to those in government. Twitter has broad-
Q&A began showing selected tweets on screen during the ened the horizon for those who aren’t politically savvy.
live broadcast, which carried the hashtag "#qanda".[23] It allows a younger generation to get more actively in-
volved and voice their concerns directly.
In campaigning Twitter has opened up communication between civil-
ians and politicians,[citation needed] but that’s all it does. In
Twitter was used by candidates in the 2008 U.S. presi- other words, talk is cheap. It is impossible for political
dential campaign throughout the race. Democratic Party leaders to read and respond to every tweet especially
nominee Barack Obama used it for publicity.[24] The Nad- someone like President Obama who has over three milli-
er–Gonzalez campaign updated its ballot access teams in on followers. It has changed the way politicians address
real time with Twitter and Google Maps.[25] Twitter use the public and how people get their information, but not
increased by 43% on the day of the United States 2008 necessarily what action these leaders take.
election.[26] The fact that Twitter is available to basically every-
In 2009, the Republican Party in Connecticut set up one[citation needed] has enabled it to have powerful impact
33 fake Twitter accounts in the names of the Democratic on how people acquire information. Politicians used to
Party members of the state legislature.[27] The Republi- gain recognition via televisions, newspaper articles, and
cans used the accounts to send out tweets in the names of radio, but now they are entering a time where social me-
the Democrats.[27] When Twitter discovered the scheme, dia is dominant.[citation needed]
it shut down the fake accounts, quoting the applicable The social media network’s large reach around the
company policy.[27] The Hartford Courant editorialized: world has led to a change of the inner workings of poli-
"Republicans get an A for innovation, but a D for tics. Politicians are able to tweet to their followers about
ethics."[28] their points of view on important issues that can poten-
During the 2010 federal election campaign in Aus- tially affect an entire country. They are now able to reach
tralia, the New South Wales Opposition Leader Barry a larger audience, but on a smaller platform, since there
O’Farrell publicly tweeted comments about the Liberal is a 140-character limit on tweets.
party’s readiness for the election, thinking he was send-
ing a private message to a journalist.[29] Twitter and politics today
During the 13th Federal Assembly in May 2009, two mem-
bers of the German Bundestag leaked the result of the
German presidential election via Twitter before the Pres-
ident of the Bundestag officially announced Horst Köhler
as the winner. In June 2009, following the allegations
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter usage
of fraud in the Iranian presidential election, protesters Côte d’Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal and the resulting
used Twitter as a rallying tool and method of commu- Minton Report (available on Wikileaks [49]). The report-
nication with the outside world after the government ing injunction was withdrawn by Carter-Ruck the next
blocked several other modes of communica- day before The Guardian could challenge it in the High
tion.[32][33][34][35] On June 15, 2009, Twitter rescheduled Court.[50] Rusbridger credited the rapid back-down of
a planned 90-minute maintenance outage after a number Carter-Ruck to Twitter,[51] as did a BBC article;[52] the
of Twitter users and the US State Department asked Twit- Wikipedia Reference Desk also quickly figured out what
ter executives to delay the shutdown because of concerns the cryptic article referred to.[53]
about the service’s role as a primary communication Twitter came to the attention of the Canadian House
medium by the protesters in Iran.[36][37] CNN’s coverage of Commons in October 2009 when Member of Parlia-
of the conflict was criticized in tweets with the hashtag ment Ujjal Dosanjh apologized on the floor for improper-
"#CNNfail".[38] Twitter was also used to organize DDoS at- ly "tweeting about matters that ought not to have been
tacks against Iranian government websites.[39] tweeted about" during "in camera" proceedings of a par-
In August 2009, when American opponents of Presi- liamentary committee.[54][55]
dent Barack Obama’s health insurance reform proposals In October 2009, Twitter once again came to the at-
attacked the British National Health Service, thousands tention of the Canadian public when Vancouver Coun-
of NHS users took part in a Twitter campaign expressing cilor Andrea Reimer tweeted regarding the British Co-
their support for the NHS with use of the lumbia Minister of Housing and Social Development Rich
"#welovetheNHS" hashtag. The hashtag was initiated by Coleman’s weight[56] in response to provincial legislation
Irish comedy writer Graham Linehan, who said he want- proposed by Coleman to bring homeless people to shel-
ed to use a Twitter campaign "as a counterweight against ters during extreme weather.[57] Reimer posted that in-
the lies of the American right".[40] The campaign also re- stead of police bringing homeless people to shelters dur-
