BIRD
On this particular page is served on a variety of parrots that are protected because of its rarity. The
presentation here is intended for hobbyist attract birds or animals to start menangkarkannya
penyanyang. Salam.
Parrots are scientifically classified into the nation (the order) Psittaciformes and only has an interest
(family) single, the Psittacidae are known in English as a parrot. This tribe is divided into three tribes
based on morphology and the child's eating habits, namely burang cockatoo (Cacatuiinae), parrots
(Loriinae), and parrot (Psittaciinae). Throughout the world there are 328 species recorded burang severe
warping, while in Indonesia alone there are 76 species (23.17%) and 14 species (18.42%) of them is a
protected bird.
A. Classification
According to Gruson (1976) classification of parrots are as follows.
* Phylum: Chordata
* Children phylum: Vertebrata
* Class: Aves
* Nation: Psittaciformes
* Interest: Psittacidae
* Children's rates: - Cacatudinae
Marga:
- Cacatua
- Probosciger
* Type:
- Cacatua galerita
- Cacatua sulphurea
- Cacatua moluccensis
- Cacatua alba
- Cacatua goffini
- Probosciger aterrimus
* Child rate: Loriinae
* Marga:
- Lorius
- Trichoglossus
- Eos
- Psittrichas
* Type:
- Lorius lory
- L. domicellus
- Trichoglossus ornatus
- Eos histrio
- Psittrichas fulgidus
* Child rate: Psittaiinae
* Marga:
- Eclectus
- Tanygnathus
- Loriculus
* Type:
- Edectus roratus
- Tanygnathus sumatranus
- Loriculus exilis
- L. catamene
Members of parrots much-loved people because it has many features, such as easily tamed and familiar
with humans, capable of mimicking the sound, has a beautiful coat, inviting cuteness, and relatively easy
to breed.
With its privileges, it makes people very keen to maintain and care for her. Therefore, many ins and outs
of this bird, such as morphology, breeding, feeding, and health deserve to be known and understood.
Parrots called because it forms curved beak. In contrast to the beak of birds of prey, like eagles, hawks,
and owls that are perobek, burang have crooked beak beaks are massive (dense and compact). Half of
the top and bottom of the bent-shaped instrument resembling pliers.
With this form, this part is the destroyer (solver) grains large and small that hard once.
These parrots can be divided into 3 groups based on the shape of the tongue, how to eat, the presence
of feathers on the head (crest) that can be enforced (erection), as well as the color of his fur.
The group is cockatoos, parrots, and parakeets.
B. Cockatoo Group
The hallmark of burang group is the presence of feather-crested cockatoo that can be enforced. Other
characteristics found in the form of tongue and way of eating. Cube-shaped tongue cockatoo with a
smooth surface. Pakannya the form of grains with a hard or soft leather.
Do you eat to break the seed coat using a strong beak and then take the contents with the help of his
tongue. Cockatoo are known to have structure and form part of the most powerful and firmly between
the crooked beak. Her hair color is just white, pink, and black.
Cockatoo restricted area of origin in Eastern Indonesia region, namely Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku
and Papua. Papua New Guinea, Pacific Islands, and Australia also includes the area of origin of this
burang group.
Some types of parrots are the cockatoos are protected chef, king parrots, cockatoos and yellow-crested,
Tanimbar cockatoos, and parrots embarrassment.
1. King parrots (Probosciger aterrimus)
Om chirping and king parrots
King parrots are easily distinguished by other types of body hair and a black crest and "cheek" dark red.
a. Description and distribution
This type of cockatoo has body size between 55-70 cm. Crest feathers and black body with a "cheek"
dark red.
Spread includes the area around the Papua and Australia.
b. Anakjenis
This species has 3 races or subspecies, namely goliath, stenolophus, and aterrimus.
P. a. goliath. Among the three subspecies king parrots, P. a. goliath has the largest body size, which is
between 60-70 cm. Spread in Papua which includes the area around Western New Guinea, the head of
birds, and P. Waigeo.
P. a. aterrimus. His size is smaller than P. a. goliath, which ranges from 55-60 cm. Its distribution area
covers the southern part of Papua, P. Aru, to northern Australia.
