From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
Indiana bat
Indiana Bat Approximate range of the Indiana bat
The Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) is a medium-sized mouse-
eared bat native to North America. It lives primarily in
eastern and midwestern states and in parts of the south
of the United States. The Indiana bat is gray, black, or
chestnut in colour and is 1.2–2 inches and weighs about
1/4 an ounce. It is similar in appearance to the more com-
mon little brown bat but is distinguished by its feet size,
toe hair length, pink lips and a keel on the calcar.
Indiana bats live in hardwood forests and hardwood-
pine forests. It is common old-growth forest as well as
agricultural land like croplands and old fields. Overall,
the bats mostly live in forest, crop fields, and grasslands.
Conservation status As an insectivore, the bat will eat both terrestrial and
aquatic flying insects like moths, beetles, and mosquitoes
and midges.
The Indiana bat is listed as an endangered species by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It has had serious pop-
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] ulation decline, estimated to be more than 50% over the
10 years, based on direct observation and a decline on its
Scientific classification
extent of occurrence.[1]
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Description
Class: Mammalia The length of the Indiana bat’s head to the body is from
1.2–2 inches. The animal weighs about 1/4 an ounce. Th-
Order: Chiroptera
ese bats are very difficult to distinguish from other
Family: Vespertilionidae species, especially the more common little brown bat
Genus: Myotis
(Myotis lucifugus), unless examined closely. The size of the
feet, the length of the toe hairs, and the presence of a
Species: M. sodalis keel on the calcar are characteristics used to differenti-
Binomial name ate the Indiana bat from other bats. Indiana bats live an
average of 5 to 9 years, but some have reached 12 years
Myotis sodalis of age. It can have fur from black to chestnut with a light
Miller & Allen, 1928
gray to cinnamon belly. Unlike other common bats with
brown hair and black lips, the Indiana bat has brown hair
and pink lips, which is helpful for identification.
Distribution
The Indiana bat spends summer months living through-
out the eastern United States. During winter, however,
they cluster together and hibernate in only a few caves.
Since about 1975, the population of Indiana bats has de-
clined by about 50 percent. Based on a 1985 census of hi-
bernating bats, the Indiana bat population is estimated at
about 244,000. About 23% of these bats hibernate in caves
in Indiana. The Indiana bat lives in caves only in winter;
but, there are few caves that provide the conditions nec-
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
essary for hibernation. Stable, low temperatures are re- trees utilized as roosts include green, white, and black
quired to allow the bats to reduce their metabolic rates ash (Fraxinus nigra), silver maple, shagbark hickory, and
and conserve fat reserves. These bats hibernate in large, American elm.[11] And finally, in the southern areas of
tight clusters which may contain thousands of individu- the Indiana bat’s range (primarily Tennessee, Arkansas,
als. Indiana bats feed entirely on night flying insects, and and northern Alabama), which include the oak-hickory
a colony of bats can consume thousands of insects each and oak-pine cover types, Indiana bats utilize shagbark
night. The range of the Indiana bat overlaps with that hickory, white oak, red oak, pitch pine (P. rigida), short-
of the more narrowly-distributed gray bat (Myotis grises- leaf pine (P. echinata), loblolly pine (P. taeda), sweet birch
cens), also listed as endangered. (Betula lenta), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canaden-
sis).[12][13]
Plant communities
Common dominant trees utilized by Indiana bat through-
Major life events
out its range include oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya
spp.), ashes (Fraxinus spp.), elms (Ulmus spp.), eastern cot-
tonwoods (Populus deltoides), locusts (Robinia spp.), and
maples (Acer spp.). The understory may include
hawthorns (Crataegus spp.), dogwoods (Cornus spp.), fra-
grant sumac (Rhus aromatica), giant ragweed (Ambrosia tri-
fida), sedges (Carex spp.), Virginia creeper (Parthenocis-
sus quinquefolia), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), gold-
enrod (Solidago spp.), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans),
and wild grape (Vitis spp.).[2]
Indiana bats were found in a variety of plant associa-
tions in a southern Iowa study. Riparian areas were dom-
inated by eastern cottonwood, hackberry (Celtis occiden-
