From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Islamic extremism in the United States
Islamic extremism in the United States
Islamic extremism is a term used to describe adherence
to a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam (see Islamic
Non-violent Islamic extremism
fundamentalism) and can include the promotion of vio- An important element to understanding Islamic extrem-
lence to achieve political goals (see Jihadism). In the af- ism in the United States is the multitude of religious non-
termath of the September 11, 2001 terror attacks, Islam- governmental organizations (NGOs) with ties to Islamist
ic extremism became a central national security concern groups aboard. Zeyno Baran testified before the Senate
of the United States. The focus was on foreign terror- Committee for Homeland Security and Governmental Af-
ist groups, particularly Al-Qaeda, but in the decade since fairs that "over the course of four decades, Islamists have
9/11 the threat has evolved and Islamic extremism with- taken over the leadership in almost all Islam related ar-
in the United States is a growing concern.[1] The num- eas in America."[3] The result is that any American, Mus-
ber of American citizens or long-term residents involved lim or not, seeking information about Islam will be in-
in extremist activity is not large, but "the sustained and fluenced by an extremist ideology, often unknowingly.[3]
growing number of individuals heeding" the call of Is- The Muslim Brotherhood founded many of the Islamic
lamic extremism "is alarming."[2] organizations in the United States;[5] the Brotherhood
Zeyno Baran, senior fellow and director of the Center does not engage in terrorism directly, but is part of the
for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute, argues a more "vanguard of a radical Islamist ideology" that can lead
appropriate term is Islamist extremism to distinguish the followers to violence.[3] Also, the Saudi Arabian govern-
religion from the political ideology that leads to extrem- ment has spent tens of billions promoting Wahhabism
ism: globally and some of that money has supported mosques
and Islamic organizations in the United States.[4]
Islam, the religion, deals with piety, ethics, and be-
liefs, and can be compatible with secular liberal American groups with ties to the Mus-
democracy and basic civil liberties. Islamists, how- lim Brotherhood
ever, believe Islam is the only basis for the legal and
political system that governs the world’s econom- According to Steven Merley, the following groups are
ic, social, and judicial mechanisms. Islamic law, or linked to the Muslim Brotherhood:[5]
sharia, must shape all aspects of human society, • Muslim Students’ Association (MSA)
from politics and education to history, science, the • North American Islamic Trust (NAIT)
arts, and more. It is diametrically opposed to liberal • Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)
democracy.[3] • International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)
• SAAR Foundation
With the value placed on freedom of religion in the Unit- • Islamic Association of Palestine (IAP)
ed States, religious extremism is a difficult and divisive • Muslim American Society (MAS)
topic. Dr. M. Zuhdi Jasser, president and founder of the • Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)
American Islamic Forum for Democracy, testified before • Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA)
Congress that the United States is "polarized on its per- • American Muslims for Constructive Engagement
ceptions of Muslims and the radicalization that occurs (AMCE)
within our communities... One camp refuses to believe The Muslim Brotherhood is not a monolithic entity, so
any Muslim could be radicalized living in blind multicul- these various groups are not working in concert, but all
turalism, apologetics, and denial, and the other camp be- fail to acknowledge the danger of Islamism in Ameri-
lieves all devout Muslims and the faith of Islam are rad- ca.[5][4] The groups maintain that they are independent
icalized..."[4] In between the two polarities is a respect organizations that have evolved from their beginnings as
for the religion of Islam coupled with an awareness of Muslim Brotherhood organizations.[5]
the danger "of a dangerous internal theo-political do-
mestic and global ideology that must be confronted - Is- Violent Islamic extremism
lamism."[4]
"The single biggest change in terrorism over the past
several year has been the wave of Americans joining the
fight--not just as foot soldiers but as key members of Is-
lamist groups and as operatives inside terrorist organiza-
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Islamic extremism in the United States
tions, including al-Qaeda."[6] American citizens or long- lions, have watched [Awlaki’s] lectures on the Inter-
time residents are "masterminds, propagandists, en- net."[11] His perfect English and style broadened al-Qae-