P. a. stenolophus. His size is almost the same as goliath subspecies, but the feather crest width
narrower. Spread around the northern part of Papua and P. Yapen.
c. Population status
Children and goliath type stenolophus respectively estimated at 20,000 birds. While the condition
aterrimus almost rare because the population is only 10,000 diperldrakan tail alone. While that is
maintained ex situ (captive) worldwide is estimated about 350 birds. Burang is protected since 1970
through the Decree of Minister of Agriculture. 42/Kpts/Um/1970 and reaffirmed by Government
Regulation No. RI. 7 of 1999.
2. Tanimbar cockatoo (Cacatua goffini)
Cacatua goffini
Tanimbar cockatoo called because this bird is only found in P. Tanimbar, Maluku.
a. Description and distribution
Body length about 32 cm Tanimbar cockatoo. His crest feathers and white. Likewise, bluish white eyelids
and lore (the hair on top half) pink. Spread only there (endemic) in P. Tanimbar (Maluku) and its
surroundings, namely P. Yamdena, Larat, and Selara.
b. Population status
Tanimbar parrots in the wild population estimated at more than 200,000 heads. Erosion caused by
deforestation and population of the arrest, both for trade and regarded as a pest of corn plantation.
Types of parrots are protected under Government Regulation No. RI. 7 of 1999.
3. Cockatoo or parrot-besarjambul chef-yellow (Cacatua gallerita)
Cacatua gallerita
A relatively large body size and the presence of a yellow-crested characteristic of this type of parrots.
a. Description and distribution
This cockatoo species body size ranges from 30-52 cm. Body feathers are white with yellow colored
crest. The yellow color is also located under the wings and tail. Circles eyes pale blue or white,
depending on the race kakatuanya. Very loud high-pitched screams. Spread includes the Moluccas
Islands, Papua.
b. Anakjenis
This species has four races (subspecies). However, parrots are spread in the area of Indonesia only two
subspecies, namely parrots chefs medium (C. g. eleonoralC. Aruensis g.) and a large chef's cockatoo (C.
g. triton)
1) cockatoos or parrots chef-mediumjambul medium-yellow (C. g. eleonoralC. G. aruensis)
The spread of this cockatoo include the area around the P. Aru and P. Kai. Cockatoo chefs often called
medium-size yellow-crested cockatoo medium or medium. The size of wings between 26.1 to 29.2 cm
and is the smallest race. Another characteristic of this parrot is his eyelids very pale blue.
2) a large chef's Cockatoo or cockatoos besarjambul-yellow-(Cg triton)
Deployment of a large chef's cockatoo covers areas around the P. Papua. This is often called a cockatoo
cockatoo great chef because her body is larger than in C. g. Eleonora. Between 26.1 to 34.7 cm long
wings. Her eyelids blue. Two other subspecies found in Australia, namely C. g. galerita are spread around
Australia and Cgfitzroyi are spread around northern Australia.
b. Population status
In nature, populations chef cockatoo shows the number of stable and relatively safe, which was
recorded around 500,000 birds. In Indonesia, erosion chef cockatoo population due to habitat
destruction in the form of upland forests (up to about 1,000 m asl), the murder because corn plants are
considered pests, as well as illegally arrested and arbitrarily to be traded as pets.
As a preservation effort, defined as a chef cockatoo birds protected since 1978 through the Decree of
Minister of Agriculture. 742/Kpts/Um/12/1978 and confirmed again by the Government Regulation No.
RI. 7 of 1999. These birds, especially large race (Cgtriton), has the ability to imitate sounds around him
(the bird pelatah) and have a cute and benign behavior toward humans.
4. Cockatoo-yellow-crested (Cacatua sulphurea)
Cacatua sulphuera
Types of parrots are from Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara.
a. Description
Body length ranges from 33-35 cm.
b. Subspecies
This type of parrot species have 4 children (subspesieslras) which characteristics can be seen in Table 2.
The four subspecies are as follows.
Cockatoo-yellow-crested (Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea). Ras is found in P. Sulawesi and surrounding
islands, such as Mina, Butung, Land Jampea, Kayuadi, kaleo, Kalatoa, Madi, and Kep. Tukangbesi.
Orange-white-crested cockatoo (C. s. titrinocristatd), found in P. Sumba.
Small Cockatoo abbot (C. s. abboti) are found in p. Masalembo and P. Masakambing.
