From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Chrome OS
Google Chrome OS
Google Chrome OS Unlike Chromium OS, which can be compiled from
the downloaded source code, Chrome OS only ships on
specific hardware from Google’s manufacturing part-
ners.[6] The user interface takes a minimalist approach,
resembling that of the Google Chrome web browser.
Since Google Chrome OS is aimed at users who spend
most of their computer time on the Web, the only appli-
cation on the device is a browser incorporating a media
player and a file manager.[4][7][8][9][10]
The expected launch date for retail hardware fea-
turing Chrome OS slipped after Google first announced
the operating system: from an initial forecast date in
late 2010 to June 15, 2011, when "Chromebooks" from
Samsung (and then Acer in July) actually
Google Chrome OS 0.16.1193.117.0 running on an Acer shipped.[11][12][13][14][15]
AC700-1099 model Chromebook
Company / Google Inc. History
developer
Google developers began coding the operating system
Programmed in C, C++ in 2009, inspired by the growing popularity and lower
OS family Unix-like
power consumption of netbooks and the focus of these
small laptops on Internet access. To ascertain marketing
Working state Preinstalled on specific hardware requirements for an operating system focused on net-
(Chromebooks)
book Web transactions, the company did not do the usual
Latest stable 0.16.1193.117.0 (Stable)[1] demographic research generally associated with a large
release December 17, 2011 (2011-12-17) software development project. Instead, engineers relied
Latest unstable 0.16.1193.117.0(Beta) on more informal metrics, including monitoring the us-
release December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15) age patterns of some 200 Chrome OS machines used by
0.17.1412.18.0 (Dev) Google employees. Developers also noted their own us-
December 14, 2011 (2011-12-14) age patterns. Matthew Papakipos, former[16] engineering
Update method Rolling release director for the Chrome OS project, put three machines
in his house and found himself logging in for brief ses-
Package Portage sions: to make a single search query or send a short
manager
email.[7]
Supported x86, ARM On November 19, 2009, Google released Chrome OS’s
platforms source code as the Chromium OS project.[4] As with other
Kernel type Monolithic: Ubuntu[2] Linux kernel open source projects, developers are modifying code
from Chromium OS and building their own versions,
Default user Graphical interface based on the Google whereas Google Chrome OS code will only be supported
interface Chrome browser
by Google and its partners, and will only run on hardware
License Google Chrome OS Terms of Service[3] designed for the purpose. Unlike Chromium OS, Chrome
OS will be automatically updated to the latest version.[17]
Official website www.google.com/chromebook
InformationWeek reviewer Serdar Yegulalp wrote that
Chrome OS will be a product, developed to "a level of pol-
Google Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system de-
ish and a degree of integration with its host hardware
signed by Google to work exclusively with web applica-
that Chromium OS does not have by default," whereas
tions. Google announced the operating system on July 7,
Chromium OS is a project, "a common baseline from
2009 and made it an open source project, called Chromi-
which the finished work is derived" as well as a pool for
um OS, that November.[4][5]
derivative works. The product and project will be devel-
oped in parallel and borrow from each other.[18]
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Chrome OS
At a November 19, 2009 news conference, Sundar
Pichai, the Google vice president overseeing Chrome,
demonstrated an early version of the operating system.
He previewed a desktop which looked very similar to the
Chrome browser, and in addition to the regular brows-
er tabs also had application tabs, which take less space
and can be pinned for easier access. At the conference,
the operating system booted up in seven seconds, a time
Google said it would work to reduce.[17][19][18][20]
Also on November 19, 2009, Chris Kenyon, vice pres-
ident of OEM services at Canonical Ltd announced that
Canonical "is contributing engineering to Google
[Chrome OS] under contract. In our discussions, Sundar
Pichai and Linus Upson made it clear that they want,
wherever feasible, to build on existing components and
tools from the open source community without unneces-
sary re-invention. This clear focus should benefit a wide
variety of existing projects and we welcome it."[21]
On January 25, 2010, Google posted notes, images and
a video of a conceptual design showing how a Chrome The Cr-48 showing the setup screen seen when first booting up
OS user interface might look on a tablet computer with a Chromebook
a 5–10 inch screen. The design would include the same
basic layout as on netbooks, but with a touch interface; that while the project held promise, it still had some dis-
an onscreen qwerty keyboard in different layouts; large, tance to go before being ready for market.[31][32]
square icons placed above the tabs; and panels placed On March 8, 2011, Google Product Management vice
along the bottom edge that could be opened with an president Sundar Pichai stated that the last of the 60,000
upward dragging motion.[22][23] The posting was made Cr-48s had been shipped.[33]
two days before Apple announced the iPad tablet.[24] On The Cr-48 notebooks have additional unused hard-
March 16, 2011, several changes to Chromium OS were ware components for implementation at a future date,
