From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Bay Area
Aerial view of the Bay Area facing east from Golden Gate.
Common name: San Francisco Bay Area or Bay Area and San Francisco is the 53rd largest urban area in the
Largest city San Jose world.
The Bay Area is anchored by three major cities. San
Other cities see category
Francisco is the cultural and financial center of the met-
Population ropolitan area and Northern California, and is famous
for its iconic skyline, steep hills, cable cars and historic
- Total 7.15 million[1]
streetcars, Fisherman’s Wharf, and the Golden Gate
- Density 1023.76/sq. mi. Bridge. It is the second-most densely populated major
395.29/km² city (population greater than 200,000) in the United
Area 6,984 sq. mi. States. The largest city in the Bay Area in land area and
18,088 km² population is San Jose, which is located in the South Bay
and is part of the world renowned technology hub known
State(s) California
as Silicon Valley. Oakland, the third most populous city,
Elevation is a central hub for the East Bay, major industrial center
- Highest point Mount Hamilton
and contains the Port of Oakland, the fifth busiest inter-
4,360 feet (1,329 m) modal container port in the United States. The region’s
northern counties encompass California’s famous Wine
- Lowest point Alviso
Country, home to hundreds of vineyards and wineries
-10 feet (-3 m)
while the region’s Pacific Ocean coastline hosts numer-
ous beaches.
Area,
The San Francisco Bay Area commonly known as the
The nine-county definition of the San Francisco Bay
Area,
Bay Area is a populated region that surrounds the San
Area is not recognized by the United States Census
Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California.
Bureau; rather, they define a larger 11-county Combined
The region encompasses metropolitan areas of San Fran-
Statistical Area (CSA) designated the San Jose-San
cisco, Oakland, Jose,
cisco, Oakland, and San Jose, along with smaller urban
Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA, including Santa Cruz and San
and rural areas.[2] The Bay Area’s nine counties are
Benito counties to the south; counties that do not have a
Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San
border on the San Francisco Bay. This larger CSA contains
Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma.[2][3] Home to
7.46 million people—the sixth-largest CSA in the U.S.[4]
approximately 7.15 million people,[1] the nine-county
The San Francisco Bay Area is renowned for its nat-
Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and asso-
ural beauty, liberal politics, and diversity.[5][6] The area
ciated regional, state, and national parks, connected by
is affluent; it includes the five highest California counties
a network of roads, highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels
by per capita income and two of the top 25 wealthiest
and commuter rail. The combined urban area of San Jose
counties in the United States.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Sub-regions North Bay
Main article: North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
East Bay
Main article: East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and
Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East BayBay.
The East Bay can be loosely divided into two regions,
the inner East Bay, which adjoins the Bay shoreline, and
the outer East Bay, consisting of inland valleys separated
from the inner East Bay by hills and mountains.
• The inner East Bay includes the western portions of
Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, including the
cities of Oakland, Hayward, Fremont, Berkeley, and
Richmond, as well as many smaller suburbs such as
Alameda, Castro Valley, Newark, Union City, Napa Valley is most famous for its wine.
Emeryville, Albany, San Leandro, San Pablo,
Crockett, El Sobrante, Pinole, San Lorenzo, Hercules, The region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known
Rodeo, Piedmont, and El Cerrito. The inner East Bay Bay.
locally as the North Bay This area encompasses Marin
is more densely populated, with generally older County, Sonoma County, Napa County and extends east-
buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. ward into Solano County. The city of Fairfield, being part
This region contains the Bay Area’s largest seaport, of Solano County, is often considered the eastern most
the Port of Oakland, the headquarters of Pixar city of the North Bay, though due to a stronger cultural
Animation Studios, and hosts the professional sports and socioeconomic similarity to many East Bay cities, it is
franchises the Golden State Warriors, Oakland also often considered the northern most city of the East
Raiders, and Oakland Athletics. Bay.
• The outer East Bay consists of the eastern portions of With few exceptions, this region is quite affluent:
Alameda and Contra Costa counties and is divided Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The
into 5 distinct areas: Lamorinda, Central Contra North Bay is comparatively rural to the remainder of the
Costa County, East Contra Costa County, the San Bay Area, with many areas of undeveloped open space,
Ramon Valley, and the Livermore-Amador Valley. farmland and vineyards. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is
The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the the North Bay’s largest city, with a population of 167,815
names of the cities it includes: Lafayette, Moraga, and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891,
and Orinda. Walnut Creek is situated east of making it the fifth largest city in the San Francisco Bay
Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, Area.
together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill The North Bay is the only section of the Bay Area that
comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The
Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the lack of transportation services is mainly because of the
unincorporated areas surrounding them comprise lack of population mass in the North Bay, and the fact
East Contra Costa County. The cities of Dublin, that it is separated completely from the rest of the Bay
Pleasanton, Livermore, comprise the Livermore- Area by water, the only access points being the Golden
Amador Valley (sometimes joined with the San Gate Bridge leading to San Francisco, the Richmond-San
Ramon Valley and called the Tri-Valley), or more Rafael and Carquinez Bridges leading to Richmond, and
popularly referred to as the Livermore Valley the Benicia-Martinez Bridge leading to Martinez.
because Livermore is the largest city in the valley.
The San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Peninsula
Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon to the south. Main article: San Francisco Peninsula
The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay
(East/West) by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and
State Routes State Route 4 to the north, and State
Route 24 via the Caldecott Tunnel in the center. The View of Colma, California, looking down from San Bruno Moun-
outer East Bay’s infrastructure was mostly built up tain
after World War II. This area remains largely white
demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geo-
populations have grown significantly over the past graphically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known
2–3 decades. locally as The Peninsula. This area consists of a series of
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
cities and suburban communities in San Mateo County
and the northwestern part of Santa Clara County, as well
as various towns along the Pacific coast, such as Pacifica
and Half Moon Bay. This area is extremely diverse, al- A panorama over Downtown San Jose
though it contains significant populations of affluent
family households with the exception of East Palo Alto The communities at the southern region of the San Fran-
and some parts of Redwood City. Many of the cities and cisco Bay Area are primarily located in what is known as
towns had originally been centers of rural life until the Silicon Valley, or the Santa Clara Valley. These include
post-World War II era when large numbers of middle and the major city of San Jose, and its suburbs, including the
upper class Bay Area residents moved in and developed high-tech hubs of Santa Clara, Milpitas, Cupertino, Sun-
the small villages. Since the 1980s the area has seen a nyvale as well as many other cities like Saratoga, Camp-
large growth rate of middle and upper class families who bell, Los Gatos and the exurbs of Morgan Hill and Gilroy.