talis), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum). In the forested
floodplains, the dominant plants included black walnut Indiana bat
(Juglans nigra), silver maple, American elm (Ulmus amer-
icana), and eastern cottonwood. In undisturbed upland Indiana bats begin to arrive at hibernacula (caves and
forest, the most common plants were black oak (Quercus mines in which they spend the winter) from their sum-
velutina), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), shagbark hickory (Carya mer roosting sites in late August, with most returning
ovata), and bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis). Black wal- in September. Females enter hibernation shortly after
nut, American basswood, American elm, and bur oak arriving at hibernacula, but males remain active until
dominated other upland Indiana bat sites.[3] late autumn to breed with females arriving late. Most
There are at least 29 tree species that Indiana bats use Indiana bats hibernate from October through April, but
during the summer. The greatest number of tree species many at the northern extent of their range hibernate
are found in the central portion of Indiana bats’s range from September to May. Occasionally, Indiana bats are
(primarily Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, found hibernating singly, but almost all are found hiber-
and Kentucky), but this is likely because the majority nating in dense clusters of 3,230 bats/m² to 5,215 bats/
of research conducted on the species has occurred in m².[14]
this region. Roost trees from these central states, which Spring migration can begin as early as late March,
are mainly in the oak-hickory cover type, include silver but most Indiana bats do not leave their winter hibernac-
maple, red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (A. saccha- ula until late April to early May. Females emerge from
rum), white oak (Q. alba), red oak (Q. rubra), pin oak (Q. hibernacula first, usually between late March and early
palustris), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), post oak (Q. stellata), May. Most males do not begin to emerge until mid- to
shingle oak (Q. imbricaria), eastern cottonwood, shagbark late April.[14][15] Females arrive at summer locations be-
hickory, bitternut hickory, mockernut hickory (C. alba), ginning in mid-April. Females form summer nursery
pignut hickory (C. glabra), American elm, slippery elm colonies of up to 100 adult females during summer.[9][14]
(Ulmus rubra), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), sour- Males typically roost alone or in small bachelor groups
wood (Oxydendrum arboreum), green ash (Fraxinus penn- during the summer. Many males spend the summer near
sylvanica), white ash (F. americana), Virginia pine (Pinus their winter hibernacula, while others migrate to other
virginiana), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and areas, similar to areas used by females.[14]
sassafras (Sassafras albidum).[2][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In south- Females can mate during their 1st fall, but some do
ern Michigan and northern Indiana, which are mainly not breed until their 2nd year.[14][16] Males become re-
in the oak-hickory and elm-ash-cottonwood cover types, productively active during their 2nd year.[14] Breeding
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
occurs in and around hibernacula in fall.[14] During the lands (55%), wetlands and lowland forest (19%), other
breeding season, Indiana bats undergo a phenomenon forested habitats (17%), developed areas (6%), and peren-
known as swarming. During this activity, large numbers nial water sources such as ponds and streams (3%). In
of bats fly in and out of caves from sunset to sunrise.[14] southern Illinois, Carter and others [5] reported that all
Swarming mainly occurs during August to September roosts were located in bottomland, swamp, and flood-
and is thought to be an integral part of mating.[14] Bats plain areas. Miller and others [19] determined the pre-
have been observed copulating in caves until early Oc- dominant habitat types near areas where Indiana bats
tober. During the swarming/breeding period, very few were captured in Missouri were forest, crop fields, and
bats are found roosting within the hibernacula during grasslands. Indiana bats did not show any preference for
the day. Limited mating may also occur at the end of hi- early successional habitats, such as old fields, shrublands,
bernation.[14] and early successional forests, showing 71% to 75% of ac-
Fertilization does not occur until the end of hiber- tivity occurring in other habitats. Although much of the
nation,[14][16] and gestation takes approximately 60 days. landscape throughout the distributional range of the In-