ablers, and media strategists" in foreign terror groups da’s reach. Another key American in al-Qaeda’s power
and working to spread extremist ideology in the West.[6] structure is a man named Adnan Shukrijumah. Shukri-
This trend is worrisome because these American extrem- jumah is believed to be the highest ranking American
ists "understand the United States better than the United in al-Qaeda.[13] He was born in Saudi Arabia, grew up in
States understands them."[6] Trinidad, and moved to Florida as a teenager; he was a
There is a lack of understanding of how Americans naturalized American citizen and left the United States
radicalize. There is "no typical profile"[7][8] of an Amer- in the spring of 2001.[13] Shukrijumah was a mystery to
ican extremist and the "experiences and motivating fac- authorities until he was identified by Najibullah Zazi af-
tors vary widely."[7] Janet Napolitano, Secretary of the ter Zazi was arrested for a failed plot to bomb transporta-
Department of Homeland Security, stated that it is un- tion targets around New York City.[13] Zazi had traveled
clear if there has been an "increase in violent radicaliza- to Afghanistan to fight U.S. forces, but Shukrijumah con-
tion" or "a rise in the mobilization of previously radical- vinced Zazi to return to the United States and plan an at-
ized individuals".[8] Terrorist organizations seek Amer- tack here.[13]
icans to radicalize and recruit because of a familiarity
with the United States and the West.[8] The evolving ex- Places for radicalization
tremist threat makes it "more difficult for law enforce-
ment or the intelligence community to detect and dis- Prison
rupt plots."[8] The United States has the world’s largest prison popula-
Some American extremists are actively recruited and tion and "prisons have long been places where extrem-
trained by foreign terrorist organizations and others are ist ideology and calls to violence could find a willing ear,
known as "lone wolves" that radicalize on their own.[2] and conditions are often conducive to radicalization."[14]
The Fort Hood shooter, Major Nidal Hasan, is an Amer- Most inmates have little exposure to mainstream Islam
ican of Palestinian descent. He communicated via email and are vulnerable to extremist versions of the reli-
with Anwar al-Awlaki, but had no direct ties to al-Qae- gion.[14] Islamic extremism is facilitated by "an inade-
da.[9] Al-Qaeda propaganda uses Hasan to promote the quate number of Muslim religious service providers,"[14]
idea of "be al-Qaeda by not being al-Qaeda".[9] Abdul- leading to a reliance on volunteers, contractors, or in-
hakim Muhammad, an American citizen, shot a military mates to provide religious services. Testifying before the
recruiter in Little Rock, Arkansas in June 2009 after Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
spending time in Yemen; he was born Carlos Bledsoe and mental Affairs, Donald Van Duyn said the following on Is-
converted to Islam as a young adult.[2] Faisal Shahzad is a lamic extremism in U.S. prisons:
naturalized American citizen from Pakistan and received
bomb training from the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan; his Prison radicalization primarily occurs through
plot to denote a bomb in New York’s Times Square was anti-US sermons provided by contract, volunteer,
discovered only after the bomb failed.[2] Zachary Chess- or staff Imams, radicalized inmates who gain re-
er converted to Islam after high school and began to ligious influence, and extremist media. Ideologies
spread extremism over the internet.[10] He was arrested that radicalized inmates appear most often to em-
attempting to board a flight to Somalia to join the terror- brace or are influenced by the Salafi form of Sunni
ist group al-Shabaab.[10] This is not an exhaustive listing Islam (including revisionist versions commonly
of American violent extremists, but demonstrates that known as “prison Islam”) and an extremist view of
there are no age or race patterns and both life-long Mus- Shia Islam similar to that of the Government of Iran
lims and recent converts are at risk of radicalization and and Lebanese Hizballah.[15]
espousing violent extremism.
"Prison" or "Jailhouse Islam" is unique to prison and in-
Americans in al-Qaeda corporates values of gang loyalty and violence into the
religion.[14] The prison system’s limited resources pre-
Americans inside al-Qaeda provide insider’s knowledge
vent adequate monitoring of religious services to ensure
of the United States. Adam Gadahn is an American con-
an extremist message is not being spread and also hin-
vert who joined al-Qaeda in the late 1990s.[11] He released
ders sufficient screening of inmates, volunteers, and con-
English-language propaganda videos, but Gadahn lacked
tractors providing the services.[14]
charisma and his voice was replaced by Anwar al-Awlaki.