have settled in cities like Palo Alto, Woodside, Portola Some Peninsula and East Bay towns are sometimes rec-
Valley, and Atherton as part of the technology boom of ognized as being in the Santa Clara Valley. Generally,
Silicon Valley. Many of these families are of foreign back- the term South Bay refers to Santa Clara County, but the
ground and have significantly contributed to the diversi- northwest portion of the county (Palo Alto, Mountain
ty of the area. The Peninsula is also home to what used to View, Los Altos and Los Altos Hills) is considered part of
be one of the deadliest cities in the United States, East Pa- the Peninsula (even though these cities are in Santa Clara
lo Alto. Peninsula cities include: Atherton, Belmont, Bris- County).
bane, Burlingame, Colma, Daly City, East Palo Alto, Foster Silicon Valley was primarily an agricultural center
City, Half Moon Bay, Hillsborough, Los Altos, Los Altos from the time of California’s founding until World War II.
Hills, Menlo Park, Millbrae, Mountain View, Palo Alto, During and after the war, working and middle class fam-
Pacifica, Portola Valley, Redwood City, Redwood Shores, ilies migrated to the area to settle and work in the bur-
San Bruno, San Carlos, San Mateo, South San Francisco geoning aerospace and electronics industries. The South
and Woodside. Bay Area experienced rapid growth as agriculture was
Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the gradually replaced by high-technology. During this pe-
entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local riod, the Santa Clara Valley gradually became an urban-
terms, The Peninsula does not include the city of San Fran- ized metropolitan region. Today, the growth continues,
cisco itself. fueled primarily by technology jobs, the weather, and im-
migrant labor. Urbanization is gradually replacing sub-
San Francisco urbanization as the population density of the valley in-
Main article: San Francisco creases. This trend has resulted in a huge increase in
property values, forcing many middle class families out
of the area or into lower income neighborhoods in older
sections of the region. The Santa Clara Valley also came
to be known as Silicon Valley, as the area became the
San Francisco panorama from Twin Peaks. premier technology center of the United States. Some
notable tech companies headquartered in the South Bay
San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides; the are AMD, Adobe, BROCADE, Intel, Cisco Systems, Hewlett-
north, east, and west. The city squeezes approximately Packard, Apple, Google, eBay, Facebook and Yahoo!.
805,000 people in under 46.9 square miles (121 km2), Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San
making it the second most densely populated major city Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical
in North America after New York City.[7] On any given Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires
day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city in the United States per capita.[8]
because of the commuting population and tourism. San The population of the entire valley is part of the San
Francisco also has the largest commuter population of Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area, which has
the Bay Area cities. The limitations of land area, howev- over 2 million residents. San Jose, the largest city in the
er, make continued population growth challenging, and Silicon Valley area, is the tenth most populous city in the
also has resulted in increased real estate prices. Though United States and the most populous city in the Bay Area.
San Francisco is located at the tip of the peninsula, when San Jose is the oldest city in California and was its first
the peninsula is discussed, it usually refers to the commu- capital. The city prides itself on being an environmen-
nities and geographic locations south of the city proper. tally conscious city. It recycles a greater percentage of
its waste than any other large American city. Over the
San Jose and Silicon Valley past several decades, the South Bay Area has experienced
Main article: South Bay (San Francisco Bay Area) rapid growth. To try and limit the effects of urban sprawl,
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
planned communities were laid out to control growth. ments. Local media in the San Francisco Bay Area and
Urban growth boundaries have been established to pro- travel guides often consider these two counties as part of
tect remaining open space (primarily in the surrounding the South Bay subregion.[13][14][15][16][17]
hills and southern border) from development. Most new
growth has been urban infill in the form of high densi-
ty housing to increase density rate. The growth rate has
Economy
slowed, but the area continues to have steady growth. In 2009 the San Francisco Bay Area had a GDP of $487
San Jose and the South Bay have a Mediterranean billion, the second largest in California and one of the
Climate. The South Bay hosts many outdoor events largest in the United States.[18]
throughout the year as a result, including concerts, The Silicon Valley is located within the southern
sporting events, and other outdoor activities. San Jose is reaches of the Bay Area. The leading high technology
home to many sports teams both amateur and profes- region in the world, Silicon Valley covers San Jose and
sional, such as the San Jose Sharks of the NHL, and the several cities of South Bay. The Valley is home to many
San Jose Earthquakes of the MLS. of the industry leaders in technology such as Google,
The South Bay has a large transportation infrastruc- Yahoo!, Facebook, Cisco, Apple, Oracle, Marvell and
ture that includes many freeways, VTA bus service and Hewlett-Packard. Major corporations in San Francisco,
light rail, Amtrak, and commuter rail such as Caltrain. San Jose, Oakland, and the surrounding cities help make
The San Jose International Airport serves air traffic in the the region second in the nation in concentration of For-
South Bay Area and is conveniently located just north of tune 500 companies, after New York.[19] The region’s
downtown in the center of Silicon Valley. The height of northern counties encompass California’s famous Wine
buildings in Downtown is limited (due to FAA regulations Country, home to hundreds of vineyards and wineries.