Parturition occurs in late May to early July.[14][16] Female diana bat is dominated by agricultural lands and other
Indiana bats typically give birth to one pup.[14][16] Juve- open areas, these areas are typically not utilized by Indi-
niles are weaned after 25 to 37 days [8] and become volant ana bats.[8][20]
(able to fly) at about the same time.[14] Most young can Indiana bats typically spend the winter months in
fly by early to late July,[8] but sometimes do not fly until caves or mines. However, a few bats have been found hi-
early August.[16] Humphrey and others [8] reported an 8% bernating on a dam in northern Michigan. Indiana bats
mortality rate by the time young were weaned. Howev- need very specific conditions in order to survive the win-
er, they assumed that all females mate in the autumn,[16] ter hibernation period, which lasts approximately 6
which is not the case, so not all the females would give months. As the microclimate in a hibernaculum fluctu-
birth. Thus, mortality of young may be even lower than ates throughout the winter, Indiana bats sometimes fly
8%. to different areas within the hibernaculum to find opti-
Indiana bats are relatively long lived. One Indiana bat mal conditions,[21] but this does not appear necessary for
was captured 20 years after being banded as an adult.[15] every hibernaculum. Indiana bats may even switch be-
Data from other recaptured individuals show that fe- tween nearby hibernacula in search of the most appro-
males live at least 14 years 9 months, while males may priate hibernating conditions.[15] Indiana bats are gener-
live for at least 13 years 10 months.[17] ally loyal to specific hibernacula or to the general area
near hibernacula that they have occupied previously.[15]
Habitat Critical winter habitats of Indiana bats have been desig-
nated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and include
13 hibernacula distributed across Illinois, Indiana, Ken-
Landscape tucky, Missouri, Tennessee, and West Virginia.[22]
Habitat requirements for the Indiana bat are not com- Three types of hibernacula have been designated de-
pletely understood. Bottomland and floodplain forests pending on the amount of use each receives from year to
were once thought to be the most important habitats year. Priority One hibernacula are those that consistent-
during the summer, but subsequent study has shown that ly have greater than 30,000 Indiana bats hibernating in-
upland forest habitats may be equally important, espe- side each winter. Priority Two hibernacula contain 500 to
cially in the southern portions of the species’s 30,000 bats, and Priority 3 hibernacula are any with fewer
range.[2][3][4] Indiana bats are found in hardwood forests than 500 bats. At least 50% of Indiana bats are thought to
throughout most of their range [2][8] and mixed hibernate in the 8 Priority One hibernacula, which can be
hardwood-pine forests in the southeastern United found in Indiana (3 hibernacula), Missouri (3), and Ken-
States.[10][12] Stone and Battle [13] found a significantly tucky (2). Estimates of hibernating populations in 2001
greater proportion (p22 inches (57 cm) dbh)
65.8%.[13] In a habitat suitability model, Romme and oth- than areas where Indiana bats were not found. No other
ers [26] recommended the ideal canopy cover for roost- major landscape differences were detected.[19]
ing Indiana bats as 60% to 80%. Actual roost sites in east- Distances seen between roosts and other habitat fea-
ern Tennessee were very high in the tree, and Indiana tures may be influenced by the age, sex, and reproductive
bats were able to exit the roost above the surrounding condition of the Indiana bats. Distances between roosts
canopy. Thus, canopy cover measurements taken from and paved roads is greater than the distances between
roosts and unpaved roads in some locales, although over-
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
lap between the two situations has been documented. In er enclosed areas.[32] Indiana bats were associated with
Illinois, most roosts used by adult females and juveniles hibernacula that were long (µ=2,817 feet (858 m)), had
were about 2,300 feet (700 m) or more from a paved high- high ceilings (µ=15 feet (4.5 m)), and had large entrances
way, while adult males roosted less than 790 feet (240 m) (µ=104.4 feet² (9.7 m²)). The preferred hibernacula often
from the road.[2][6] In Michigan, roosts were only slight- had multiple entrances promoting airflow. Hibernacula
ly closer to paved roads: 2,000 feet (600 m) on average for choice may be influenced by the ability of the outside
all roosts located.[11] In general, roosts were located 1,600 landscape to provide adequate forage upon arrival at the
feet (500 m) to 2,600 feet (800 m) from unpaved roads in hibernacula as well as the specific microclimate inside.