ceived the support of several politicians including British ing extreme weather that she was thinking of introduc-
Prime Minister Gordon Brown.[41][42][43] ing legislation to have the police bring Coleman to Jenny
New York City activist Elliot Madison used Twitter Craig, an international weight loss company, on his next
to message an order to disperse from the Pittsburgh po- visit to Vancouver.[57][58][59] Coleman responded by call-
lice during the 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh protests. Police raid- ing the comment amateurish and from a Councilor that
ed Madison’s hotel room, and one week later Madison’s "doesn’t know any better."[56] Reimer later apologized
New York home was raided by FBI agents, who conducted for the posting.[57]
a sixteen-hour search. Police claim Madison and a co-
defendant used computers and a radio scanner to track
police movements and then passed on that information
to protesters using cell phones and Twitter. Madison is
being charged with hindering apprehension or prosecu-
tion, criminal use of a communication facility, and pos-
session of instruments of crime. The FBI collected miscel-
lany such as refrigerator magnets, and a Curious George
stuffed animal, despite that the warrant issued asked for
evidence that indicated potential violations of federal ri-
oting laws. In light of the United States Department of
State’s recent public support of Twitter use in the politics
of Iran, Moldova, and Honduras, it is asked whether the Dorsey said after the Twitter Town Hall held in July 2011, that
State Department supports free speech in the United Twitter received over 110,000 tweets with #askobama.[60]
States.[44][45][46]
In October 2009, after The Guardian newspaper was In December 2009, Supreme Federal Court of Brazil
served with an injunction banning it from reporting on a became the first court in the world to display items on
parliamentary matter, it published a cryptic article with the day planner of the ministers, to inform the actions
the few details it was allowed to report. The paper that arrive daily to the Court, and the most important de-
claimed that this case appears "to call into question priv- cisions made by them on Twitter.[61]
ileges guaranteeing free speech established under the In late December 2009, the Ukrainian non-profit or-
1688 Bill of Rights".[47][48] The paper’s editor Alan Rus- ganization Interenet-Ukraine launched a project aimed
bridger credited Twitter users with taking the initiative at monitoring 2010 Ukrainian presidential election based
to provide details that the press was not allowed to print, on Twitter.[62]
namely, that the injunction was taken out by the London
solicitor Carter-Ruck on behalf of commodities trader
Trafigura, who did not want public discussion of the 2006
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter usage
In March 2010, About.com, owned by The New York
Times Company, listed the 20 top conservatives to follow
In public relations
on Twitter.[63]
On April 22, 2010, during the United Kingdom general
election, 2010, several right-wing British newspapers in-
cluding the Daily Telegraph, the Daily Mail, the Daily Ex-
press, and The Sun reported several news stories regard-
ing the leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg, in-
cluding political donations made to his private bank ac-
count,[64] and making a Nazi slur.[65] This was seen by
users on Twitter as a personal attack on Clegg on the
day that the second Prime Ministerial television debate
was to take place after he performed well in the first. In
response to the articles, Twitter users set up the hash-
tag "#nickcleggsfault", in which people made ironic com- Russian President Dmitry Medvedev opens a Twitter account
ments claiming the Clegg was to blame for everything in Twitter’s offices on 23 June 2010.
wrong in the world.[66][67] Some also criticised the Daily
Mail’s article on Clegg’s Nazi slur was based on an article In Britain the Department for Business, Innovation and
that Clegg wrote in November 2002 in which, "he criticis- Skills released a Twitter strategy document written for
es attitudes to Germany which seem stuck in the 1950s — other departments. The strategy advised the depart-
and fail to recognise how it has reinvented itself since", ments on why Twitter was used by the Government and
and made references to the Daily Mail’s support for Adolf how they could tweet and promote their doing so effec-
Hitler in the 1930s.[66][68] By midday on 22 April, the tively.[73] The ICAEW suggested that the document could
"#nickcleggsfault" was the second-most tweeted hashtag also be useful to the private sector or as a general intro-
on Twitter globally, second to Earth Day, and the most duction to Twitter.[74]
tweeted hashtag in the United Kingdom.[66] In the United States a number of environment agen-
cies and NGOs are using Twitter. At the local level, police
New Developments for Politicians on and fire departments are beginning to use Twitter to
Twitter keep the public informed of incidents.[75] Some of these
departments, such as the Los Angeles Fire Department,
On September 21, 2011 Twitter started to allow politi-
issue up to 10 tweets per day.
