The-Cold-War

The Cold War









DR SYED HUSSAIN SHAHEED SOHERWORDI



The Cold War 1946 – 1991

shaheed@upesh.edu.pk

The United Nations

 April 25, 1945

• Representatives from 50 countries meet in

San Francisco to work on charter for the U.N.





 October 24, 1945

– U.N. comes into official existence.



 Official Charter of U.N. is created.

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

United Nations

 Purposes:

– Maintain peace

– Provide security

– Promote justice

– Provide general welfare

– Establish human rights







The Cold War 1946 - 1991

United Nations

 The General Assembly

– The “town meeting” of the world.



– All U.N. members are EQUALLY represented

– JOB:

• To make suggestions on peaceful settlements of

disputes

• Elect all NON-permanent members of the Security

Council and members of other agencies.





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The International Court of Justice



 Modeled after the World Court

– Purpose:

• To decide legal questions referred to it by

disputing nations

• It gives advisory opinions when asked to do

so, but does not enforce decisions.









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Expanding Soviet Influence

 U.S.S.R.

– Considered itself the leader of the

Communist Revolution









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Two Worlds

 United States  Soviet Union

– Capitalism – Communism









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War

 Between Soviet Union and United

States



 COLD WAR

– A state of tension and military rivalry

between nations that stops short of full-

scale war.



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Soviet Union

 Believed war against Communism

and Capitalism was inevitable







 Believed the U.S. would lead an

attack on Communism





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Soviet Union

– No free speech

– Crushed opposition



– Broadcast anti-American propaganda.

– No freedom of the press.

– Government controls all industry.









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Truman Doctrine

 Policy of containment

– Contain what?

• Soviet expansion.









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Marshall Plan

 Secretary of State George C. Marshall









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Marshall Plan



 Designed to solve Europe’s

economic problems

– European economies = Poor

• Why were they poor?

– They had just spent a lot of money

fighting World War II.









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Marshall Plan

 Help European:

– Factories

– Farms

– Transportation systems

• Get them operating effeciently









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

What did it do?

 Provided

– Money

– Machinery

• To who?

– Any nation who would like to participate

– INCLUDING the Soviet Union









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Congressional Debate

 Block communism  U.S. can’t afford to

(contain it) by carry “Europe on

strengthening its back”

Europe’s

economies









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Congress Approves the Plan









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Berlin Airlift

 Tension in Germany

– Joint occupation of Germany









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Berlin Airlift

 June 24, 1948

– Soviets block all roads, canals,

railways, and means of transportation

between their side and the Western

side.



– Berlin under Soviet control





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Berlin Airlift

 British and American Planes

 2 Million tons of food and supplies

– To Berlin

– Crisis resolved in 1949 with help of U.N.

• Example of U.N. doing what?









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

N.A.T.O.

 North Atlantic Treaty Organization

– 9 Western European Nations

• U.S.

• Canada

• Iceland







• AN ALLIANCE

– Against who?

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

N.A.T.O.

 An attack against one or more of

them would be considered an attack

against all.



– Alliance between:

• Western Europe and U.S. Alliance







The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Division of Korea

 1910-1945

– Korea ruled by Japan

– Japanese pushed out of Korea in WWII

• General Douglas MacArthur

– Named Supreme Commander of the Allied

Powers and placed in charge of occupation

forces in Japan.

– Also in charge of South Korea.







The Cold War 1946 - 1991

38 th Parallel

 American Occupation

– South Korea





 Soviet Occupation

– North Korea









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Individual Governments

 North Korea

– Sets up its own government





 South Korea

– Sets up its own government





 Both governments claim control of all of

Korea

– Problem?



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Review

 UN

– General Assembly

– Security Council

– Cold War

– Truman Doctrine

– Marshall Plan

– Berlin Airlift

– NATO



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Korean Challenge

 June 25, 1950

– North Korea launches an invasion of

South Korea

• South Korea – recognized internationally as

legitimate government of the People’s

Republic of Korea





– United Nations

• Take steps to deal with problem



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

United Nations

 Security Council

– Votes unanimously for a cease fire

between the Koreas.

• Why would Soviet Union vote for this?

– Or do they?



– Soviet Union boycotting U.N. because:

• U.N. does not recognize Communist China.







The Cold War 1946 - 1991

United Nations

 Classify North Korea

– An aggressor







– Meanwhile:

• President Truman pledges American Aid to

South Korea





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Korean War



 United States

• Truman orders U.S. air and

ground forced ordered to

Korea.









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Problems

 South Koreans

– Outnumbered

– Soviet tanks given to North Korean

Army

– U.S. having trouble defending against

tanks

– Forced to southeast corner of South

Korea

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Korean War

 General MacArthur

– In charge of U.S. forces in Korea

– Decides to launch a sea borne attack

against the west coast of Korea and

move eastward to take Seoul



Importance of Seoul?