Illinois and Michigan.[6][11] Roost trees used during au- Having forested areas around the hibernacula entrance
tumn in Kentucky were very close to unpaved roads at an and low amounts of open farmland may be important fac-
average of 160 feet (50 m).[9] tors influencing the suitability of hibernacula. [32]
Roost proximity to water is highly variable and there-
fore probably not as important as once thought. In Indi-
ana, roost trees were discovered less than 660 feet (200
Cover requirements
m) from a creek,[8] while roosts in another part of Indiana Primary roosts used by Indiana bats are typically snags
were 1.2 miles (2 km) from the nearest permanent water in canopy gaps and forest edges that receive direct sun-
source.[6][11] To the other extreme, roosts of a maternity light throughout the day.[4] Alternate roosts live or dead
colony from Michigan were all found in a 12-acre (5 ha) trees, generally located in the forest interior, that usually
wetland that was inundated for most of the year.[11] In receive little or no direct sunlight.[4][8] Weather, such as
Virginia, foraging areas near a stream were utilized.[27] very warm temperatures and precipitation, appears to
Intermittent streams may be located closer to roosts than influence the use of interior alternate roost trees over
more permanent sources of water.[2][11] Ponds, streams, primary roosts, as alternate roosts generally offer more
and road ruts appear to be important water sources, es- shade and protection during inclement weather and ex-
pecially in upland habitats.[29] treme heat.[4][8][19] However, this preference may fluctu-
ate from season to season. Indiana bats moved to the al-
Foraging habitat ternate roost during periods of heavy rain and colder am-
Studies on the foraging needs for Indiana bats are incon- bient temperatures during fall in Missouri, but chose to
clusive. Callahan and others [4] reported that bats foraged roost in the primary snag during inclement weather in
in a landscape composed of pasture, corn fields, wood- the spring. These differences may be attributed to varia-
lots, and a strip of riparian woodland, although Indiana tion in the heat retention capabilities of the trees at dif-
bat activity was not necessarily recorded in all these ferent times of the year.[8] Gumbert and others [7] dis-
habitat types. Murray and Kurta [20] made some qualita- covered bats from a maternity colony switched roosts
tive assessments of Indiana bat foraging habitat in Michi- more frequently in summer and autumn than they did in
gan: the majority of bats were found foraging in forested spring in an oak-pine forest in Kentucky. Indiana bats ex-
wetlands and other woodlands, while 1 bat foraged in an hibit strong fidelity to individual roost trees from year
area around a small lake and another in an area with 50% to year if they are still suitable roost sites.[7][8][33] Many
woodland and 50% open fields. Another Indiana bat for- trees are no longer usable after just a few
aged over a river, while 10 others foraged in areas greater years,[2][4][8][11][14][33] while others may last as long as 20
than 0.6 mile (1 km) from the same river.[20] Bat activi- years.[16]
ty was centered around small canopy gaps or closed for- Another important factor relating to roost suitability
est canopy along small 2nd-order streams in West Vir- is tree condition. Indiana bats prefer dead or dying trees
ginia. Indiana bats foraged under the dense oak-hickory with exfoliating bark.[11] The amount of exfoliating bark
forest canopy along ridges and hillsides in eastern Mis- present on a tree seems to be insignificant.[9] Indiana
souri, but rarely over streams.[30] Indiana bats have been bats show an affinity for very large trees that receive lots
detected foraging in upland forest [3][9][14] in addition to of sunlight. Typically, Indiana bats roost in snags, but a
riparian areas such as floodplain forest edges.[3][8][14][31] few species of live trees are also utilized. Live roost trees
Romme and others [26] also suggested that foraging habi- are usually shagbark hickory, silver maple, and white
tat would ideally have 50% to 70% canopy closure. Indi- oak.[2][4] Shagbark hickories make excellent alternate
ana bats rarely utilize open agricultural fields and pas- roosts throughout the Indiana bats’s range due to their
tures, upland hedgerows, open water, and deforested naturally exfoliating bark.[14] Although Indiana bats pri-
creeks for traveling or foraging.[6][8][20] marily roost under loose bark, a small fraction roost in
tree cavities.[2][11][12][18]
Hibernacula Primary roosts are generally larger than alternate
roosts,[12] but both show a lot of variability. Females typi-
During hibernation, Indiana bats occupy open areas of hi- cally use large roost trees averaging 10.8 inches (27.4 cm)
bernacula ceilings and generally avoid crevices and oth- to 25.7 inches (65.3 cm) as maternity
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
roosts.[2][4][9][11][13][27][34] Males are more flexible, roost- same hibernacula ranged from 34.5 °F to 48.6 °F (1.4–9.2
ing in trees as small as 3 inches (8 cm) dbh.[2][9][10][27] In °C) from December to February. Temperatures in March
a review, Romme and others [26] determined that Indiana and April were slightly lower than in autumn at 39.6 °F to
bats required tree roosts greater than 8 inches (22 cm) 51.3 °F (4.2–10.7 °C). The Indiana Bat Recovery Team [14]
dbh, while Clawson [33] suggested that roosts of 12 inches discovered that Indiana bat populations increased over
(30 cm) dbh or larger were preferred. The heights of time in hibernacula that had stable mid-winter temper-
roost trees vary, but they tend to be tall, with average atures averaging 37.4 °F to 45.0 °F (3.0–7.2 °C), and de-
heights ranging from 62.7 feet (19.1 m) to 100 feet (30 clined in hibernacula with temperatures outside this