cians to advertise via Twitter. In an article on venture-
In October 2008, a draft U.S. Army intelligence report
beat.com, Jolie O’Dell informed the public that they will
identified Twitter as a "potential terrorist tool". The re-
be seeing a new type of Tweet, “Politically flavored Pro-
port said it "is already used by some members to post
moted Tweets will be designated by a purple icon in the
and/or support extremist ideologies and perspec-
bottom left corner of the tweet.”[69] This new feature is
tives."[76][77]
being implemented because of the importance Twitter
David Saranga of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Af-
has had in the past election in 2008 and 2010.
fairs announced on December 30, 2008, that Israel would
Twitter will be big part of the 2012 election, which
be the first government to hold a worldwide press con-
lead the company to hire of Peter Greenberg, a former
ference via Twitter to take questions from the public
Google employee who ran their political ad sales in
about the war against Hamas in Gaza.[78]
2008.[70] According to the article, “Candidates and na-
tional political committees will be able to purchase any of
Twitter’s ad products, including Promoted Tweets, Pro- In reporting dissent
moted Accounts and Promoted Trend.”[71]
On April 10, 2008, James Buck, a graduate journalism stu-
“About 85 U.S. Senators use Twitter, and 360 mem-
dent at University of California, Berkeley, and his trans-
bers of the House of Representatives also have accounts.
lator, Mohammed Maree, were arrested in Egypt for pho-
The vast majority of state governors — 42 of 50 — are on
tographing a protest against the Egyptian authority’s de-
Twitter, too. And of course, all the current major pres-
tention of protestors. On his way to the police station
idential contenders are using the microblogging ser-
Buck used his mobile phone to send the message "Arrest-
vice.”[72] In return, it makes sense that Twitter is incor-
ed" to his 48 Twitter followers. Those followers contacted
porating this into its social network.
U.C. Berkeley, the U.S. Embassy in Cairo, and a number of
press organizations on his behalf. Buck was able to send
updates about his condition to his followers while being
detained. He was released the next day from the Mahalla
jail after the college hired a lawyer for him.[79]
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter usage
On April 7, 2009, thousands of students stormed the
presidency and the parliament building in Chişinău, the
In business
capital of Moldova, accusing the government of electoral Twitter is increasingly being used as a business promo-
fraud. Information about these events was disseminated tional tool. Twitter encourages this through "Twitter
through Twitter using hashtag "#pman", from the name 101", a web-based tutorial aimed at business users.[91]
of the central square in Chişinău: Piaţa Marii Adunări For example, one of the notable business Twitter users
Naţionale.[80] Twitter was also used to mobilize the is Dell, which reported $9m of its 2009 sales coming di-
protests.[81] rectly through Twitter and Facebook combined.[92] It has
been argued that smaller businesses also benefit from us-
ing Twitter, since they can compete on equal terms with
In space mission news larger businesses within the Twitter platform.[93] In the
UK, a survey indicated that 17% of small British business-
es were using Twitter, mainly to attract new customers.
However, increased use of social networking sites has
provoked concern about privacy in the workplace, and
the protection of company data.[94][95] A survey of 1,400
chief information officers also revealed concerns about
the potential for employee distraction, if they were given
unlimited access to social networking sites such as Twit-
ter.[95]
Twitter started showing advertising to users on April
13, 2010 in the company’s first significant attempt to turn
NASA’s Space Station crew tweetup, October 21, 2009. its microblogging service into a profitable business. [96]
In February 2009, NASA won a Shorty Award for its near In fundraising
real-time status updates in 2008 of the unmanned Mars
Fundraising campaigns have been held on Twitter, where
Phoenix Lander mission.[82]
users are encouraged to tweet about and donate to a par-
In May 2009, astronaut Mike Massimino used Twitter
ticular cause for a specified period of time.[97][98] This is
to send updates during the Hubble Space Telescope re-
sometimes known as a "Tweet-a-thon", which is a port-
pair mission (STS-125), the first time Twitter was used by
manteau of the words "tweet" and "marathon".
an astronaut in space.[83][84] The STS-125 mission marked
Scott Stratten, author of UnMarketing: Stop Marketing,
another NASA/Twitter first — a post-mission tweetup
Start Engaging started the 12for12K tweet-a-thon along
held July 21, 2009, at NASA headquarters in Washington,
with Danny Brown, founder of the organization 12for12K.