Members of a prison extremist group, called Jami’iy
Awlaki was an American of Yemeni descent, killed on
yat Ul-Isla Is Saheeh (JIS), from New Folsom State Prison
September 30, 2011 by a U.S. missile strike in Yemen.[12]
in California hatched a plot to attack numerous local gov-
Awlaki had religious credentials Gadahn lacks and a
ernment and Jewish targets.[14] In July 2005, members of
"gently persuasive" style; "tens of thousands, maybe mil-
JIS "were involved in almost a dozen armed gas station
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Islamic extremism in the United States
robberies in Los Angeles with the goal of financing ter- magazine is designed to appeal to Westerners. It is
rorist operations."[15] The plot was exposed and there “[w]ritten in colloquial English, [with] jazzy headlines
is debate over whether the group is a sign of a wider and articles that made it seem almost mainstream--ex-
problem. There is a "significant lack of social science re- cept that they were all about terrorism.”[23] Inspire “in-
search" on the issue of Islamic extremism in U.S. pris- cluded tips for aspiring extremists on bomb-making,
ons[14] and there is disagreement on the danger Islamic traveling overseas, email encryption, and a list of individ-
extremism in prisons poses to U.S. national security.[16] uals to assassinate."[21] The editor is believed to be Samir
Statistics are not kept on the religious orientation of Khan, an American citizen, based on work he did before
inmates in the U.S. prison system, limiting the ability to leaving the United States. [23] The magazine appeared
adequately judge the potential for Islamic extremism. A six months after Khan arrived in Yemen. [23] There have
report published by the Department of Justice’s Office of been seven issues of Inspire.[24] Khan died in the same
the Inspector General in 2004 on the issue of the Feder- missile attack that killed Anwar al-Awlaki and the future
al Bureau of Prisons’ selection of Muslim chaplains, es- of the magazine is unknown.[12]
timated that 6% of the federal inmate population seek Yousef al-Khattab and Younes Abdullah Mohammed,
Muslim Islamic services.[17] Through prisoner self-re- both converts to Islam, started a group called Revolution
porting, the majority of Muslims in federal prison are Muslim. The group was meant “to be both a radical Islam-
Sunni or Nation of Islam followers.[17] The federal prison ic organization and a movement” with goals that include
population is only a small percentage of the total U.S. “establishing Islamic law in the United States, destroy-
prison population, however, and cannot provide an over- ing Israel and taking al-Qaeda’s messages to the mass-
all representation of Muslims inmates in the United es.”[25] A list of its members “reads like a who’s who of
States. American homegrown terrorism suspects”; Samir Khan
and Jihad Jane were regulars in the Revolution Muslim
Mosques chat rooms.[25] Revolution Muslim had a website and a
Some mosques in the United States transmit extremist YouTube account before it was shutdown after a posting
ideas.[4] The North American Islamic Trust (NAIT), a glorifying the stabbing of a British member of Parlia-
group with ties to the Muslim Brotherhood, "holds titles ment.[26] The revolutionmuslim.com domain now redi-
of approximately 300 properties [mosques and Islamic rects to a website called Islam Policy run by Younes Ab-
schools]".[18] The organization’s website states: "NAIT dullah Mohammed.[26] The danger of the website, and
does not administer these institutions or interfere in others that offer similar content, is the websites offer
their daily management, but is available to support and the chance to become further involved in violent extrem-
advise them regarding their operation in conformity ism and connect to like-minded people in the U.S. and
with the Shari’ah."[19] Other research on the Muslim aboard.[25]
Brotherhood in the United States claims NAIT influences
a far larger number of Islamic institutions in the U.S.-specific extremist narrative
U.S.[5][3][20] Key to the trend of increasing Islamic extremism in the
There is no government policy on the establishment United States “has been the development of a US-specific
of mosques in the United States and no way to monitor narrative that motivates individuals to violence.”[21]
activity.[20] The value placed on religious freedom in the “This narrative—a blend of al-Qa‘ida inspiration, per-
U.S. complicates the situation as mosques are places of ceived victimization, and glorification of past plot-
worship that may be used to spread extremist ideology. ting—has become increasingly accessible through the In-
ternet, and English-language websites are tailored to ad-
Internet
dress the unique concerns of US-based extremists.” [21]
The internet is a “facilitator--even an accelerant--for ter-
“To disaffected, aggrieved, or troubled individuals, this
rorist and criminal activity."[7] The increase of online
narrative explains in a simple framework the ills around
English-language extremist material in recent years is
them and the geopolitical discord they see on their tele-
readily available with guidance to plan violent activi-
vision sets and on the Internet.” [27] The narrative is easy
ty.[21] “English-language web forums […] foster a sense
to understand and grants “meaning and heroic outlet”
of community and further indoctrinate new recruits”.
for the discontented and alienated.[27]
[22] The internet has “become a tool for spreading ex-
tremist propaganda, and for terrorist recruiting, train-
ing, and planning. It is a means of social networking for U.S. Government response
like-minded extremists...including those who are not yet The President, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
radicalized, but who may become so through the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Nation-
anonymity of cyberspace."[7] al Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) are the most relevant
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) published elements of the U.S. government to the threat of Amer-
an English-language online magazine called Inspire. The
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Islamic extremism in the United States
ican Islamic extremism and each has taken steps to ad- Kabbani, chairman of the Islamic Supreme Council of
dress and counter the issue. Since 9/11 the government America,[20]
has worked to improve information sharing "within the
government, and between federal, state, local, and trib-
al law enforcement, as well as with the public."[22] The
See also
"If You See Something, Say Something" campaign, insti- • Homegrown terrorism
tuted by DHS and local law enforcement, was created to • Islamic Violent Extremism attacks
raise public awareness of the potential dangers.[8] In Au- • Islamism
gust 2011, the Office of the President released a strate- • Sharia
gy to counter violent extremism called "Empowering Lo-
cal Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United
States".[28] The strategy takes a three-pronged approach
References
of community engagement, better training, and coun- [1] Hamilton, Lee; Co-Chair of the National Security
ternarratives. The plan states: "We must actively and ag- Preparedness Group at the Bipartisan Policy Center
gressively counter the range of ideologies violent ex- (2011-9-8). "The Attacks of September 11th: Where
tremists employ to radicalize and recruit individuals by We Are Today". U.S. House Committe on Homeland
challenging justifications for violence and by actively Security: pp. 3. http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/
promoting the unifying and inclusive visions of our sites/default/files/Hamilton%20Testimony.pdf.