m). The heights of the actual roosting sites are variable range.[14] Temperatures slightly above freezing during
as well, ranging from 4.6 feet (1.4 m) to 59 feet (18 hibernation allow Indiana bats to slow their metabolic
m).[11][13][27] rates as much as possible without the risk of freezing to
In addition to day roosts, Indiana bats use temporary death or using up fat too quickly.[35] Hibernating Indiana
roosts throughout the night to rest between foraging bats may also survive low temperatures by sharing body
bouts. Limited research has examined the use of night heat within the tight clusters they typically form.[21] Bats
roosts by Indiana bats, and thus their use and importance awaken periodically throughout the hibernation period,
are poorly understood. Males, lactating and postlactating presumably to eliminate waste or to move to more ap-
females, and juveniles have been found roosting under propriate microclimates. This periodic waking does not
bridges at night. Some Indiana bats were tracked to 3 seem to affect the survival of Indiana bats, but waking
different night roosts within the same night.[20] Night caused by disturbance can cause Indiana bats to use up
roosts are often found within the bats’s foraging area. In- large amounts of energy, which can cause them to run
diana bats using night roosts are thought to roost alone out of fat reserves before the end of winter, possibly lead-
and only and for short periods, typically 10 minutes or ing to death.[36]
less. Lactating bats may return to the day roost several One way in which caves retain low temperatures is
times each night, presumably to nurse their young. Preg- through a constant input of cold air from outside the
nant bats have not been tracked back to the day roost cave circulating in. Typically, the caves supporting the
during the night except during heavy rain. Because Indi- largest Indiana bat populations have multiple entrances
ana bats are difficult to track during their nightly move- that allow cool air from outside the cave to come in,
ments and usually rest for such short periods of time, the creating a circulation of fresh cooled air. Gates that are
specific requirements that Indiana bats need in a night meant to keep vandals out of caves have altered the tem-
roost, and reasons why night roosts are needed, are still perature and airflow of hibernacula, resulting in popula-
unknown. tion declines of Indiana bats at many major hibernacula
During spring and fall, Indiana bats migrate between throughout their range. Removing or modifying gates at
hibernacula and summer roosting sites. In New York and some of these have given these populations a chance to
Vermont, bats traveled up to 25 miles (40 km) between rebound. Also, the bats seem to prefer a relative humidity
hibernacula and summer roosting sites in spring. This is of 74% to 100%, although it is uncommon for the air to be
a considerably shorter distance than what is seen in the saturated.[33] Relative humidities of only 50.4% have also
Midwest, where bats may travel up to 300 miles (500 km). been recorded.[32]
Many males remain close to hibernacula during the
spring and summer[25] rather than migrating long dis-
tances like females. Occasionally, they even roost within
Food habits
hibernacula during the summer.[25] Males also roost in Indiana bats feed exclusively on terrestrial and aquatic
caves and trees during fall swarming.[25][33] Few data ex- flying insects.[31] The most common prey items taken
ist for the roosting requirements of Indiana bats during by Indiana bats are moths (Lepidoptera), beetles
spring and fall migrations; data indicate that require- (Coleoptera), and mosquitoes and midges (Diptera).[15]
ments during these times are similar to summer needs in Selection of prey depends largely on availability in the
that the bats chose large trees with direct sunlight and foraging habitat with diet varying seasonally, by repro-
exfoliating bark.[27] ductive status of females, and from night to night. In
The ability for Indiana bats to find suitable hibernat- southern Michigan, Indiana bats primarily ate caddisflies
ing conditions is critical for their survival. A hibernacu- (Trichoptera) and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera),
lum that remained too warm during one winter caused in addition to the more common prey previously list-
a 45% mortality rate in hibernating Indiana bats.[35] Bats ed.[31] In the Ozarks of southern Missouri, the bats also
generally hibernate in warmer portions of the hibernac- primarily ate bees, wasps, ants, moths, and beetles as
ula in fall, then move to cooler areas as winter progress- well as leafhoppers (Homoptera), although diet did vary
es. During October and November, temperatures at roost- throughout the summer. Bats in Indiana were found to
ing sites within major hibernacula in 6 states averaged prefer beetles, moths, mosquitoes, midges, leafhoppers,
43.5 °F to 53.2 °F (6.4–11.8 °C). Roost temperatures at the and wasps.[37] Other arthropod groups which are con-
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
sumed by Indiana bats in very limited quantities are roosting bats through their foraging activities by peeling
lacewings (Neuroptera), spiders (Araneae), stoneflies away sections of bark being utilized by Indiana bats,
(Plecoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), mites and ticks causing Indiana bats to fly from the roost during the
(Acari), and lice (Phthiraptera).[9][31] day and making the tree unsuitable for future habita-
In addition to differences in diet, variation in forag- tion.[11][34]
ing behaviors have been documented. For instance, the The impact of natural predators on Indiana bats is
distance that an individual Indiana bat travels between a minimal compared to the damage to habitat and mor-
day roost and a nightly foraging range can vary. Garner tality caused by humans, especially during hibernation.
