1) Overview of conventional methods of electrical power generation: 1
- Introduction. 1
- Relevant definitions. 1
- Boilers. 3
- Steam turbines. 5
- Gas turbines. 8
- Combined cycle. 9
- Hydraulic turbines. 9
- Nuclear electric power generation. 10
2) Overview of renewable energy resources: 12
- Introduction. 12
- Solar energy: 12
1. Parabolic trough.
2. Central receiver (power tower).
3. Dish engine system.
4. Photovoltaic systems.
5. Ocean thermal energy conversion.
6. Solar ponds.
- Wind as a source of energy. 15
- Energy from biomass including landfill gas & anaerobic
digestion. 16
- Geothermal energy. 17
- Wave & tidal energies. 18
3) Transmission lines: 19
- Introduction. 19
- Mechanical & electrical aspects of transmission lines: 19
1. Stringing charts.
2. Installation of towers.
3. Insulators.
4. Vibration & dampening.
5. Resistance, inductance & capacitance. 23
6. Corona losses.
7. Voltage distribution over a string of insulators.
- Losses in transmission lines: 25
1. Induction losses.
2. Leakage losses.
3. Shunt losses.
4. Corona (partial discharge).
5. Copper (resistive) losses.
4) Underground cables: 28
- Classification of cables. 28
- Insulation of cables. 29
- Electrical characteristics of cables: 32
1. Insulation resistance of single core cables.
2. Stress & capacitance of single core cables.
3. Power factor of single core cables.
4. Electrical characteristics of conductors (cable’s cores).
- Secondary (low voltage) cables: 33
1. Production tests.
- Types of primary cable: 34
1. Production tests.
- Manholes 35
- Sizing & Temperature limits of cables: 36
1. Empirical formula.
2. The use of finite element method.
- Relevant definitions. 38
- Useful data: 39
1. Mechanical strength of certain metals. 39
2. Electrical resistivity of certain metals. 40
3. Properties of certain insulating materials. 40
5) Accessories used in underground distribution systems: 41
- Bridges for measurement of R, L, C & tan δ 41
1. Wheatstone bridge.
2. Maxwell’s inductance bridge.
3. Wien’s & Schering’s capacitance bridges.
- Accessories: 43
1. Cable terminations 43
2. Cable splices. 44
3. Elbows (separable connectors). 44
a. Design tests.
4. Faulted circuit indicators. 45
5. Fault location equipment: 46
a. Murray loop method.
b. Fall of potential test.
c. Charge & discharge test.
d. Induction/thumping method.
e. Impulse wave echo (cable radar) method.
f. Arc reflection.
6. Route tracing. 47
7. Cable test van. 48
6) Distribution transformers: 49
- Theoretical background: 49
1. Faraday’s law of induction.
2. Kirchoff’s mesh law.
3. Ampere’s circuital law of magnetic field.
4. Biot-Savart’s law of force on a current carrying conductor
in a magnetic field.
5. Force between 2 nearby current carrying conductors.
6. The equivalent circuit of a single- phase transformer.
7. Winding connection of 3-phase transformers.
- Physical properties of transformers: 53
1. Amorphous metals.
2. Types of cores.
3. Insulating oil.
4. The coils.
- Ratings & protection of distribution transformers. 58
- Losses in transformers & underground cables. 59
- Useful data & tables: 61
1. Typical impedance values of distribution transformers:61
a. Single- phase transformers. 61
b. Three- phase transformers. 62
2. Ratings & test values of distribution transformers: 62
a. Preferred voltages for 3 phase transformers. 62
b. Audible sound levels. 63
c. Short circuit capability. 63
d. Electrical characteristics of outdoor transformer
bushings. 63
e. Dielectric test values. 63
f. Induced voltage test. 64
3. Typical dimensions for a 125 KV BIL low profile single-
phase pad mounted transformer. 64
4. Typical dimensions for 3-phase 15 KV pad mounted
transformers (loop): 64
a. 75 to 300 KVA pad mounted transformers,
complete unit with fusing.
b. 75 to 300 KVA pad mounted transformers, unit
without fusing.
5. Typical dimensions for 3-phase 27.6 KV pad mounted
transformers (loop & radial feed): 64
a. Loop type padmounted transformer, complete unit
i.e. with sectionalizing switch and fuses (75 KVA to
1500 KVA).
b. Loop type padmounted transformer, unit with fuses
only, i.e. without the sectionalizing switch (75 KVA
to 1500 KVA).
c. Loop type padmounted transformer, unit without
neither the sectionalizing switch nor fusing (75
KVA to 1500 KVA).
d. Radial type padmounted transformer (75 to 300
KVA), complete unit, i.e. unit with fuses.
e. Radial type padmounted transformer (75 to 300
KVA), unit without fusing.
f. Radial type padmounted transformer (500 & 750
KVA), complete unit, i.e. unit with load break
switch & fuses.
g. Radial type padmounted transformer (500 & 750
KVA), unit with fuses only.
h. Radial type padmounted transformer (500 & 2500
KVA), unit with neither fusing nor switches
(transformer protection is provided externally, on
the poles, walls of vault or pad mounted
switchgear).
6. Typical dimensions for liquid filled transformers with
voltages of primary windings equal 5, 15, 25 & 34.5 KV
(600 to 5000 KVA rating). 66
7. Typical dimensions for dry type transformers with voltages
of primary windings equal 5, 15, 25 & 34.5 KV (300 to
3000 KVA rating): 67
a. Dimensions of core & core assembly rated for
150oC rise (class 220).
b. Dimensions of core & core assembly rated for 80oC
rise (class 150).
c. Enclosures of dry type transformers.
7) Pad mounted switchgear: 69
- Introduction to pad-mounted switchgear. 69
- The different types of pad-mounted switchgears: 69
1. Air-insulated. 69
2. Liquid insulated: 71
a. Ester-based dielectric fluid.
b. High molecular weight hydrocarbon (HMWH)
dielectric coolant.
c. Oil sectionalizing load break switches.
d. Fusing.
3. Gas-insulated: 74
a. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) properties.
b. Breaking techniques of SF6 interrupters.
c. Arc quenching in vacuum.
d. Arc interruption in oil.
e. Arc interruption in air.
f. A brief description of major components of SF6
insulated switchgear.
4. Solid dielectric insulated: 77
- Remote operation. 78
- Standards & testing: 78
1. ANSI C37.71.
2. ANSI C37.73.
- The pad & pad boxes: 80
1. Concrete pads.
2. Box pads.
- Useful tables: 81
1. Applicable standards. 81
2. Typical ratings & dimensions of air-insulated pad-mounted
switchgear. 82
3. Typical ratings & dimensions of oil-insulated pad-mounted
switchgear. 86
4. Typical ratings & dimensions of SF6-insulated pad-
mounted switchgear with vacuum interrupters. 88