and city ordinance) because it is situated directly under The Bay Area is a leader in sustainable agriculture, organ-
the flight path. The South Bay is poised to have a more ic farming, and sustainable energy and for being a lead-
efficient transportation network with the extension of ing producer of high quality food, wine, and innovation
the BART system to San Jose, which would allow elevat- in the culinary arts. The area is renowned for its natural
ed/subway travel into San Francisco. San Jose will also be beauty. It is also known as being one of the most expen-
a major stop on the proposed California High-Speed Rail sive regions to live in the country.[5][20]
system.[9][10] Oakland, on the east side of the bay, has the fifth
largest container shipping port in the United States. The
Santa Cruz and San Benito city is also a major rail terminus.[21]
Main articles: Santa Cruz County, California and San Ben-
ito County, California Demographics
Whether Santa Cruz and San Benito counties are con-
sidered part of the San Francisco Bay Area depends on Historical populations
the observer. For example, the regional governments in Census Pop. %±
the San Francisco Bay Area, including the Association 1860 114,074 —
of Bay Area Governments, the Metropolitan Transporta- 1870 265,808 133.0%
tion Commission, the Bay Area Air Quality Management 1880 422,128 58.8%
District, and the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quali-
1890 547,618 29.7%
ty Control Board include only the nine counties above in
1900 658,111 20.2%
their boundaries or membership. (The BAAQMD includes
all of the nine counties except the northern portions of 1910 925,708 40.7%
Sonoma and Solano; the RWQCB includes all of San Fran- 1920 1,182,911 27.8%
cisco and the portions of the other eight counties that 1930 1,578,009 33.4%
drain to San Francisco Bay or to the Pacific Ocean.)[11] 1940 1,734,308 9.9%
However, the United States Census Bureau defines the 1950 2,681,322 54.6%
San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Consolidated Statistical
1960 3,638,939 35.7%
Area as an eleven-county region, including the nine
counties above plus Santa Cruz and San Benito Counties. 1970 4,628,199 27.2%
Meanwhile, the California State Parks Department de- 1980 5,179,784 11.9%
fines the Bay Area as including ten counties,[12] including 1990 6,023,577 16.3%
Santa Cruz but excluding San Benito. On the other hand, 2000 6,783,760 12.6%
Santa Cruz and San Benito along with Monterey County 2010 7,150,739 5.4%
are part of a different regional government organization
Note: 9 County Population Totals
called the Association of Monterey Bay Area Govern-
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Presidential election results
Year Democrat Republican
2008 73.8% 2,172,411 24.4% 717,989
2004 69.2% 1,926,726 29.3% 815,225
2000 64.1% 1,607,695 30.0% 751,832
1996 60.5% 1,417,511 28.3% 662,263
1992 56.2% 1,476,971 25.0% 658,202
1988 57.8% 1,338,533 40.8% 945,802
1984 50.8% 1,157,855 47.9% 1,090,115
1980 40.7% 827,309 44.4% 904,100
1976 49.9% 950,055 45.8% 872,920
1972 48.2% 990,560 49.1 1,007,615
1968 50.8% 890,650 41.3% 725,304
1964 65.7% 1,116,215 34.1% 579,528
1960 52.0% 820,860 47.6% 751,719
According to the 2010 United States Census, the popula- A study a Capgemini indicates that in 2009, 4.5% of
tion was 7.15 million in the nine counties bordering the all households within the San Francisco-Oakland and San
San Francisco Bay.[1] In 2010 the racial makeup of the Jose metropolitan areas held $1 million in investable as-
nine-county Bay Area was 52.5% White including white sets, placing the region No. 1 in the United States (Metro
Hispanic, 6.7% non-Hispanic African American, 0.7% Na- New York City placed second at 4.3%).[25]
tive American, 23.3% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 10.8% As of 2007, there were approximately 80 public com-
from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. The panies with annual revenues of over $1 billion a year,
population was 23.5% Hispanic or Latino of any and 5–10 more private companies. Nearly 2/3 of these
race.[22][1] are in the Silicon Valley section of the Bay Area. Accord-
In 2007 the population density was 1,057 people per ing to the May 2010 Fortune Magazine analysis of the
square mile. There were 2,499,702 housing units with an US "Fortune 500" companies, the combined San Jose-San
average family size of 3.3. Of the 2,499,702 households, Francisco-Oakland metropolitan region ranks second (af-
approximately one-third were renter occupied housing ter metro New York City and before Chicago) with 30
units, while two-thirds were owner occupied housing companies (May 2011, Fortune Magazine).[26]
units. 12.7% had a female householder with no husband
present, 11.6% of households had someone 65 years of
age or older, and 27.4% of households were non-fami-
Politics
lies.[1] The San Francisco Bay Area is widely regarded as one
The San Francisco Bay Area is one of the wealthiest of the most liberal areas in the country. According to
regions in the U.S, due, primarily, to the economic power the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI), congressional dis-
engines of San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose. Pleasan- tricts the Bay Area tends to favor Democratic candidates
ton has the second highest household income in the by roughly 40 to 50 percentage points, considerably
country after New Canaan, CT. However, discretionary above the mean for California and the nation overall. All
income is very comparable with the rest of the country, congressional districts in the region voted for Democ-
primarily because the higher cost of living offsets the in- rat Barack Obama over Republican John McCain in the
creased income.[23] 2008 Presidential Election. Over the last four and a half
Forty-seven Bay Area residents made the Forbes mag- decades the 9-county Bay Area voted for Republican can-
azine’s 400 richest Americans list, published in 2007.[24] didates only twice, once in 1972 for Richard Nixon and
Thirteen live within San Francisco proper, placing it sev- again in 1980 for Ronald Reagan, both Californians. The
enth among cities in the world. Among the forty-two last county to vote for a Republican Presidential candi-
were several well-known names such as Steve Jobs, Ge- date was Napa county in 1988 for George H. W. Bush.