Timor cockatoo (C. s. parvula): found in Nusa Tenggara, as in P. Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Rinca,
Padar, Flores, Pantar, Alor, Semau and Timor.
c. Population status
Around the world, parrots of this type there are an estimated 40,000 animals, including in situ and ex
situ. While each child type raempunyai different levels of scarcity. For most populous subspecies
sulphurea are still able to survive there in the P. Buton, ie 50-100 tail on the 1997 census.
Parvula subspecies scattered in several islands in Nusa Tenggara, among which the population has ever
been reported in P. Komodo as many as 85-90 tails (census 1995) and in P. Moyo is estimated there are
1,600 (census 1981).
Citrinocristata subspecies estimated at between 1150-2644 individuals (analysis year 1995) who have
experienced severe population declines in the year 1986-1989, reaching 80%.
The most endangered subspecies, namely abboti which currently only 5 tail alone remaining in P.
Masakambing (1997 census). The trend is mainly due to the scarcity of arrest to be traded and also
because of its natural liabitat perasakan.
Based on the record indicates that the export trade of small type-crested cockatoos, yellow tail reaching
about 100,000 in the year 1980-1992. While in habitats ranging from plantation areas, forest edges up
to luitan with height of 800 m above sea level continues to experience pi'ngikisan.
Types of parrots are protected under Government Regulation No. Kl. 7 of 1999 concerning the
preservation of Wild Plants and Salwa.
Cacatua moluccensis
5. Embarrassment cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)
As the name implies, this bird comes from the spice island, Maluku.
a. Description and distribution
Body length between 40-50 cm cockatoo embarrassment. Crest feathers and pink. White eyelids. Black
colored beak. His movements were slow. Spread includes P. Seram, Saparua, and Haruku contained in
the Moluccas.
b. Population status
Cockatoo embarrassment of living in the lowlands between 100-1200 m asl in the area of primary
lowland forest. Its population has declined steadily and currently numbers about 8,000 tails expected to
stay alone. One of the reasons for population decline due to trade ever reached 5,000 head per year in
1981-1985. Now this type to be vulnerable and put in the appendix ICITES. This species is protected
under Government Regulation No. RI. 7 of 1999.
C. Nuri group
Characteristic burang parrot is a form of tongue and how eating. The tongue has a parrot-like surface
with a brush. With a surface form that is so then do you eat with a lick. Pakannya kinds of fruits, honey,
and pollen of flowers (nectar). Parrot's feather color in very diverse. Spread of the region, eastern
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Islands, and Australia.
1. Kasturi or parrot head-black-red-black head (Lorius lory)
Black-headed parrot
One of the main attraction is the versatility of this type of parrot speaks beautifully and colored so much
in demand.
a. Description and distribution
Kasturi or better known as the parrot has a wide tail shape. Upper chest and a red head. Crown of the
head part is black. The head down and dark purple coat that continued until the chest so that is shaped
like a necklace. Thigh and the lower tail of turkis blue. Red waist area and upper tail turkis blue. Bijau
colored wing upper and lower wings red. Between 200-240 g body weight and body length about 31 cm.
The spread of parrot species include Papuan burang head area and its surroundings, such as P. Batanta,
Salawati, and Misool.
b. Subspecies
Kasturi-black head has seven subspecies, namely L. l. lory, L .1. erythrothorccc, L. l. somu, L. l. salvadorii,
L .1. viridicrissalis, L. Ljobiensis, and L. l. cyanauchen.
L l. lory. Real characteristics in young type L. l. This is the color blue lory on the neck and extends
toward the back up into the chest, abdomen, and the topsy-turvy. At the bottom of the wing from wing
base to the tip of the red, yellow, and black. In burang the immature, purple coat on neck has not been
fused with his stomach area. Spread includes the head of Papua and Papua llnral burang.
L. l. erythrothorax (red-breasted lory). Trait that is easily seen from the Ll coat borwarna
erythrothorax is not fully circular purple on the neck. On the back, chest, and there is upside-down blue
Saina separate one another. At the bottom of the wing has a similar color donganL. l. lory. Spread
includes the southern part of Papua which extends in the direction of Papua New Guinea (in the north
until the Onin Peninsula and in sclatan until Huon Peninsula).