made which indicate the development of a tablet version including a Bluetooth 2.1 controller.[34] The USB port on-
of Google Chrome OS.[25] ly acts as a keyboard, mouse, ethernet adapter, or USB
In March 2010, Google indicated that consideration storage port and will not work as a printer port as there
is being given to developing two versions of the operat- is no print stack on the operating system.[35] Adding fur-
ing system, a consumer version and an enterprise ver- ther hardware outside of the previously mentioned items
sion.[26] will likely cause problems with the operating system’s
"self knowing" security model.[36] Users are encouraged
Cr-48 prototype hardware to use a secure service called Google Cloud Print to print
At a December 7, 2010 press briefing, Google announced to legacy printers connected to their desktop computers,
the Cr-48 laptop, a reference hardware design to test the or connect an HP ePrint printer to the Google Cloud Print
Chrome OS operating system. Chromium-48 is one of the service for a "cloud aware" printer connection.[37]
most unstable isotopes of the metallic element chromi-
um. The laptop’s design broke convention by replacing Commercial hardware: Chromebooks
the caps lock key with a dedicated search key.[27] Main article: Chromebook
The Cr-48 was intended for testing only, not retail Google initially named several development partners
sales.[28][29][30] Google addressed complaints that the op- working on hardware for the operating system, with oth-
erating system offers little functionality when the host ers named in the press, including Acer, Adobe, Asus,
device is not connected to the Internet. The company Freescale, Hewlett-Packard, Lenovo, Qualcomm, Texas
demonstrated an offline version of Google Docs running Instruments, Toshiba,[38] Intel,[39] Samsung,[40][41] and
on Chrome OS and announced a 3G plan that would give Dell.[42]
Chrome OS users 100 MB of free data each month, with On May 11, 2011 at its Google I/O developer confer-
additional paid plans available from Verizon. [14] ence, Google announced that the first two commercially
About 60,000 Cr-48s were distributed to testers and available laptops incorporating Chrome OS would be
reviewers in early December 2010. Reviews of Chrome manufactured by Acer Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co.,
OS running on the Cr-48 in mid-December 2010 indicated with a retail price beginning at $349. The ship date was
June 15 for the United States, the United Kingdom,
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Chrome OS
France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy and Spain. The that most of Chrome OS’s advantages "can be found in
Chromebooks are sold in the United States through Ama- other software environments without having to sacrifice
zon and Best Buy; internationally through "leading re- native applications."[31]
tailers". Google claimed an eight-second bootup time and In reviewing the Cr-48 on December 29, 2010, Kurt
eight-hour operation on one battery charge, and said Bakke of Conceivably Tech said: "in my household the
that the chromebooks would require no virus protection. Chromebook has turned into a family appliance and the
Models equipped with 3G connectivity receive 100 most frequented computer in our household. Its 15 sec-
megabytes of wireless data per month, free for two years, ond startup time and dedicated Google user accounts
with an additional gigabyte at $20 per month. Google is made it the go-to device for quick searches, email as well
also working on a Chrome OS desktop machine.[15][43][44] as YouTube and Facebook activities. It has not turned in-
Google also announced a monthly payment scheme to a device that can rival the appeal of any of our other
for business and education customers at $28 and $20 per notebooks – we have one gaming laptop, two mainstream
user, per month, respectively for a three-year contract, notebooks and two netbooks in our household with five
including replacements and upgrades.[15] kids. The biggest complaint I heard was its lack of perfor-
mance in Flash applications."[48]
Reception In ongoing testing, Wolfgang Gruener, also writing
in Conceivably Tech, said that cloud computing at cellular
Early on, Chrome OS was viewed as a competitor to Mi- data speeds is unacceptable and that the lack of offline
crosoft, both directly to Microsoft Windows and indirect- ability turns the Cr-48 "into a useless brick" when not
ly the company’s word processing and spreadsheet ap- connected.[49] "It’s difficult to use the Chromebook as
plications—the latter through Chrome OS’s reliance on an everyday device and give up what you are used to
cloud computing.[45][46] But Chrome OS engineering di- on a Mac/Windows PC, while you surely enjoy the ded-
rector Matthew Papakipos argued that the two operating icated cloud computing capabilities occasionally."[50] He
systems would not fully overlap in functionality because praised a March 2011 update that included new trackpad
Chrome OS hosted is intended for netbooks, which lack control features, scrolling support, power improvements
the computational power to run a resource-intensive and a large number of bug fixes.[51]
program like Photoshop.[7]
Some observers claimed that other operating systems Relationship to Android
already fill the niche that Chrome OS is aiming for, with Google’s successive introduction of the popular An-
the added advantage of supporting native applications in droid[52] and Google Chrome OS has put the company be-
addition to a browser. Tony Bradley of PC World wrote hind two open source, client-based operating systems.