orge Lucas, and Charles Schwab. The highest-ranking During the Base Realignment and Closures (BRACs) of the
resident is Larry Ellison of Oracle at No. 4. He is worth 1990s, almost all the military installations in the region
$19.5 billion. were closed.[29][30] The only remaining major active du-
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
District Location Cook % for Oba- Median House- Per Capita
PVI ma, 28] 28]
hold Income[28] Income[28]
27]
2008[27]
&066th Marin County and southern Sonoma County D 76.0% $59,115 $33,036
district +23
&077th Richmond, Vallejo, Vacaville, and Pittsburg D 71.7% $52,778 $22,016
district +19
&088th City and County of San Francisco D 85.4% $52,322 $34,552
district +35
&099th Oakland, Berkeley and Piedmont D 88.1% $44,314 $25,201
district +37
&1010th Fairfield, Livermore, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek, Concord, D 64.9% $65,245 $31,093
district and El Cerrito +11
&1111th Parts of Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties R 53.8% $61,996 $28,420
district including Morgan Hill, Pleasanton, and San Ramon +01
&1212th San Francisco Peninsula including most of San Mateo D 74.3% $70,307 $34,448
district County +23
&1313th Much of the East Bay, including Fremont, Union City and D 74.4% $62,415 $26,076
district Hayward +22
&1414th Silicon Valley, including Redwood City, Mountain View, D 73.0% $77,985 $43,063
district Sunnyvale, Palo Alto and Santa Cruz +21
&1515th City of San Jose (western areas) D 68.4% $74,947 $32,617
district +15
&1616th San Jose, Morgan Hill D 69.6% $67,689 $25,064
district +16
Median Districts: 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, D 73% $65,052 $32,826
16th +21.5
ty military installations are Travis Air Force Base[31] and
Coast Guard Island.
Weather
Because the hills, mountains, and large bodies of water
produce such vast geographic diversity within this re-
gion, the San Francisco Bay Area offers a significant vari-
Skyline Boulevard stretches through the Santa Cruz Moun-
ety of microclimates. The areas near the Pacific Ocean are tains, here atop Portola Valley, California. During winter and
generally characterized by relatively small temperature spring, the hills surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area are
variations during the year, with cool foggy summers and lush and green.
mild rainy winters. Inland areas, especially those sepa-
rated from the ocean by hills or mountains, have hotter
summers and colder overnight temperatures during the
winter. San Jose at the south end of the Bay averages few-
er than 15 inches (380 mm) of rain annually, while Napa
at the north end of the Bay averages over 30 and parts
of the Santa Cruz Mountains just a few miles west of San
Jose get over 55. In the summer, inland regions can be The same location during the summer months. Because rain is
over 40 degrees Fahrenheit (22 degrees Celsius) warmer rare in the San Francisco Bay Area during this time, the sur-
than the coast. This large temperature contrast induces rounding hills quickly become dry and golden-hued in grassy
a strong pressure gradient, which results in brisk coastal areas
winds which help keep the coastal climate cool and typ-
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
ically, foggy during the summer. Additionally, strong
winds are produced through gaps in the coastal ranges
such as the Golden Gate, the Carquinez Strait, and the Al-
tamont Pass, the latter the site of extensive wind farms.
During the fall and winter seasons, when not stormy, a
high pressure area is usually present inland, leading to
an offshore flow. While negatively impacting air quality,
this also clears fog away from the Pacific shore, and so
the best weather in San Francisco can usually be found
from mid September through mid October. Winter
storms are typically wet and mild in temperature during
this time of year, being caused by cold fronts sweeping
the eastern Pacific and often originating in the Gulf of
Alaska. During November into mid March, winter storms
are usually several days in length, wet and cool, with
severely damaging storms rare. There is also recorded
snowfall on San Francisco Bay Area peaks, such as Mount
St. Helena, Tamalpais, Diablo and Hamilton. Snow levels
range every given year from 1000 feet in Sonoma County
to 2,000 ft in Contra Costa, San Mateo, and Santa Clara
counties the during the winter. Greater recorded snow-
fall amounts are generally recorded once every 5 to 10
years. In February 2001, 30 inches (76 cm) of snow fell San Francisco Bay ca. 1770–1820
on Mount Hamilton (4360 ft), 17 inches on Mount Tamal-
pais (2,574 ft) and 10 inches on Mount Diablo (3,864 ft). tional Wildlife Refuge (SFBNWR) (1972). The Bay is also
Occasionally during the late Summer or early Autumn, invaded by non-native species.
spells of warm humid weather will drift over the Bay Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations in
Area from the Southwest Monsoon or from the residue of California have dramatically declined due to human and
Western Pacific hurricanes near Mexico, usually bringing natural causes. The Central California Coast distinct pop-
high variable clouds as well, and more rarely, high-based ulation segment (DPS) was listed as threatened under
thunderstorms. the Federal Endangered Species Act on August 18, 1997;
threatened status was reaffirmed on January 5, 2006. This
Ecology DPS includes all naturally spawned anadromous steel-
head populations below natural and manmade impass-
Main article: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary able barriers in California streams from the Russian River
Despite its urban and industrial character, San Francisco to Aptos Creek, and the drainages of San Francisco, San
Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta remain per- Pablo, and Suisun Bays.[32][33] The U.S. National Marine
haps California’s most important ecological habitats. Cal- Fisheries Service has a detailed description of threats.
ifornia’s Dungeness crab, Pacific halibut, and Pacific The Central California Coast Coho salmon (On-
salmon fisheries rely on the bay as a nursery. The few re- corhynchus kisutch) Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU)
maining salt marshes now represent most of California’s population is the most endangered of the many troubled
remaining salt marsh, supporting a number of endan- salmon populations on the West Coast.[34] It was listed
gered species and providing key ecosystem services such as threatened on October 31, 1996 and later downgraded
as filtering pollutants and sediments from the rivers. to endangered status on June 28, 2005.[35] The ESU in-
Most famously, the bay is a key link in the Pacific Flyway. cludes all naturally spawned populations of coho salmon
Millions of waterfowl annually use the bay shallows as a from Punta Gorda in northern California south to and in-
refuge. Two endangered species of birds are found here: cluding the San Lorenzo River in central California, as
the California least tern and the California clapper rail. well as populations in tributaries to San Francisco Bay.
Exposed bay muds provide important feeding areas for The National Park Service has made major recent invest-
shorebirds, but underlying layers of bay mud pose geo- ments in restoring the tidal wetlands at the mouths of
logical hazards for structures near many parts of the bay Lagunitas Creek and Redwood Creek including levee re-
perimeter. San Francisco Bay provided the nation’s first moval and placement of large woody debris in the creeks,
wildlife refuge, Oakland’s artificial Lake Merritt (con- which provide shelter to salmonids during heavy stream
structed in the 1860s) and America’s first urban National flows and flooding. Lagunitas Creek’s coho population is
Wildlife Refuge, the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Na- especially important, as 80% of the ESU depends on this
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
stream draining the north slope of Mount Tamalpais.[36] and federal governments paying about $200 million for
This year’s coho count dropped to 64 from an average of 16,000 acres (65 km²) of salt ponds in the south bay.
