Psy 202
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic pattern of
thinking, feeling, and
acting.
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
Theorists
feeling, and acting.
Theorists
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic
pattern of thinking, Famous personality theorists:
feeling, and acting.
Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
Theorists
Karl Jung –three components of personality:
collective unconscious (a common reservoir of
images derived from our species’ universal
experiences), personal unconscious, & ego.
Alfred Adler –the drive to overcome feelings of
inferiority acquired in childhood drives most of our
behavior.
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic
pattern of thinking, Famous personality theorists cont’d:
feeling, and acting.
Maslow (humanistic psychology) –motives are related to
Theorists physiological needs. Developed the hierarchy of needs
with self actualization at the apex. Focused on healthy
people not sick people.
Rogers –believed that people are generally good and
are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. Unless
thwarted by an environment that inhibits growth, each of
us is primed for growth and fulfillment. Therapy
Requires:
Genuiness –being open with their own feelings, dropping their
facades, and being transparent and self-disclosing.
Acceptance - people nurture growth through unconditional
positive regard –an attitude of total acceptance towards
another person.
Empathic concern–by sharing an mirroring our feelings and
reflecting our meanings.
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic
pattern of thinking, Famous personality theorists cont’d:
feeling, and acting.
Bandura reciprocal determinism: the interacting
Theorists influences between personality and environmental
factors.
- different people choose different environments.
- our personalities shape how we interpret and react
to events. PERCEPTION
- our personalities help create situations to which we
react. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
*** the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior.***
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic
pattern of thinking, Famous personality theorists cont’d:
feeling, and acting.
Allport –described personality in terms of
Theorists fundamental traits
Trait –a characteristic pattern of behavior or a
disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-
report inventories and peer reports.
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
Psychoanalytic Theory
feeling, and acting.
Psychoanalysis
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Psychoanalysis
■ The Id contains the innate ■ The Superego develops at
around the age of 5yrs and is ■ The Ego is the conscious,
sexual (libido) and rational part of the mind
aggressive instincts and is the conscience of the child
located in the unconscious as it realises what is right which develops during
mind. It demands and wrong. It is formed the first 2yrs of life. It
immediate satisfaction and when the child adopts many is the mediator between
exists at birth. of the values of the same sex the id and superego.
parent (identification)
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
Fixation in an earlier stage would result in
pattern of thinking,
personality flaws.
feeling, and acting. Ex. A person who had been either orally
overindulged or deprived might fixate at the
oral stage showing itself excessive smoking
Psychoanalysis and eating.
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking, According to Freud → Civilizations breeds
feeling, and acting. anxiety: sometimes the ego fears losing
control of this inner war between the
demands of the id and the superego, and
the result is a dark cloud of unfocused
Psychoanalysis anxiety, which leaves us feeling unsettled
but unsure why.
Defense mechanisms –tactics that reduce
or redirect anxiety by distorting reality.
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Psychoanalysis Defense Mechanisms
Research has proven this
Repression –the banishment of thoughts, feelings,
doesn’t happen.
and memories from consciousness
Is supported Denial –a conscious effort to suppress unpleasant
by research reality.
Research indicates more infantile stage
Regression –retreating into a that this doesn’t
happen.
Reaction formation –making unacceptable
impulses their opposites (“I love him” becomes “I
Not testable
hate him”)
Has some Projection –people disguise their own threatening
support impulses by attributing them to others
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Psychoanalysis Defense Mechanisms cont’d
Rationalizations –offers self-justifying explanations
Is supported
in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious
by research
reasons for one’s actions.
Displacement –shifting sexual or aggressive
Is supported
impulse toward a more acceptable or less
by research
threatening target.
Compensation –masking perceived weaknesses or
developing certain positive traits to make up for
Not testable
limitations.
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Psychoanalysis Defense Mechanisms cont’d
Has some Fantasy –gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary
support achievements.
Sublimation -redirecting 'wrong' urges into socially
Not
acceptable actions. testable
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking, According to Freud, the way to cure
feeling, and acting. mental illness is to bring up the
unconscious issues (usually
molestation to the conscious) and that
issue would “magically” disappear
Psychoanalysis
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Psychoanalysis Projective tests –aim provide such a view by
presenting an ambiguous stimulus and then
asking test-takers to describe it or tell a story
about it.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in which
people view ambiguous pictures and then make
up stories about them.
Rorschach inkblot test –the most widely used
projective test, a set of 10 inkblots seeks to
identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their
interpretations of the blots.
Check out the Project Tests PowerPoint
on this website
Personality –an
individual’s
characteristic
pattern of thinking,
Trait Theorists
feeling, and acting.
UNSTABLE
Moody Touchy
Anxious Restless
Rigid Aggressive
Sober Excitable
Pessimistic Changeable
Trait Theorists Reserved Impulsive
Unsociable Optimistic
Quiet Active
melancholic choleric
INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED
Passive phlegmatic sanguine
Sociable
Careful Outgoing
Thoughtful Talkative
Peaceful Responsive
Controlled Easygoing
Reliable Lively
Even-tempered Carefree
Calm Leadership
STABLE
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking, Freud’s Techniques to Uncover the
feeling, and acting. Unconscious:
Free association (patient relaxes and says
whatever comes to mind)
Projective tests
Psychoanalysis
Dream analysis
Hypnosis
Personality –an
individual’s Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis
characteristic
pattern of thinking, These techniques led to people
feeling, and acting. being implanted with false
memories of rape and innocents
going to jail in the 80s and 90s.
Psychoanalysis
Personality –an
individual’s Trait Theorists –measuring rather than explaining
characteristic personality
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Personality inventory –a questionnaire on
which people respond to items designed to gauge a
wide range of feelings and behaviors.
Trait Theorists
Myer-Briggs
Eyseneck
Cattel
Big Five
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)
Take the Big Five Personality Test on the
Website and View the Big Five Powerpoint
to understand what your score means
Personality –an
individual’s Trait Theorists –measuring rather than explaining
characteristic personality
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Commonly Measured Personality Traits
Personal control –our sense of controlling our
environment rather than feeling helpless.
Internal locus of control –the perception that one
Trait Theorists controls one’s own fate.
External locus of control –the perception that change
or outside forces beyond one’s personal control
determine one’s fate.
Learned helplessness –the hopelessness and
passive resignation an animal or human learns
when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
-people given little control over their word
experience lower morale and increase stress
Personality –an
individual’s Trait Theorists –measuring rather than explaining
characteristic personality
pattern of thinking,
feeling, and acting.
Commonly Measured Personality Traits
Spotlight effect –overestimating others’ noticing
and evaluating our appearance, performance, and
blunders.
Trait Theorists
Self-esteem –one’s feelings of high or low self
worth.
- low self esteem is correlated with depression
and anxiety.
-- high self esteem is correlated with choosing
the easy route over challenges, giving up
quicker, lying about one’s performance and
greater aggression when rejected
Download and view the Self Esteem
Powerpoint online. You are responsible for
knowing the vocab in it.