L. l. somu (parrot somu). Characteristics in children of this type is the absence of purple coat on neck.
l'enyebarannya include P. Papua, the southern region tengah.dan PapuaNugini.
L.l. salvadorii (parrot Salvadori). Parrot race is similar to L. l. erythrothorca, but the purple color is
more dominant than black. This purple color extends to the lower wing. Spread includes P. Northern
Papua, from Aitape to Astrolabe Bay.
L. l. viridicrissalis. Viridicrissalis subspecies subspecies salvadorii similar, but the color is more
dominant black chest area and extends under the wings. Spread includes P. Northern Papua, from
Humboldt Bay to the River Memberamo.
6) L. l.jobisiensi (parrot Jobi). Jobi parrot characteristics similar to L. l. salvadorii, but red and purple
chest in the paler coat. Spread includes P. Yapen and in the Gulf Geelvink Mios Num.
7) L. l. cyanauchen (parrot breed). Parrot breed characteristic is the color blue on the nape united with
black on the crown. Purple coat is not fully circular. On the back there is also a blue color extends to the
chest toward the upside-down terrace. At the bottom of the wings are blue, yellow, and black are
arranged from the base to the tip of the wing. The distribution is found only in P. In the Gulf of Biak
Geelvink.
c. Population status
This bird is widespread in P. Papua and surrounding areas, teratama in lowland areas. Its population is
estimated at more than 100,000 individuals. Parrot species are protected since 1970 by Decree of the
Minister of Agriculture No.421/Kpts/Um/8/1970. The main color red with the black head. On the neck
there is a purplish blue necklace. Green wings.
2. Perkici dora or parrot ornet (Trichoglossus ornatus)
Trichoglossus ornatus or perkici dora
Parrot species is particularly interesting because the colorful fur looks like a rainbow.
a. Description and distribution
At first glance, very similar ornet parrot parrot rainbow (T. haematodus). The difference, on the cheeks
ornet red parrot, while the rainbow-colored parrot from dark blue or black. About 25 cm body length
and body weight between 110-130 g. Spread includes P. Sulawesi and surrounding areas.
b. Population status
Natural habitat of the mountain forests up to an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, but not like a dense
forest. Populations in the wild is estimated at more than 50,000 individuals. These birds are protected
by the Decree of Minister of Agriculture. 757/Kpts/Um/12/1979 and confirmed again by the
Government Regulation No. PJ. 7 of 1999.
3. Kabare kasturi king parrot or (fulgidus Psittrichas)
Psittrichas fulgidus
Characteristic kabare parrot is a form of such severity that is often called a parrot hawk eagle.
a. Description clan spread
Dominant body feathers are red and black. Body length 46 cm. This bird has the largest body size among
groups of parrots. Morphological differences between males and females, lies in the "pinch" the red
feathers on the back of the eye in burang males, whereas in birds females are not found.
How natural habitat jungle highlands of Papua, located at an altitude of 100-1800 m above sea level
with an area of about km2.
b. Population status
Populations in the wild estimated at above 10,000 tails and tend to continue to decline due to the
pressure of exploitation. This species has a protected status sejaktahun 1978 through the Ministry of
Agriculture Decree No.. 742/Kpts/Um/12/1978 and reaffirmed by Government Regulation No. RI. 7 of
1999.
4. Kasturi-blue nape parrot red or blue head shyness (Lorius domicella)
This parrot species can only be found in the Moluccas.
a. Description and distribution
Lorius domicella or blue nape kasturi
The color of the body is in general parrot species crimson. On the neck there is a "necklace" yellow. The
crown is black head slightly violet. Green wings. Red-orange eyes and beak. Body length between 28-29
cm. Weight between 200-250 g. Kasturi-blue nape parrot embarrassment similar to the back-and-yellow
(L. chlorocercus), but can be distinguished with the "necklace" is more narrow yellow color and the color
purple on the crown of the head behind.
Spread includes the area of P. Ceram. Previously been recorded also found in P. Ambon and P. Buru.
b. Population status
Habitat for red-head parrot blue embarrassment how many primary forests at an altitude of 500-1000 m
above sea level. However, these habitats domicella Lorius has penetrated to papaya and banana
plantations. Parrot populations are increasingly threatened with extinction due to deforestation and
indiscriminate arrests. In 1991, the population was estimated at 20,000 birds. Current estimated
population is increasing slightly.