D.C., attended by about 200 members of the general pub-
12for12K is an organization that combines social media
lic. The crew of STS-125 was on hand for answer ques-
and raising funds to impact and change the lives of mil-
tions.[85]
lions worldwide. It first began in 2009 and uses social
On October 21, 2009, Nicole Stott and her Expedition
media platforms to run events for different charity each
21 crewmate Jeff Williams participated in the first tweet-
month to meet their goal of $12,000 within a twelve hour
up from the International Space Station with about 35
time frame. In order to participate, one follows the #12-
members of the public at NASA headquarters.[86] This
for12K hashtag and re-tweets about the tweet-a-thon.
involved the first live Twitter connection for the astro-
For every twelve dollars donated, one is entered into a
nauts.[87] Previously, astronauts aboard the Space Shut-
raffle with varying prizes. One hundred percent of the
tle or ISS had sent the messages to Mission Control which
donation is given to the specified charity. In result, Strat-
then posted the messages via the Internet to Twitter.[88]
ten started a tweet-a-thon for the charity Share Our
In November 2009, the launch of STS-129 marked
Strength. He was able to raise $12,000 within five and
NASA’s fifth tweetup, and its first such event ever held
half hours of the twelve hour period. In the end of the
during a Shuttle launch at Kennedy Space Center in Cape
twelve hour period he was able to raise $15,500. During
Canaveral, Florida.[89] One hundred members of the gen-
the tweet-a-thon, traffic for 12for12K.org increased by
eral public, representing Morocco, New Zealand, and 21
4000%. On the website a Twitter avatar frame helped
U.S. states, in addition to the District of Columbia, attend-
bring in 3,600 followers. In 2009, 12for12K.org raised
ed the two-day event and, for a time, the "#nasatweetup"
$91,275 for Share Our Strength and several other chari-
hashtag reached #3 on Twitter’s Trending Topics.[90]
ties.[99]
In May 2010, NASA organized a tweetup for the
The UK non-profit sector used Twitter to update sup-
STS-132 Space Shuttle Atlantis mission to the Interna-
porters and potential donors when user BigDaveSB used
tional Space Station.
hashtag "#charitytuesday", for which he later shared in
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter usage
a Justgiving Award 2010 for innovative fundraising, using CNN Breaking News, E! Online, Perez Hilton, and People
Twitter to keep supporters up to date with regard to Magazine are a few entertainment news outlets that have
progress in a charity jailbreak.[100][101] millions of Twitter followers.[113] In June 2010, 24-year-
Sue Black and others have used Twitter and other so- old actress Amanda Bynes shocked the entertainment
cial media to raise the profile and funding for Bletchley industry by announcing her retirement via twitter. She
Park.[102] tweeted "I don’t love acting anymore so I’ve stopped do-
In June 2010, Onlineshoes.com and Saucony collab- ing it." However, a month later, Bynes announced to her
orated to raise awareness and funds for childhood obe- followers that she had "unretired." Various news sources
sity through a tweet-a-thon. For every tweet, Onli- reported on this story, breaking the news directly from
neshoes.com donated a dollar to Saucony’s "Run for the actress’s Twitter page.[114] During the 83rd Academy
Good" program, a grant program for encouraging active Awards there were 1,269,970 tweets related to the
and healthy lifestyles for children.[103] event.[115]
In news reporting In television
In September 2010 Twitter was a key stream of communi- Twitter is used by TV operators and broadcasters to try
cation by the media inside a Connecticut courtroom dur- to encourage viewers to get involved. This can take the
ing the Cheshire, Connecticut, home invasion murders form of on-screen hashtags, having celebrities tweet
trial.[104] while a show airs, or contests around a TV show. Notable
While video cameras were not allowed, Connecticut examples include Comedy Central using Twitter hashtags
State Supreme Court Judge Jon C. Blue allowed electronic during the Comedy Awards [116] and BBC QuestionTime
devices for text transmission during the Stephen Hayes encouraging political debate. the During the 2011 Oscars,
trial.[105] Hayes was convicted of the murders of Jennifer there were over 10,000 tweets per minute- with the event
Hawke-Petit and her daughters Hayley and Michaela and racking up 1.8 million tweets overall.[117] During the 2011
sentenced to death. His alleged accomplice, Joshua Super Bowl, tweets peaked at 4,000 per second. In the UK,
Komisarjevsky, is scheduled to stand trial for the mur- daily television shows also receive attention on Twitter,
ders in February 2011.[106][107] although the levels of activity is lower than a major TV
While a few news organizations in other parts of the event like the Oscars.[118]
country have live blogged for years, this was the first However, it is unclear if integrating Twitter-based
high profile case in Connecticut[108] in which Twitter strategies into broadcasting impacts TV ratings.[119]