in November 2009: "We can already do most, if not all, of Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer accused Google of not being
what Chrome OS promises to deliver. Using a Windows 7 able to make up its mind.[53] Google has suggested that
or Linux-based netbook, users can simply not install any- the two operating systems address different markets,
thing but a web browser and connect to the vast array of mobile and personal computing, which remain distinct
Google products and other web-based services and appli- despite the growing convergence of the devices. Co-
cations. Netbooks have been successful at capturing the founder Sergey Brin suggested that the two systems "will
low-end PC market, and they provide a web-centric com- likely converge over time."[54]
puting experience today. I am not sure why we should get Steven Levy wrote that "the dissonance between the
excited that a year from now we’ll be able to do the same two systems was apparent" at the 2011 Google I/O de-
thing, but locked into doing it from the fourth-place web veloper conference. "Each day of the event featured a
browser."[47] keynote devoted to one system followed by a press brief-
A year later, Ryan Paul of Ars Technica came to sim- ing where each team leader (Android’s Andy Rubin and
ilar conclusions. He wrote that Google’s Cr-48 prototype Chrome’s Sundar Pichai) unconvincingly tried to explain
"met the basic requirements for Web surfing, gaming, why the systems weren’t competitive. Co-founder Sergey
and personal productivity, but falls short for more inten- Brin addressed the question by saying that owning two
sive tasks." He praised Google’s approach to security, but promising OS’s was a problem that most companies
wondered whether mainstream computer users would would love to face".[55]
accept an operating system whose only application is a
browser. "In its current form, I think that the operating
system could appeal to some niche audiences, like reg- Design goals and direction
ular consumers users who really just need browsing or Early in the project, Google put online many details of
office productivity workers at companies that have gone Chrome OS’s design goals and direction.[56] But the com-
Google or only use intranet apps. It’s decidedly not a full- pany has not followed up with a technical description of
fledged alternative to the general purpose computing en- the completed operating system.
vironments that currently ship on netbooks." Paul wrote
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Chrome OS
User interface Remote application access and virtual
desktop access
In June 2010, Google software engineer Gary Kačmarčík
wrote that Chrome OS will access remote applications
through a technology unofficially called "Chromoting,"
which would resemble Microsoft’s Remote Desktop Con-
nection.[59] The name has since been changed to "remot-
ing," and is "probably closer to running an application
via Remote Desktop Services or by first connecting to a
host machine by using RDP or VNC."[60] Initial roll-outs
of Chrome-OS laptops (Chromebooks) indicate an inter-
est in enabling users to access virtual desktops.[61][62]
Hardware support
Old Chrome-Chromium OS login screen Google Chrome OS is initially intended for secondary de-
vices like netbooks, not as a user’s primary PC,[19] and
Design goals for Google Chrome OS’s user interface in- will run on hardware incorporating an x86 or ARM-based
cluded using minimal screen space by combining appli- processor.[8] While Chrome OS will support hard disk dri-
cations and standard Web pages into a single tab strip, ves, Google has requested that its hardware partners use
rather than separating the two. Designers considered a solid-state drives "for performance and reliability rea-
reduced window management scheme that would oper- sons"[17] as well as the lower capacity requirements in-
ate only in full-screen mode. Secondary tasks would be herent in an operating system that accesses applications
handled with "panels": floating windows that dock to the and most user data on remote servers. In November 2009
bottom of the screen for tasks like chat and music play- Matthew Papakipos, engineering director for the Google
ers. Split screens were also under consideration for view- Chrome OS claimed that the Chrome OS consumes one-
ing two pieces of content side-by-side. Google Chrome OS sixtieth as much drive space as Windows 7.[63]
would follow the Chrome browser’s practice of leverag-
ing HTML5’s offline modes, background processing, and Integrated media player, file manager
notifications. Designers proposed using search and Google integrates a media player into both Chrome OS
pinned tabs as a way to quickly locate and access applica- and the Chrome browser, enabling users to play back
tions.[57] MP3s, view JPEGs, and handle other multimedia files
while offline.[59]
Architecture Chrome OS also includes an integrated file manager
In preliminary design documents for the Chromium OS resembling those found on other operating systems, with
open source project, Google described a three-tier ar- the ability to display folders and their associated files,
chitecture: firmware, browser and window manager, and as well as preview and manage file contents using a va-
system-level software and userland services.[58] riety of Web applications, including Google Docs and
• The firmware contributes to fast boot time by not Box.net.[64]
probing for hardware, such as floppy disk drives,
that are no longer common on computers, especially Printing
netbooks. The firmware also contributes to security Google Cloud Print is Google’s proposed solution to help
by verifying each step in the boot process and any application on any device to print on any printer.
incorporating system recovery.[58] While the cloud provides virtually any connected device
• System-level software includes the Linux kernel that with information access, the task of "developing and
has been patched to improve boot performance. maintaining print subsystems for every combination of
Userland software has been trimmed to essentials, hardware and operating system – from desktops to net-
with management by Upstart, which can launch books to mobile devices – simply isn’t feasible."[65][66]
services in parallel, re-spawn crashed jobs, and defer However, the cloud service would entail installing a piece
services in the interest of faster booting.[58] of software, called a proxy, as part of Chrome OS. The
• The window manager handles user interaction with proxy would register the printer with the service, man-
multiple client windows much like other X Window age the print jobs, provide the printer driver functionali-
managers.[58] ty, and give status alerts for each job.[67]
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google Chrome OS
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_OS&oldid=467822609"
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