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Seuol

 Capital of South Korea

– Recaptured by MacArthur and the U.S.









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

MacArthur Advances

 General MacArthur

– North Korean troops retreat (that can)

– Pushes North Koreans backward

– Moves all the way to the Yalu River



• The Yalu River borders China

• China is Communist

• What might be a problem for U.S. forces?



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Tide Turns Against MacArthur

 Chinese “Volunteers”

– Thousands help North Koreans

– U.N. and U.S. troops with lines extended

were outnumbered

– U.N. and U.S. forces pushed back to 38th

Parallel.



• So what has been accomplished?



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Threat of World War III



 War with China

– Quick decisive action

would bring an end to the

conflict – according the

MacArthur

– OR

• Start of WWIII

– USSR openly would support

China and get involved.









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Spread of Troops

 Major war in Asia

– Would mean what for the Soviet Union

in Europe?









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Stalemate in Korea

 President Truman

– Orders MacArthur to establish a strong

defense line on 38th Parallel.

• Forbade blocking Chinese coast

• Bombing China

• Or helping Chinese Nationalists invade

China



• NO WAR with CHINA

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

MacArthur vs. Truman

 MacArthur tries to appeal to

Congress

– MacArthur is removed



– Truman

• “I could do nothing else and still be

President”



• Matthew B. Ridgeway replaces MacArthur.



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Point Four Program

 Extend aid to all less fortunate countries.



– Underlying motive?

– Think of it as a less intense Marshall Plan for the world.



– Scientific Aid

– Industrial Aid



– Korean War demonstrates the serious threat of the

spread of Communism.





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Dwight D. Eisenhower



 Elected President in 1952

 Promised to do everything in

his power to end the Korean

War







The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Korea – Peace Talks

 Panmunjom

– July 27, 1952

– Armistice

• Recognized division of two countries at 38th

Parallel

• U.S. promises, in a treaty, to defend South

Korea against any attack and to help S.

Korea improve its economic conditions.





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Korean War End

 33,629 American Lives

 1.5 Million Communist Casualties

 An unpopular war

– Evidence of this?

 Increased prestige of U.N.

– How? Think in terms of aggression.



– Showed that the use of force COULD check

Communist aggression.



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

U.S. Foreign Policy Change

 Secretary of State

– John Foster Dulles









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

John Foster Dulles

 Brinkmanship

– Communists only understood force

– In order to maintain peace the United

States must be ready for war

• To be on the “brink” of war







– No longer contain, but push back

spread of Communism.

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

The Arms Race

 Hydrogen Bomb

– Vastly more powerful than atomic bomb

– Soviet Union test first nuclear bomb –

1949

– Stockpiling



• How is this dangerous?





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Soviet Union

 Nikita Khrushchev

– Publicly attacked his predecessor

• Joseph Stalin



• “a cruel tyrant”









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Space Race

 Soviet Union launches Sputnik

– Sputnik – orbited first artificial satellite

• Showed that if the U.S.S.R. was capable of

launching a satellite into space, the U.S.S.R.

could launch a rocket that could deliver a

hydrogen bomb to the U.S.





• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Cuban Missile Crisis

 Mutually Assured Destruction









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Cuban Missile Crisis

 Between U.S. and U.S.S.R.

– President Kennedy

– MAJOR conflict during Cold War









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

What was it?

 October 15, 1962

– U-2 Spy plane photographs reveal:

• Construction of missile silos in Cuba

• Soviet Union behind the construction

• Cuban 90 miles from Florida

• What does this mean for U.S.?





• Crisis lasts for two weeks



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

John F. Kennedy

 “It shall be the policy of this nation to

regard any nuclear missile launched

from Cuba against any nation in the

Western Hemisphere as an attack on

the United States, requiring a full

retaliatory response upon the Soviet

Union. “



The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Kennedy’s Options

 an air attack on the missiles

 a full military invasion

 the naval blockade of Cuba, which

was redefined as a more restrictive









The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Cuban Missile Crisis

 Tension in the U.S.

 Option chosen:

– Naval blockade of Cuba

• Soviet Ships headed toward Cuba

• Meet the blockage

• Soviet Response

– Ships turn back



– A deal is struck

The Cold War 1946 - 1991

Cuban Missile Crises Ends

 the Soviets dismantle the missiles in

Cuba

 Exchanged for a no invasion

agreement

 A secret removal of the Jupiter and

Thor missiles in Turkey.





The Cold War 1946 - 1991

U-2 Spy Plane Incident

 Shot down over Soviet Union

 Over Soviet Territory

– Eisenhower “weather research”

– Khrushchev furious

 Viewed by the Soviets as an act of

aggression





The Cold War 1946 - 1991