600 in previous years.[34] SFBNWR and state biologists hope to restore some of the
recently purchased ponds as tidal wetlands.
Family of owls evicted in Antioch
River Otter sunning on rocks in the Richmond Marina
Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) were
listed as a Species of Special Concern (a pre-listing cate-
gory under the Endangered Species Act) by the California
Department of Fish and Game in 1979. California’s popu-
lation declined 60% from the 1980s to the early 90’s, and
continues to decline at roughly 8% per year.[37] In 1994,
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service nominated the Western
Burrowing Owl as a Federal Category 2 candidate for list-
ing as endangered or threatened, but loss of habitat con-
tinues due to development of the flat, grassy lands used
by the owl. A 1992–93 survey reported no breeding bur-
rowing owls in Napa, Marin, and San Francisco counties,
and only a few in San Mateo and Sonoma. The Santa Clara
County population is declining and restricted to a few California Golden Beaver on Alhambra Creek in Martinez, Cali-
breeding locations, leaving only Alameda, Contra Costa, fornia
and Solano counties as the remnant breeding range.[38]
Despite organized protests at Kiper Homes’ Blue Ridge Aquatic mammals recently re-colonizing the Bay Area
property in Antioch, California by Friends of East Bay Owls, include the California Golden Beaver (Castor canadensis)
one-way doors were installed in the birds’ burrows so which is now established on Alhambra Creek in Martinez,
that the owl families could not return to their nests in Napa River and Sonoma Creek; and North American River
early 2010.[39] In addition, in 2008, Mountain View, Cal- Otter (Lontra canadensis) which was first reported in Red-
ifornia evicted a pair of burrowing owls so that it could wood Creek at Muir Beach in 1996,[41] and recently in
sell a parcel of land to Google to build a hotel at Shoreline Corte Madera Creek, and in the south Bay on Coyote
Boulevard and Charleston Road.[40] Eviction of the owls is Creek,[42] as well as in 2010 in San Francisco Bay itself
controversial because the birds regularly reuse burrows at the Richmond Marina. Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) were
for years, and there is no requirement that suitable new hunted to extinction in San Francisco Bay by about 1817.
habitat be found for the owls. Historical records reveal that the Russian-American
Tellingly, much of the SFBNWR consists of salt evap- Company snuck Aleuts into San Francisco Bay multiple
oration ponds purchased or leased from Leslie Salt Com- times, despite the Spanish capturing or shooting them
pany and its successor, Cargill Corporation. These salt while hunting sea otters in the estuaries of San Jose, San
ponds produce salt for a variety of industrial purposes, Mateo, San Bruno and around Angel Island.[43] The
including chlorine bleach and plastics manufacture, as founder of Fort Ross, Ivan Kuskov, finding otter scarce
well as supporting dense populations of brine shrimp, on his second voyage to Bodega Bay in 1812, sent Russian
and therefore serving as feeding areas for waterfowl. In ships and hired an American ship to hunt otter in the
2003, California and Cargill entered one of the largest pri- Bay, catching 1,160 sea otter in three months.[44]
vate land purchases in American history, with the state
8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Humphrey the Whale, a humpback whale (Megaptera bay or in inland valleys. In combination with the exten-
novaeangliae), entered San Francisco Bay twice on errant sive water regions this has forced the fragmented devel-
migrations, and was successfully rescued and redirected opment of urban and suburban regions and has led to ex-
each time in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This occurred tensive building on poor soils in the limited flatland areas
again with Dawn and Delta a mother and calf in 2007. and considerable expense in connecting the various sub-
The seasonal range of water temperature in the Bay regions with roads, tunnels, and bridges.
is from about 8 °C (46 °F) to about 23 °C (73 °F).
Industrial, mining, and other uses of mercury have
resulted in a widespread distribution of that poisonous
metal in the bay, with uptake in the bay’s phytoplankton
and contamination of its sportfish.[45] In November 2007,
a ship named Cosco Busan collided with the San Francisco
– Oakland Bay Bridge and spilled over 58,000 gallons of
bunker fuel, creating the largest oil spill in the region
since 1996.[46]
Geology and landforms
USGS satellite photo of the Bay Area taken in 1999.
Several mountains are associated with some of the
many ridge and hill structures created by compressive
forces between the Pacific Plate and the North American
plate. These provide spectacular views (in appropriate
weather) of large portions of the Bay Area and include
Marin County’s Mount Tamalpais at 2,571 feet (784 m).
A portion of the Franciscan Assemblage (former seabed), one of
Contra Costa County’s Mount Diablo at 3,849 feet
the terrane types
(1,173 m), Alameda County’s Mission Peak at 2,517 to
2,604 feet (767 to 776 m), and Santa Clara County’s Mount
Multiple terrains Hamilton at 4,213 ft (1,284 m), the latter with significant
The area is well known worldwide for the complexity astronomical studies performed at its crowning Lick Ob-
of its landforms, the region being composed of at least servatory. Though Tamalpais and Mission Peak are quite
six terranes (continental, seabed, or island arc fragments lower than the others, Tamalpais has no other peaks and
with distinct characteristics) pushed together over milli- few hills nearby. Mission Peak is coast facing and is an
ons of years by the forces of plate tectonics. As a conse- interior mountain and therefore has excellent views of
quence, many types of rock and soil are found in the re- both sides.
gion. Formations include the sedimentary rocks of sand- The three major ridge structures (part of the Pacific
stone, limestone, and shale in uplifted seabeds, metamor- Coast Range) which are all roughly parallel to the major
phic serpentine rock, coal deposits, and igneous forms faultlines:
such as basalt flows, rhyolite outcroppings, granite asso- • The Santa Cruz Mountains along the San Francisco
ciated with the Salinian Block west of the San Andreas Peninsula and the Marin Hills in Marin County (San
Fault, and ash deposits of extinct volcanos. Pleistocene- Andreas Fault)
era fossils of mammals are abundantly present in some • The Berkeley Hills, San Leandro Hills and their
locations. southern ridgeline extension through Mission Peak
(Hayward Fault)
Vertical relief • The Diablo Range, which includes Mount Diablo and
The region has considerable vertical relief in its land- Mount Hamilton (Calaveras Fault)
scapes that are not in the alluvial plains leading to the
9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Major waterways
Main article: Hydrography of the San Francisco Bay Area
• San Joaquin River
• Sacramento River
• Napa River
• Sonoma Creek
• Guadalupe River
• Coyote Creek
• Petaluma River
• San Pablo Creek
• Wildcat Creek
• Oakland Estuary
• Russian River
• San Lorenzo River
• San Lorenzo Creek
• Gulf of the Farallones
• Alameda Creek
Earthquake faults
Probalities for major earthquakes on Bay Area faults
• A combined thirty year probability of a major
earthquake in excess of seventy percent.