and Gardner [6] discovered that Indiana bats traveled up The presence of people in caves can cause Indiana bats to
to 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from their day roosts to their for- come out of hibernation, leading to a large increase in the
aging sites in Illinois. Similarly, bats traveled up to 1.5 energy used by the bats. By causing Indiana bats to wake
miles (2.4 km) to forage in Kentucky.[9] In Michigan, fe- up and use greater amounts of energy stores, humans can
male bats traveled as far as 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to reach cause high mortality in a cave population of hibernating
foraging areas with an average of 1.5 miles (2.4 km).[20] Indiana bats.[36] Human disturbance and the degradation
Several studies have documented similarities in how of habitat are the primary causes for the decline of the
foraging habitats are actually utilized by Indiana bats. Indiana bat.[39]
Humphrey and others [8] found Indiana bats in Indiana
were foraging around the canopy, which was 7 to 98 feet
(2–30 m) above ground. LaVal and others,[30] whose study
Endangered status
was also conducted in Missouri, found that a female bat The Indiana bat was listed as "endangered throughout its
foraged 7 to 33 feet (2–10 m) above a river. In the same range" in the Federal Register, March 11, 1967. Reasons
study, a male Indiana bat was observed flying in an ellip- for the bat’s decline include disturbance of colonies by
tical pattern among trees at 10 to 33 feet (3–10 m) above human beings, pesticide use and loss of summer habitat
the ground under the canopy of dense forests.[30] In ad- resulting from the clearing of forest cover. Populations
dition, bats were observed foraging at canopy height in throughout the species’ range are also threatened by the
Virginia.[27] spread of white nose syndrome.[40] Additionally, Indiana
Differences in the extent of foraging ranges have also bat mortality due to wind turbines has been confirmed,
been noted. Bats from the same colony foraged in dif- even resulting in a December 2009 injunction against a
ferent areas at least some of the time.[20] Humphrey and West Virginia wind farm [41]
others [8] reported that the average foraging area for fe-
male bats in Indiana was 843 acres (341 ha), but the for-
aging area for males averaged 6,837 acres (2,767 ha). Hob-
References
son and Holland reported a male bat utilizing a forag- This article incorporates public domain material from the
ing area of 1,544 acres (625 ha) in Virginia.[27] In Illi- United States Department of Agriculture document "Myotis
nois, however, the foraging ranges were much smaller sodalis".
at an average of 625 acres (253 ha) for adult females, [1] ^ Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Ticul Alvarez Castaneda, S.
141 acres (57 ha) for adult males, 91 acres (37 ha) for (2008). "Myotis sodalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened
juvenile females, and only 69 acres (28 ha) for juvenile Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for
males.[2][6][9] Foraging areas utilized by Indiana bats in Conservation of Nature.
Indiana increased throughout the summer season, but http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/
only averaged 11.2 acres (4.54 ha) in mid-summer.[8] 14136. Retrieved 08 February 2010.
[2] ^ Gardner, James E.; Garner, James D.; Hofmann,
Joyce E. 1991. Summer roost selection and roosting
Predators behavior of Myotis sodalis (Indiana bat) in Illinois.
