The Kannada language
Brief account of it’s origin .development ,status and it’s usage .
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•Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ Kannaḍa) is one of the major
Dravidian languages of India
•Native speakers are called Kannadigas (ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು
Kannadigaru), number roughly 38 million,
making it the 27th most spoken language in the
world.
•It is one of the official languages of
India and the official and administrative
language of the state of Karnataka.
•Ministry of Culture, the Government of
India has officially recognized Kannada
as a classical language.
•Kannada is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st
millennium CE, and literary Old Kannada flourished in
the 9th to 10th century Rashtrakuta Dynasty.
•Contemporary Kannada literature is the most successful
in India, with India's highest literary honor, the Jnanpith
awards, having been conferred seven times upon Kannada
writers, which is the highest for any language in India
The 6th Century Kannada inscriptions at Badami
•The initial development of the Kannada language
is similar to that of other Dravidian languages and
independent of Sanskrit.
•During later centuries, Kannada, along with
other Dravidian languages like Telugu, Tamil,
Malayalam, etc., has been greatly influenced by
Sanskrit in terms of vocabulary, grammar and
literary styles
•Pre-old Kannada (Purava HaleGannada or) was the
language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the
Satavahana and Kadamba periods and hence has a history
of over 2000 years. The Ashoka rock edict found at
Brahmagiri (dated to 230 BC) has been suggested to
contain a word in identifiable Kannada.
•Mostly Jain and Saivite poets produced works in this
period.
Old Kannada inscriptions at Arasikere
Halmidi_Old Kannada_inscription
Old Kannada Inscription at Kukunoor
•Written tradition of Kannada begins in the 5th to 6th
century CE. The earliest examples, resembling those of
Tamil, in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) script can be found
in the Halmidi inscription, dated 450 CE
•The 5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga
and the Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 CE are further
examples.
•Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language
have been discovered so far.
•From the ninth to fourteenth centuries CE, Kannada
works were classified under Old Kannada (Halegannada).
1. In the period between the fourteenth and eighteenth
centuries CE, Brahmanical Hinduism had a great
influence on Middle Kannada (Nadugannada)
language and literature. Non-Brahmin Hindu saints
produced devotional poems in this period.
2. This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya which
made rich contributions to bhakti literature and sowed
the seeds of Carnatic music.
•The Kannada works produced by the end of the
nineteenth century and later are classified as
Hosagannada or Modern Kannada.
•Most notable among them are the poet Muddana's works.
His works may be described as the "Dawn of Modern
Kannada".
•The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters,
divided into three groups: Swaragalu (vowels -
thirteen letters); Yogavaahagalu ( Not vowel, Not
Consonant, two letters, ಄ಂ and ಄ಃ); and
Vyanjanagalu (Consonants - thirty-four letters),
similar to the vowels and consonants of English,
respectively.
•The Kannada script is almost perfectly phonetic,
but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a
half m). The number of written symbols, however,
is far more than the forty-nine characters in the
alphabet, because different characters can be
combined to form compound characters
(vattaksharas)
The Kannada alphabet
Kannada (Kanarese or Canarese) script is derived from the Old
Kannda script. Old Kannada script is the continuation of the
Kadamba script involved during 10th century CE, used to write
the Kannada and Telugu languages, called as Kannada-Telugu
script. Modern scripts of Kannada and Telugu started to
separate as early as the 13th century CE (During 1100 CE - 1400
CE).
The Kadamba script is evolved from the Brahmi script (during
5th century CE).
Shravanabelagola_Chandragiri
Each sound has its own distinct letter, and
therefore every word is pronounced exactly as it is
spelt; so the ear is a sufficient guide. After the
exact sounds of the letters have been once gained,
every word can be pronounced with perfect
accuracy. The accent falls on the first syllable
Grammar
The first authoritative known book on Kannada grammar is
Shabdhamanidarpana by Keshiraaja.
The first available Kannada book is a treatise on poetry
Kaviraja Maarga.
The variations of dialects are several. Janapadas of
Soliga, Badaga and other tribes of Karnataka
having rich contribution to Kannada literature
have their own style.
Various districts of Kannada have mixed
variations of dialects like Dharwad Kannada,
Sankethi, Havigannada, Are Bhashe, Mysooru
Kannada, Kundagannada etc.
Kannada is mainly spoken in Karnataka in India,
and to a good extent in the neighbouring states of
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala and Goa, as well as in sizeable communities
in the USA, Europe, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Middle
Eastern countries, Canada, Malaysia, Australia,
the UK, and Singapore.
The official and administrative software is Nudi .
The user friendly and commonly used software is
Baraha
The other softwares include Shri lipi etc
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