• Poorly responding native soil conditions in many
places near the bay and in inland valleys, soils which
amplify shaking as shown in the map to the right.
Map showing some of the major faults in the Bay Area. Numer-
• Large areas of filled marshlands and bay mud that
ous minor faults are also capable of generating locally destruc-
tive earthquakes. are significantly urbanized, with most subject to
liquefaction, becoming unable to support structures.
The region is also traversed by six major slip-strike fault • A large inventory of older buildings, many of which
systems with hundreds of related faults, many of which are expected to perform poorly in a major
are "sister faults" of the infamous San Andreas Fault, all earthquake.
of which are stressed by the relative motion between • Extensive building in areas subject to landslide,
the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate or by mudslide, and in some locations directly over active
compressive stresses between these plates. The fault sys- fault surface rubble zones.
tems include the Hayward Fault Zone, Calaveras Fault, • Most lowrise construction is not fireproof and water
Clayton-Marsh Creek-Greenville Fault, and the San Gre- systems are likely to be extensively damaged and so
gorio Fault. Significant blind thrust faults (faults with large areas are subject to destruction by fire after a
near vertical motion and no surface ruptures) are associ- large earthquake.
ated with portions of the Santa Cruz Mountains and the • The coastal location makes the region vulnerable to
northern reaches of the Diablo Range and Mount Diablo. Pacific Ocean tsunamis.[49]
Some of these hazards are being addressed by seismic
retrofitting, education in household seismic safety, and
Natural hazards even complete replacement of major structures such as
the eastern span of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay
Earthquakes Bridge.
The region is particularly exposed to hazards associated For an article concerning a typical fault in the region
with large earthquakes,[47][48] owing to a combination of and its associated hazards see Hayward Fault Zone. For
factors: projected ground movement after selecting a locality and
• Numerous major active faults in the region. a generating fault see this ABAG web page
10
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Flooding
Some flooding occurs on local drainages under sustained
wet conditions when the ground becomes saturated,
more frequently in the North Bay area, which tends to
receive substantially more rainfall than the South Bay.
In one case, the Napa River drainage, floodplain devel-
opments are being purchased and removed and natural
wetlands restored in the innovative Napa River Flood
Project as the previous channelization of insufficient ca-
pacity around such developments was causing flooding
problems upstream. Many of the local creeks have been
channelized, although modern practice and some
restoration work includes returning the creeks to a nat-
ural state with dry stormwater bypasses constructed to
handle flooding. While quite expensive, the restoration
of a natural environment is of high priority in the inten-
sively urbanized areas of the region.
Windstorms and wildfires
Typically between late November and early March, a
very strong Pacific storm can bring both substantial rain-
fall (saturating and weakening soil) and strong wind
gusts that can cause trees to fall on power lines. Owing to (1) Richmond-San Rafael Bridge, (2) Golden Gate Bridge, (3)
the wide area involved (sometimes hundreds of miles of San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge, (4) San Mateo-Hayward
coast), service can be interrupted for up to several days Bridge, (5) Dumbarton Bridge, (6) Carquinez Bridge, (7)
in some more remote localities, but service is usually re- Benicia-Martinez Bridge
stored quickly in urban areas. These storms occasionally
bring lightning & thunder. More rarely they even spawn There are also several regional rail lines provided by Am-
tornadoes. For example, during the abnormal hurricane- trak, notable the Capitol Corridor. In addition to rail
like storm in early 2010, a funnel cloud sparked an ex- lines, there are multiple public and private ferry services
tremely rare Tornado Warning in Morgan Hill. (notably Golden Gate Ferry and Blue and Gold Fleet),
In the spring and fall, strong offshore winds period- which are being expanded by the San Francisco Bay
ically develop. These winds are an especially dangerous Water Transit Authority. The regional ferry hub is San
fire hazard in the fall when vegetation is at its driest, as Francisco Ferry Building. AC Transit and some other
exemplified historically by the 1923 Berkeley Fire and the agencies provide an extensive network of express "trans-
1991 Oakland Firestorm. bay" commuter buses from the suburbs to San Francisco
Transbay Terminal.
Mudslides and landslides The freeway and highway system is very extensive;
however, many freeways are heavily congested during
Some geologically unstable areas have been extensively
rush hour, especially the trans-bay bridges (Golden Gate
urbanized, and can become mobile due to changes in
and Bay Bridge). Furthermore there are some large gaps
drainage patterns and grading created for development.
in the highways which run onto city streets in San Fran-
These are usually confined to small areas, but there have
cisco, partially due to the Freeway Revolt (SF Board of Su-
been larger problems in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
pervisors decisions made in 1959, 1964 and 1966), which
prevented completion of freeways connecting the San
Transportation Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge western terminus (Inter-
Main article: Transportation in the Bay Area state 80) with the southern terminus of the Golden Gate
The Bay Area is served by many public transportation Bridge, and U.S. 101 through San Francisco, and addi-
systems, including three international airports (SFO, tionally due to the destruction of several of those very
OAK, SJC), six major overlapping bus transit agencies (AC freeway structures that sparked the revolt, which were
Transit, Muni, SamTrans, VTA, Golden Gate Transit, damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and subse-
County Connection), in addition to dozens of smaller quently removed rather than being reinforced or rebuilt.
ones. There are four rapid transit and regional rail sys-
tems including BART and CalTrain and two light rail sys-
tems (San Francisco Muni Metro and VTA Light-rail).