Nuri is on the list of bird species protected since 1972 by the Decree of Minister of Agriculture.
327/Kpts/Um/i972 and reinforced with Annex Government Regulation No.7 of 1999.
5. Nuri Talaud (Eos histrio)
At the CITES meeting in 1994 in Florida, parrot-gorikan dikate Talaud in Appendix I.
a. Description and distribution
Talaud parrot is the dominant color of red and blue. Its main characteristic is the blue on the chest and
coat (wing) which extends to about the eyes and extends to the back of the head. Feathers of the
scapula (wing base near the back), thighs, and black flight feathers, severe reddish yellow, and blackish
brown iris. Between 30-31 cm in body length and body weight between 150-190 g. Distinguishing
feature is the wide blue on the chest and the back of the head.
b. Subspecies
There are 3 children Talaud parrot species as follows:
E.h.histrio contained in Sangihe.
E. h. talautensis located on islands in the Talaud Islands.
E.h. There challengeri P. Miangas and Nanusa Islands.
Morphological differences the three children of that type is less clear. Subspecies of E. h. histrio
somewhat larger than the E. h. talaut-ensis. In addition, in E. h. histrio have more black on the wings and
the blue lines are bigger in the chest. In children the type of E. h. challengeri have smaller size compared
with the two other subspecies as well as the color blue is not too much.
c. Population status
Populations in nature are very rare which is between 5000-10000 tail are cenderang continue menuran.
How forest habitat with an area only covers 1,000 km and is situated at an altitude of between 000-500
m. Serious threat to the population is exploitation. Therefore, the CITES meeting in Florida in 1994 put
the parrot in the category Apendic Talaud I.
While in Indonesia, including in the list of protected species burang since 1979 through Law No..
757/Kpts/Um/12/1979 then clarified again by the Government eraturan No.7 of 1999.
D. Group parrot
Parrot has the shape of the tongue and eating a similar manner to the cockatoo. The shape and
structure of the tongue is not as strong and as solid as a parrot cockatoo tongue, but more powerful
than the parrot. Moreover, what distinguishes the group with a cockatoo parrot is no feather crest that
can be enforced in the head.
Colors are not as rich as parrot feathers, but is generally limited to the color green and merrah only. The
spread of child parrot group is the largest among the nation's crooked beak.
Members of this group can be found in Africa, Asia, South America, Australia, and around the Pacific
Islands. Several species of birds among the group members parakeet parrot parrots, parakeets-coconut-
blue backs, serindit-red beak, and serindit Sangihe.
Eclectus parrot roratus or
1. Parrot parrot or parrots (Eclectus roratus)
Parrot budgie sexes are distinguished by color on its body feathers.
a. Description
This bird measures 35 cm. There are striking morphological differences between male and female birds.
In male birds, the dominant color of green with little red spots on the inner wing. While the primary
colors red female birds with or without purple spots on the chest, and yellow at the tip of its tail.
b. Anakjenis
Parrot parrot species have 7 children 2 children in anlaranya types not available in parts of Indonesia.
Two subspecies that does not exist in Indonesia, namely parrots Australian parrots (£. R. magillivrayi)
found on Cape York, Australia and the parrot parrot solomon (E. r. solomonensis) contained in P.
Solomons.
While the five subspecies found in Indonesia, namely parrots parrot southern Moluccas (E. r, roratus),
parrot parrots north Maluku (E. r. vosmaeri), parrots parrots Sumba (E. r. cornelia), parrots parrots
Tanimbar (E . r. ricdeli), and parrot parrots papua (E. r. polychloros).
The five children of this type can be distinguished by color in female birds.
Parrot budgie south Maluku. In females marked with purple cover all parts of the chest and stomach.
While the male birds have red spots on the chest, black on the inside of the tail, and light yellow at the
tip of the tail section. Children of this type found in the southern part of the Maluku Islands, which is in
P. Buru, Seram, Ambon, Saparua, and Haruku.
Parrot budgie northern Maluku. Almost similar to the female bird parrot parrots southern Moluccas
(E. r. roratus), but the yellow color in addition to the tip of the tail section is also available on tunggir.
Children of this type are in the areas of North Maluku.