played an important role in keeping those interested in
the court proceedings updated with information from
the courtroom with the use of Twitter.[109]
In art
A second notable example was news organisations - British artist James Robert Ford started a Twitter-specific
including ABC News, CNN, BBC, ITV, BSkyB - using Twit- art project in 2009 entitled A Tweet a Day. He tweets one
ter during the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Kate word a day from Tove Jansson’s The Moomin Who Believed
Middleton in April 2011. ABC News’ Tweet tracker was in Disasters via Twitter user account @JamesRFord. The
shown on screen, wwith total Tweets about the royal story recital is expected to finish in 2021. According to
wedding as well as Tweets per minute.[110] Ford, retelling of a child’s short story through the mi-
A Pew Research study indicated, however, that the croblogging service Twitter emphasises the distribution
vast majority of news outlets (93%) use Twitter as a and delocation of experience.[120]
means of promoting their sites vs sharing other relevant
news and stories.[111]
For pranks
American Duke basketball player Jon Scheyer played a
In entertainment news report- prank after his team won the 2010 NCAA basketball
ing championship in April 2010. He tweeted his more than
6,700 Twitter followers to call him on a fake phone num-
Twitter is also used by many celebrities and others in the ber,[121][122] which belonged to his former high school
entertainment industry (news magazines, journalists, en- teammate Zach Kelly.[121][122] For example, Sports Illus-
tertainment news shows, etc...) as a way to personally trated was taken in by the ruse.[123] After Kelly had re-
connect with fans, promote projects, and break news. ceived more than 2,000 text messages and several hun-
Celebrity tweets are often subjects of headline news and dred calls, Scheyer tweeted his fans to stop texting and
sometimes used by the mainstream media and several calling his friend.[122]
news outlets as a primary source for confirming informa- In 2010, a rumor spread via Twitter that teen celebri-
tion pertaining to a particular story about a celebrity.[112] ty Justin Bieber had died.[124] Hashtag "#JustinBieber" re-
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Twitter usage
mained a Trending Topic for many months until Twitter [8] "Twitter in the Classroom".
changed their formula to show newer topics more promi- http://twitterforteachers.wetpaint.com/page/
nently; however this resulted in fans creating new hash- Twitter+in+the+Classroom.
tags to get around the solution.[125] [9] Graeme Paton (March 26, 2009). "Twitter is put on
new primary school curriculum". The Daily
Oldest user Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
technology/twitter/5050261/Twitter-is-put-on-
At the age of 104, Ivy Bean of Bradford, England was the new-primary-school-curriculum.html.
oldest user of the website.[126] She quickly became more [10] Dunlap, J. C.; Lowenthal, P. R. (2009). "Horton hears
widely known, and several fan pages were made in her a tweet". EDUCAUSE Quarterly 32 (4).
honour. She visited Prime Minister Gordon Brown and http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Quarterly/
his wife Sarah in Downing Street early in 2010.[127] At the EDUCAUSEQuarterlyMagazineVolum/
time of her death, she had 4,962 friends on Facebook and HortonHearsaTweet/192955.
more than 56,000 followers on Twitter. Her death was [11] Dunlap, J. C.; Lowenthal, P. R. (2009). "Tweeting the
widely reported in the media and she received tributes night away: Using Twitter to enhance social
from several notable media personalities.[128] presence". Journal of Information Systems Education
20 (2): 129–136.
See also [12] Palmer, Jason (May 2, 2008). "Emergency 2.0 is
coming to a website near you". New Scientist.
• 2011 CDC warning about zombie apocalypse http://www.newscientist.com/article/
mg19826545.900-emergency-20-is-coming-to-a-
References website-near-you.html. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
[13] "American Red Cross". Twitter.
[1] tweetathief url=http://www.tweetathief.com http://twitter.com/RedCross. Retrieved April 8,
[2] Poulsen, Kevin (April 24, 2009). "FBI Arrests 2009.
Oklahoma Teabagger For Twitter Threats". Wired [14] Bloxham, Andy (December 20, 2008). "Facebook
News. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/ ’more effective than emergency services in a
04/twitterraid/. Retrieved April 25, 2009. disaster". The Daily Telegraph (London).
[3] "Defamation lawsuit for US tweeter". BBC News. July http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1914750/
29, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/ Facebook--more-effective-than-emergency-
8173731.stm. Retrieved July 29, 2009. services-in-a-disaster.html. Retrieved December
[4] Meyerson, Ben; Wang, Andrew (July 29, 2009). 20, 2008.
"Tweet lawsuit: Chicago Landlord sues ex-tenant [15] ^ Busari, Stephanie (November 27, 2008).
over tweet complaining about apartment". Chicago "Tweeting the terror: How social media reacted to
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