11
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Higher education
The region is home to many colleges and seminaries,
most notably the University of California, Berkeley, the
University of California, San Francisco and Stanford
University. In addition, the Bay Area is home to two of
the twenty-eight Jesuit universities in the U.S.: Santa
Clara University (founded in 1851), and University of San
Francisco (1855); these are also the two oldest California
colleges. San Jose State University is the founding cam-
pus of the California State University (CSU) system, and
is the oldest public institution of higher education on the
West Coast of the United States.[50] Saint Mary’s College
of California was founded in 1863 by the Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of San Francisco. In 2008, there were ap-
proximately 588,000 students enrolled in college or grad-
uate school.[51] The San Francisco Bay Area population
is near the top in the Nation for overall education level
with approximately 41 percent of residents aged 25 years
and over having a bachelors degree or higher. The San
Francisco and San Jose Primary Metropolitan Statistical
Areas rank third and fourth in college graduates, ahead
of Boston and behind only Boulder–Longmont, CO PMSA
and Stamford–Norwalk, CT PMSA. The Oakland PMSA
ranks eleventh.[52]
Lone Mountain, University of San Francisco
Public Private
• College of • Carnegie Mellon Silicon
Alameda Valley
• College of Marin, • Cogswell Polytechnical
Kentfield College
University of Califor- • College of San • Culinary Institute of
nia, Berkeley. Mateo America at Greystone
Stanford University. • Contra Costa • DeVry University
College, San • Dominican University
Pablo • Ex’pression College for
• De Anza College, Digital Arts
Cupertino • Fashion Institute of
• Diablo Valley Design and
San Jose State Univer- College, Pleasant Merchandising
sity Hill • Five Branches University
• Evergreen Valley • Golden Gate University
• Berkeley City College, San Jose • Holy Names University
College Santa Clara University
• Foothill College, • Herguan University
• California Los Altos Hills • Institute of Transpersonal
Maritime • Academy of Art
• Gavilan College, Psychology
Academy University
Gilroy • International
• California State • The Art Institute of
• Laney College, Technological University
University, East California – San Francisco
Oakland • John F. Kennedy
Bay (Hayward) • California College of the
• Las Positas University
• Cañada College, Arts
College, • Lincoln Law School of San
Redwood City • California Culinary
Livermore Jose
• Chabot College, Academy
• Los Medanos • Lincoln University
Hayward • California Institute of
College, (California)
• City College of Integral Studies
Pittsburg • Menlo College
San Francisco • Mills College
12
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
• Merritt College, • National Hispanic Theological
Oakland University Seminary
• Mission College, • New College of California • Graduate
Santa Clara • Northwestern Theological
• Napa Valley Polytechnic University Union
College, Napa • Notre Dame de Namur • Institute of
• Ohlone College, University Buddhist
Fremont • Palo Alto University Studies
• San Francisco (formerly known as the • Center for
State University Pacific Graduate School of Theology and
• San Jose City Psychology) the Natural
College • Pacific Union College Sciences
• San Jose State • Palmer College of • Jesuit School of
University Chiropractic West Theology at
• Santa Rosa • Patten University Berkeley
Junior College • Presidio School of • Pacific Lutheran
• Sonoma State Management Theological
University • Saint Mary’s College of Seminary (ELCA,
• Skyline College, California Berkeley)
San Bruno • San Francisco Art • Pacific School of
• Solano Institute Religion (UCC,
Community • San Francisco Disciples &
College, Fairfield Conservatory of Music Methodist)
• West Valley • San Francisco Law School • Saint Patrick
College, Saratoga • Santa Clara University Seminary
• University of • Saybrook Graduate School • San Francisco
California, and Research Center Theological
Berkeley • Silicon Valley University Seminary
• University of • Stanford University (Presbyterian)
California, • Touro University • Starr King
Hastings College • University of Northern School for the
of the Law California Ministry
• University of • University of Phoenix San (Unitarian
California, San Jose Campus Universalist)
Francisco • University of San • Zaytuna Institute
Seminaries Francisco
• American Baptist • Silicon Valley Technical
Seminary of the Institute Sports
West Main article: Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area
• The Church
Divinity School
of the Pacific
(Episcopal)
• Dominican
School of
Philosophy and
Theology
• Franciscan
School of
Theology
• Fuller Northern
California
• Golden Gate
Baptist Oakland Coliseum
13
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Team Sport League Venue
San Francisco 49ers Football National Football League – National Conference Candlestick Park
Oakland Raiders Football National Football League – American Conference O.co Coliseum
San Francisco Giants Baseball Major League Baseball – National League AT&T Park
Oakland Athletics Baseball Major League Baseball – American League O.co Coliseum
Golden State Warriors Basketball National Basketball Association Oracle Arena
San Jose Sharks Ice hock- National Hockey League HP Pavilion at San Jose
ey
San Jose SaberCats Football Arena Football League HP Pavilion at San Jose
San Jose Wolves Football American Indoor Football League – Western Divi- Cow Palace & Oracle Are-
sion na
San Jose Earthquakes Soccer Major League Soccer Buck Shaw Stadium
San Francisco Soccer Women’s Premier Soccer League Kezar Stadium
Nighthawks
San Jose Giants Baseball Minor League Baseball – California League San Jose Municipal Stadi-
um
NCAA Division I College Sports end Neil Young has lived in the Bay Area in La Honda, CA
• California Golden Bears for more than 40 years. Carlos Santana from San Francis-
• Saint Mary’s College Gaels co became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with
• San Francisco Dons his Santana band which pioneered a blend of rock, salsa,
• San Jose State Spartans and jazz fusion. Journey formed in 1973 in San Francis-
• Santa Clara Broncos co, by former members of Santana. The Doobie Brothers,
• Stanford Cardinal from San Jose, had a successful career with several al-
• In addition to professional and collegiate sports, the bums earning RIAA gold certification.