During hibernation, predators of Indiana bats may in- Final report. Champaign, IL: Illinois Department of
clude black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) [38] and northern Conservation, Illinois Natural History Survey. On
raccoons (Procyon lotor).[34][38] During other times of the file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
year northern raccoons have been observed trying to Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire
grab bats from the air when they attempt to fly away.[34] Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT
Skunks (Mephitidae), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virgini- [3] ^ Clark, Bryon K.; Bowles, John B.; Clark, Brenda S.
ana), and feral cats (Felis catus) may pose a similar 1987. Summer status of the endangered Indiana bat
threat.[38] If Indiana bats fly from their day roosts during in Iowa. The American Midland Naturalist. 118(1):
the day, they may be susceptible to predation by hawks 32–39
(Accipitridae).[34][38] Indiana bats foraging at night may [4] ^ Callahan, Edward V.; Drobney, Ronald D.;
also be susceptible to predation by owls (Strigidae).[8][38] Clawson, Richard L. 1997. Selection of summer
While not a predator, woodpeckers (Picidae) may disturb
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
roosting sites by Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in bats. Terrestrial Series #8. Jefferson City, MO:
Missouri. Journal of Mammalogy. 78(3): 818–825 Missouri Department of Conservation
[5] ^ Carter, Timothy C.; Carroll, Steven K.; Feldhamer, [16] ^ Schultz, John R. 2003. Appendix C - Biological
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[6] ^ Garner, James D.; Gardner, James E. 1992. [17] Paradiso, John L.; Greenhall, Arthur M. 1967.
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Illinois Natural History Survey. Final Report: 2002. Roost selection and movements across the
Project E-3 summer landscape. In: Kurta, Allen; Kennedy, Jim,
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John R. 2002. Roost fidelity in Kentucky. In: Kurta, an endangered species. Austin, TX: Bat
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TX: Bat Conservation International: 143–152 Richard L.; Callahan, E. V. 2002. Summer habitat in
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James B. 1977. Summer habitat and ecology of the eds. The Indiana bat: biology and management of
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[9] ^ Kiser, James D.; Elliott, Charles L. 1996. Foraging [20] ^ Murray, S. W.; Kurta, A. (2004). "Nocturnal
habitat, food habits, and roost tree characteristics activity of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis
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Mark W.; Reed, Timothy O. 1999. Autumn roosting Journal of Mammalogy. 61(2): 245–253
habitat of male Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in a [22] U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
managed forest setting in Kentucky. In: Stringer, Service. 1976. Endangered and threatened wildlife
Jeffrey W.; Loftis, David L., eds. Proceedings, 12th and plants: Determination of critical habitat for
central hardwood forest conference; 1999 February American crocodile, California condor, Indiana bat,
28–March 2; Lexington, KY. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-24. and Florida manatee. Federal Register. 41(187):
Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 41914–41916.
Forest Service, Southern Research Station.: 169–170 [23] Clawson, Richard L. 2002. Trends in population size
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Stribley, John M.; Williams, Kimberly J. 1993. eds. The Indiana bat: biology and management of
Summer roosts of the endangered Indiana bat an endangered species. Austin, TX: Bat
(Myotis sodalis) on the northern edge of its range. Conservation International: 2–8
The American Midland Naturalist. 129(1): 132–138 [24] ^ Salyers, Jo; Tyrell, Karen; Brack, Virgil. 1996.
[12] ^ Britzke, Eric R.; Harvey, Michael J.; Loeb, Susan C. Artificial roost structure use by Indiana bats in
2003. Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis, maternity roosts wooded areas in central Indiana. Bat Research
in the southern United States. Southeastern News. 37(4): 148
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[13] ^ Stone, William E.; Battle, Ben L. 2004. Indiana bat impacts of forest management and other activities
habitat attributes at three spatial scales in to the Indiana bat on the Cherokee National Forest,
northern Alabama. Bat Research News. 45(2): 71. Tennessee. Cookeville, TN: U.S. Department of the
[14] ^ U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
Service. 1999. Agency draft: Indiana bat (Myotis [26] ^ Romme, Russell C.; Tyrell, Karen; Brack, Virgil, Jr.
sodalis) revised recovery plan. Fort Snelling, MN: 1995. Literature summary and habitat suitability
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife index model: components of summer habitat for
Service, Region 3 the Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Project C7188:
[15] ^ LaVal, Richard K.; LaVal, Margaret L. 1980. Federal Aid Project E-1-7, Study No. 8.
