Chapter 6 The American Revolution

							Academic Content Standards Targets




                                     1
  Chapter 6 The American Revolution
  At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the New York Citizen, which read in part: "He
  had lived long, did some good and much harm." Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely
  freedmen. The    writer and orator Robert G. Ingersoll wrote:
                                                  Chapter 6, Section 1
  In 1793, Thomas Paine was imprisoned in France for not endorsing the execution of Louis XVI. During
 Thomas Painehe wrote and distributed the first part limit of life.becomeby one most of his
  his imprisonment, had passed the legendary of what was to One his most famous work at
  the friends and acquaintances Reason (1794-96). He was freed in 1794 (narrowly side,
 old time, the anti-church text, The Age of had deserted him. Maligned on every escaping
►     Did You Know?                   (find a Monroe,
  execution) thanks to the efforts of James grave) then U.S. Minister to France. Paine remained in
 execrated, shunned and abhorred –on an virtues from Thomas Jefferson. Painehis
  France until 1802 when he returned to America his invitation denounced as vices –
►     Thomas Paine's
 services forgotten – his character blackened, had been all but eradicated due and
  discovered that his contributions to the American Revolution he preserved the poise to his
      Common Sense was
  religious views. Derided by the public and abandoned by his friends, he died on June 8, 1809 at the age
  of 72 in New his soul.
 balance ofYork City. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions
About religion, The Age of Reason says:
    published in 1776 in still a
  remained unshaken. He was ordersoldier in the army of freedom, and still
   When Paine returned to the US in 1802, he received a cool welcome. He was now
      not believe in the whom professed like his Jewish church, by the infamous church,The the           of
I do Reason, an infidel with creedeven old alliesby the friend in the White House,the Roman authorwere byAge
   of to influence Americans to who
  tried to enlighten and civilize thosethe were impatiently waiting for his
                                       church, by
                                                                                   Thomas Jefferson,
Greek church, by the TurkishChristians urged the Protestant church, nor by any church that I
   reluctant to associate. Meddlesome                     sick and dying man to embrace their faith, but were
             Even thoseRevolution, suggested that Paine him, their financial worries
      support the his
  death. My own mindwhofriends facetiouslyenemies hated could resolve hisfriend – the by
know of. dismissed. One ofis my own
   brusquely                                their
                                     lovedchurch.
  friend of ‘recantation’. Themet – with all Reason replied, ‘Tom Paine never told a lie’.
      The pamphlet author this
   publishing a the whole world of The Age of their hearts. On the 8th of June, 1809,
All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me
                     – Death,
    otherwas Today, morehe owned in what was then the rural hamlet of New Rochelle, 20 miles
no72,goal, buried in the smallalmost set up to terrify and enslave mankind, pomp, no north
                                   farm than
   Thomas Paine’s funeral was sparsely attended. Thomas Paine, who died 200 years ago, in
  death camehuman inventions, his only friend. At his funeral noJune 1809, at the age of
       and than                                                                             and monopolize
   of 200 profit. later, Common
  pageantry, no
power and yearscivic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman
      New York City.
  and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a
      Sense An Essay on the whose of Free-Masonry (1803-1805), of his head –Paine,
    also wrote is still in print! The                                                   not a US citizen.
HeNot long before, New Rochelle’s bigwigs had barred Paine from voting, claiming he wasabout the Bible being
  Quaker, the humanity ofof US
                                      Origin
                                                heart dominated the creed
      Crisis a describingidea negroes filled withBut this was not –the muted funeral of the
   who had virtually        the
allegorical myth invented be buried, evencitizenship, was furious.oblige him. Hencethe end of his indignities. man
   When he sought place
                                 astrology: Quakers would not
  and, following ontofoot, two the                                  gratitude constituted the
      Christian religion theparody onthat
        THESE are           is a times the worship of the and equally important, the revolution that
The ― had inspired and guided revolutions in north [49]
   who
 ► not happen in Britain. Thomas Paine.
                                                   America and France, sun, in which they put a man
  funeral cortege of
   did Christ in the place of the sun, and pay him the adoration originally payed to the
called
sun. try men's souls.‖
Needless to say this did not win him many friends in the new Unites States.                                                             2
►"Posterity — you will never
 know how much it has cost
 my generation to preserve
 your freedom. I hope you
 will make good use of it." —
 John Quincy Adams                                     (July 11, 1767 – February 23,