Bay Area is also home to the private Christian
Brothers De La Salle High School (Concord, Heavy metal
California), which holds the record for longest See also: Bay Area thrash metal
football winning streak in any level. Also, Infineon During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Bay Area was home
Raceway (Sonoma, California) is a motorsport track to one of the largest and most influential thrash metal
which currently hosts NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and scenes in the world, containing acts like Exodus, Laaz
IndyCar Series races. Rockit, Death Angel, Vio-lence, Forbidden, Testament
and Metallica (although Metallica had initially formed in
Music Los Angeles, it wasn’t until their relocation to El Cer-
rito in 1983 that Cliff Burton and Kirk Hammett joined
Classic rock as bassist and lead guitarist). Many death metal bands
had also formed in the area, including Autopsy, Possessed
San Francisco proper was headquarters for the hippie (considered one of the first in the genre), and in the 90’s,
counterculture of the 1960s and the music scene that be- bands Impaled, Exhumed and Vile.
came associated with it. One of the area’s most notable Sludge band Neurosis and groove metal/post-thrash
acts was The Grateful Dead, formed in 1965, who played bands Machine Head and Skinlab formed in Oakland. In
regularly at the legendary venue The Fillmore Auditorium. the alternative metal and nu-metal scenes worldwide,
Other local artists in that movement included Jefferson Faith No More (from San Francisco) and Primus (from El
Airplane and Janis Joplin; all three would be closely as- Sobrante, and featuring former Possessed guitarist Larry
sociated with the 1967 Summer of Love. Jimi Hendrix, al- LaLonde) have been considered progenitors to both sub-
though born in Seattle and later a resident of London, genres.[53][54]
England, had strong connections to the movement and
the metropolitan Bay area, as he lived in Berkeley for Alternative rock
a brief time as a child and played many local venues in
that decade. Creedence Clearwater Revival (of El Cerri- Many bands of the 1990s post-grunge era started and
to) would gain traction as an associated band of the anti- still reside in the Bay Area, including Third Eye Blind (of
Vietnam war movement. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame leg- San Francisco), Counting Crows (of Berkeley) and Smash
14
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia San Francisco Bay Area
Mouth (of San Jose), all of whom have received extensive
radio play across the world and released multi-platinum
records during their career.
Punk
See also: 924 Gilman Street
The Bay Area saw a large punk movement from the 70s
to the present. Bands such as the Dead Kennedys, The
Avengers, Flipper, D.R.I., M.D.C. and Operation Ivy were
popular in the ’70s and ’80s, with later bands such as Ran-
cid, Green Day and AFI all coming out of Berkeley. The
Dwarves are residents of San Francisco, and are consid-
ered to be pioneers of the punk and hardcore movement.
Rap and hip hop
See also: Hyphy movement
The Bay Area is the home of the hyphy movement, which
started in the early to mid-’90s. The genre which was pi-
oneered by rappers Andre "Mac Dre" Hicks, Too Short,
Keak Da Sneak, Mistah Fab and E-40, is now becoming
more popular throughout the world. Hyphy themes such
as ghost riding, thizzin’ and going dumb are now com-
mon in other parts of the country. The Bay Area is also
home to rap legend Tupac Shakur who lived in Marin Ci-
ty, about 5 miles (8.0 km) north of San Francisco. The rap
group Digital Underground originally hailed from Oak-
land. MC Hammer, and the Hieroglyphics hip hop crew,
An early 20th century German map
which is composed of local artists including the Souls
of Mischief and Del tha Funkee Homosapien. Cindy Her-
ron of En’Vogue attended Balboa High School in the late • List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area
1970’s. • Coastal California
• Islands of San Francisco Bay
• List of museums in San Francisco Bay Area,
Regional counties, cities, and California
suburbs •
•
List of San Francisco Bay Area festivals and fairs
List of San Francisco Bay Area wildflowers
• List of San Francisco Bay Area writers
Counties • United States metropolitan area
• Alameda County (737 sq. mi., excluding water) • List of people from San Jose, California
• Contra Costa County (720 sq. mi., excluding water) • List of people from Oakland, California
• Marin County (520 sq. mi., excluding water) • List of people from Berkeley, California
• Napa County (754 sq. mi., excluding water) • List of companies headquartered in San Francisco
• San Francisco County (47 sq. mi., excluding water) and the Greater Bay Area
• San Mateo County (449 sq. mi., excluding water) • List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area
• Santa Clara County (1,291 sq. mi., excluding water)
• Solano County (829 sq. mi., excluding water)
• Sonoma County (1,576 sq. mi., excluding water)
References
[1] ^ "Bay Area Census – Bay Area Data".
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[2] ^ "San Francisco Bay Area Vision Project".
Bayareavision.org. http://www.bayareavision.org/
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• Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary
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[4] http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/ http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/
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[25] "Capgemini Announces 2010 U.S. Metro Wealth [29] Kevin Starr (February 27, 2005). "Keep California
Index". Business Wire. August 3, 2010. the ’Gibraltar of the Pacific’". San Diego Union
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Congressional District" (PDF). Retrieved May 16, 2011.
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External links
[46] Eric Bailey. "Oil oozes in S.F. Bay after ship hits • Bay Area Hiker Bay Area Hiker explores the diverse
bridge". Los Angeles Times. and wonderful spectrum of hiking in the San
http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me- Francisco bay area
bay9nov09,1,1303799.story?coll=la-headlines- • sfbaywildlife.info Guide to wildlife-watching in the
california. Retrieved Feb. 15, 2010. San Francisco Bay Area
[47] Expiration: 11.09.11. "Maps and information about • limuguide.com/sfbay Live Music in San Francisco
Bay Area threats including earthquakes, landslides, Bay Area
and tsunamis.". Quake.abag.ca.gov. Travel
http://quake.abag.ca.gov/. Retrieved November 4, • San Francisco Bay Area travel guide from Wikitravel
2011. • World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area, a
[48] USGS site with Google Earth KMZ files related to National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage
geology and seismic activity Travel Itinerary
[49] Describes Bay Area damage from 1960 tsunami. Coordinates: 37°45′N 122°17′W / 37.75°N 122.283°W /
Archived 5 May 2011 at WebCite 37.75; -122.283
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