Ecological studies and management of Missouri Bloomington, IN: Indiana Department of Natural
Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
[27] ^ Hobson, Christopher S.; Holland, J. Nathaniel. [36] ^ Thomas, Donald W. 1995. Hibernating bats are
1995. Post-hibernation movement and foraging sensitive to nontactile human disturbance. Journal
habitat of a male Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis of Mammalogy. 76(3): 940–946
(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in western Virginia. [37] Whitaker, John O. (2004). "Prey Selection in a
Brimleyana. 23: 95–101 Temperate Zone Insectivorous Bat Community".
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Service. 1999. Biological opinion on the impacts of 1545-1542(2004)0852.0.CO;2.
forest management and other activities to the bald ISSN 1545-1542.
eagle, Indiana bat, clubshell, and northern [38] ^ Warwick, Adam; Fredrickson, Leigh H.;
riffleshell on the Allegheny National Forest. [Place Heitmeyer, Mickey. 2001. Distribution of bats in
of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of the fragmented wetland forests of southeast Missouri.
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Bat Research News. 42(4): 187.
[29] Martin, Chester O.; Kiser James D. 2004. Managing [39] Brady, John T. 1983. Use of dead trees by the
special landscape features for forest bats, with endangered Indiana bat. In: Davis, Jerry W.;
emphasis on riparian areas and water sources. Bat Goodwin, Gregory A.; Ockenfeis, Richard A.,
Research News. 45(2): 62–63 technical coordinators. Snag habitat management:
[30] ^ LaVal, Richard K.; Clawson, Richard L.; LaVal, proceedings of the symposium; 1983 June 7–9;
Margaret L.; Caire, William. 1977. Foraging Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-99. Fort Collins,
behavior and nocturnal activity patterns of CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Missouri bats, with emphasis on the endangered Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
species Myotis grisescens and Myotis sodalis. Station: 111–113
Journal of Mammalogy. 58(4): 592–599 [40] "Unexplained "White Nose" Disease Killing
[31] ^ Murray, Susan W.; Kurta, Allen. 2002. Spatial and Northeast Bats". Environment News Service.
temporal variation in diet. In: Kurta, Allen; 2008-01-31. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/
Kennedy, Jim, eds. The Indiana bat: biology and jan2008/2008-01-31-094.asp. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
management of an endangered species. Austin, TX: [41] [1]
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[32] ^ Raesly, Richard L.; Gates, J. Edward. 1987. Winter
habitat selection by north temperate cave bats. The
External links
American Midland Naturalist. 118(1): 15–31 • Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of
[33] ^ Clawson, Richard L. 2000. Implementation of a Fish and Wildlife: Indiana Bats
recovery plan for the endangered Indiana bat. In: • Ohio Department of Natural Resources Life History
Vories, Kimery C.; Throgmorton, Dianne, eds. In: Notes: Indiana Bat Myotis sodalis
Proceedings of bat conservation and mining: a • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Indiana Bat, Myotis
technical interactive forum; 2000 November 14–16; sodalis
St. Louis, MO. Alton, IL: U.S. Department of the • National Wildlife Federation: Indiana Bat
Interior, Office of Surface Mining; Carbondale, IL: • Species Profile: Indiana Bat U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Coal Research Center, Southern Illinois University: Service
173–186 • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Indiana bat images
[34] ^ Sparks, Dale W.; Simmons, Michael T.; Gummer, Capture and release of Indiana bats:
Curtis L.; Duchamp, Joseph E. 2003. Disturbance of • http://watertowndailytimes.com/section/
roosting bats by woodpeckers and raccoons. multimedia?objdir=bats&objw=620&objh=503
Northeastern Naturalist. 10(1): 105–108
[35] ^ Richter, Andreas R.; Humphrey, Stephen R.; Cope,
James B.; Brack, Virgil, Jr. 1993. Modified cave
entrances: thermal effect on body mass and
resulting decline of endangered Indiana bats
(Myotis sodalis). Conservation Biology. 7(2):
407–415.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_bat&oldid=467965654"
Categories:
• IUCN Red List endangered species
• Mouse-eared bats
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indiana bat
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