Parrot parrot Sumba. Female birds are similar to parrot parrot southern Moluccas (E. r. roratus), but
no purple necklace found in the chest and stomach. In burang male accompanied by a red color. The
spread of this subspecies is only found in P. Sumba.
Parrot parrot Tanimbar. Female birds are similar to parrot parrot Sumba (E. r. riecfe / i), but the yellow
color in addition to the tip of the tail section is also available on tunggirnya. In addition, on the back
gray. The spread of this subspecies is only found in P. Tanimbar.
Parrot parrot papua. Female birds are similar to parrot parrot southern Moluccas (E. R. roratus), but
without yellow on the tip of its tail. In malanya is a circle of blue. Children of this type found in New
Guinea (Papua and Papua New Guinea).
c. Population status
Parrot parrot in the world's population is estimated at over 300,000 birds. In nature, these birds are
quite varied habitats from forest to Niivana areas, mangrove, coconut plantations and eucalyptus forests
at altitudes up to 1900 m asl. However, most common in lowland forests, coastal, and plantations.
Parrot budgie found living alone, in pairs, or in small groups.
Parrot parrot began to be protected since 1972 through a decree of the Minister of Agriculture
No.327/Kpts/Um/7/1972, and confirmed again by the Government Regulation No. RI. 7 of 1999. While a
fairly critical anakjenis parrot parrot population is Sumba.
2. Serindit half-red or serindit Sulawesi (Loriculus exilis)
Serindit red beak
These bird species include the tiny bird as it only measured about 10 cm.
a. Description and distribution
This type of small parrot about 10 cm. Habits of the highlights of this burang is always rest with hanging
on the wire or twigs of trees, with your feet above and below the head. Dominant color is green with
red backs.
In males, the throat is red. While in females, this red color will shrink or disappear altogether. Red beak.
Green crown. The spread of this bird found only in P. Sulawesi. b. The population status of the natural
population estimated at more than 10,000 animals, which inhabit the forest areas, coastal mangrove
forests, around villages and open areas. Burang can live from the lowlands to an altitude of 1000 m
above sea level.
This species is protected under the Decree of Minister of Agriculture. 757/Kpts/Um/12/1979, and
confirmed again by the Government Regulation No. RI. 7 of 1999.
Loriculus catamene or serindit Sangihe
3. Serindit Sangihe (Loriculus catamene)
Serindit Sangihe merapakan endemic birds in P. Sangir located in north Sulawesi.
a. Description and distribution
Serindit Sangihe small (13.5 cm). Body color predominantly green. Crown and throat red colored. Putili
black beak and yellow iris. This bird is endemic in P. Sangir, in northern Sulawesi.
b Status population
This bird is very rare since the vegetation in their habitat is converted into oil palm plantations.
Recorded the largest population ever encountered as many as 17 birds in 1985). This bird
dilindungiberdasarkan Government Regulation No., 7 Talum 1999.
4. Parrot-coconut-blue backs and kastura Sulawesi (Tanygnathus sumatranus).
a. Description and deployment
One type of parakeet
Body color predominantly green; coat the bottom and yellowish green in males, and females as well as
dark green on light blue on the edge of the wing feathers; back and waist area is blue; tip of tail
yellowish green in male birds, red beak, and females creamy white. Iris yellow. Body length about 32 cm.
The spread of this bird contained in P. Sulawesi and surrounding areas.
b. Anakjenis: parrot-coconut-blue backs have 4 children type as follows.
Tanygnathus sumatranus sumatranus (mulleri mulleri) spread in Sulawesi and surrounding areas.
T. s. sangirensis marked from the base of the wings and cover more small colored blue, dark green
heads more than the body, and iris yellow. The spread includes P. Sangir and Karakelong.
T. s. burbidgii characterized the older green coat color, lighter area around the neck, and yellow iris.
Spread includes the Sulu archipelago.
T. s. everetti, T. s. duponti, and T. s.freeri marked with a red iris. These birds are scattered in the
Philippines.
c. Population status
How much habitat is lowland forest, forest edges, plantations, and rice fields until at a height of 800 m
above sea level. Kastura Sulawesi live in pairs or small groups. Often these birds are pests that attack
corn plantation. His behavior is active at night. Populations around the world recorded around 50,000
birds.