American ideals," challenging extremist propaganda Retrieved 2011-11-13.
through words and deeds.[28] The goal is to "prevent vio- [2] ^ Bergen, Peter; Bruce Hoffman (2010-9-10).
lent extremists and their supporters from inspiring, radi- "Assessing the Terrorist Threat: A Report of the
calizing, financing, or recruiting individuals or groups in Bipartisan Policy Center’s National Security
the United States to commit acts of violence."[28] Preparedness Group" (PDF). Bipartisan Policy Center:
30. http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/
files/NSPG%20Final%20Threat%20Assessment.pdf.
American Muslim community Retrieved 2011-11-12.
response [3] ^ Baran, Zeyno (2008-7-10). "The Roots of Violent
Islamist Extremism and Efforts to Counter It"
There are Muslim Americans speaking out against Islam- (PDF). Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
ic extremist.[4][20] An important voice is Dr. Zuhdi Jasser, Governmental Affairs. http://hsgac.senate.gov/
the president of the American Islamic Forum for Democ- public/
racy.[29] Dr. Jasser testified before a House hearing on index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=e2e0e555-6a4a-43
Muslim radicalization in the U.S. in early 2010: Retrieved 2011-11-11.
[4] ^ Jasser, M. Zuhdi (2011-3-10). "The Extent of
For me it is a very personal mission to leave my
Radicalization in the American Muslim Community
American Muslim children a legacy that their faith
and the Community’s Response". House Hearing.
is based in the unalienable right to liberty and to
http://homeland.house.gov/sites/
teach them that the principles that founded Amer-
homeland.house.gov/files/
ica do not contradict their faith but strengthen it.
Zuhdi%20Jasser%20FINAL.pdf. Retrieved
Our founding principle is that I as a Muslim am
2011-11-10.
able to best practice my faith in a society like the
[5] ^ Merley, Steven (2009-4-3). "The Muslim
United States that guarantees the rights of every
Brotherhood in the United States". Hudson Institute.
individual blind to faith with no governmental in-
http://www.currenttrends.org/docLib/
termediary stepping between the individual and
20090411_Merley.USBROTHERHOOD.pdf. Retrieved
the creator to interpret the will of God. Because of
2011-11-10.
this, our mission is to advocate for the principles
[6] ^ Temple-Raston, Dina (2010-10-11). "Terror Made
of the Constitution of the United States of America,
in America". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/
liberty and freedom and the separation of mosque
story/story/php?storyId=130439513. Retrieved
and state. We believe that this mission from within
2010-11-17.
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[7] ^ Mueller, Robert S. III; Director of the FBI
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(2010-10-6). "Countering the Terrorism Threat".
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http://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/countering-
the-terrorism-threat. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
Another voice, that warned of Islamic extremism before
[8] ^ Napolitano, Janet; Secretary of Homeland
the September 11 attacks is Shaykh Muhammad Hisham
Security (2010-9-22). "Nine Years After 9/11:
4
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[9] ^ Jonsson, Patrik (2010-10-19). "Fort Hood [20] ^ Hisham Kabbani, Shaykh Muhammad; Chairman
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Terrorism Star". Christian Science Monitor. (1999-1-7). "Islamic Extremism: A Viable Threat to
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[10] ^ Barhrampur, Tara (2010-11-2). http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/media-
[www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ center/domestic-extremism/63-islamic-
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AR201011016394.html. Retrieved 2010-11-2. Homeland". Testimony before Senate Committee on
[11] ^ Temple-Raston, Dina (2010-10-14). Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
1305435547ps=rs "Two Americans Become Al-Qaida http://www.nctc.gov/press_room/speeches/
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[12] ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Eric Schmitt, Robert F. Worth Counterterrorism Center (2011-9-13). "Ten Years
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[13] ^ Temple-Raston, Dina (2010-10-11). "Al-Qaida Editor Brings U.S. Savvy to Jihad Outreach". NPR.
Mastermind Rose Using American Hustle". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story/
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[14] ^ "Out of the Shadows: Getting Ahead of Prisoner Edition of Inspire". The Long War Journal.
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2011-11-15.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/in-
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