 1848)   eldest son of John Adams, 2nd US president.                                   3
 I. The Opposing Sides (Pages 162-166)
► In order for the colonies to actually gain their
  independence from Britain, they had to fight (and
  win) a war. No one expected it to last long,
  however.
► The Patriots, or Americans who supported
  independence, faced several obstacles:
► Britain had a larger population-8 million
  against 2.5 million.
► Britain had the strongest navy in the world and a
  well-trained army as well
   The Americans did not have a regular army or
    navy. Many colonists belonged to militias who were
    basically volunteers and served for short periods of
    time.
   Not all Americans supported the war effort. Some were   4

    neutral,
Americans were ill-prepared for war with a military giant such as England. Examine the problems in gaining support for the


            war effort, from mustering soldiers to buying ammunition, clothing, and food for the army.   2:33




                                                                                                                         5
                                  I. Continued
       After the war ended in 1783, some 17,313 Hessians
       returned to or Tories, supported Britain did
► The Loyalists, their homelands. Of the 12,526 whofor several reasons:
► Some not return (see chart below)
        were members of the Anglican Church and thus loyal to
  Britain.
     Some depended on the British for jobs.
     Some feared the changes a new government might bring and
        feared challenging an existing government.
   George Washington Houdon Life Mask First President of the USA FACE CAST IN WHITE
    the-haunted-studios ( 515)
     Some just did not understand the war.
   Member id                            Feedback Score Of




  Item condition:            New

  Time Loyalist strength varied from region to region but was strongest
     left: 7d 15h (Nov 02, 201121:46:58 PDT)
        in the Carolinas and Georgia.
     George Washington's life mask was made in 1785 by French sculptor Jean Antoine
     Houdon when Washington was fifty-three. In commenting to a friend, Houdon said
                Time left:7d 15h (Nov 02, 201121:46:58
     he had African Americans were promised their
► Someno idea of "the majesty and grandeur of Washington's form and features" freedom if
  PDT) he studied himon subject.
  theyPrice:US $32.50 British side, so they became Loyalists.
     until                 as a
            fought              the
     The life mask shows Washington as he really appeared in life....without the personal
     and, Patriots had some the many artists, painters and the British troops.
► The often, subjective interpretations ofadvantages over sculptors
     who came to sketch, paint and model his countenance.
     They fought on their own ground, not 3,000 miles from home.
     When Washington returned to Mount Vernon after the War, he was one of the most
        They in the world. His newly-won celebrity status brought him a steady
    famous menhad a personal stake in fighting to protect the freedom of
        their own land as opposed to the Hessian mercenaries, or
     pilgrimage of visiting foreigners, Americans, historians and innumerable artists, all
     of whom consumed many hours of his time.
        hired soldiers, who fought for the British for money.
     In a letter to Francis Hopkinson in 1785, the year his life mask was made,
        George Washington was a touches of painters' pencils that am
    Washington wrote: "I am so hackneyed to the leader with courage,I honesty, and
        determination (video: The Real George Washington 49 minutes)
     now altogether at their beck, and sit 'like patience on a monument,' whilst they are
     delineating the lines of my face. It is a proof, among many others, of what habit and
               custom can accomplish."
                                                                                         6
►Quick   Review1:

 Explain how, for many
  colonists, the Revolutionary
  War was also a civil war.



                                 7
    Can’t we all just get along?
  Why did the thirteen colonies have to fight a
  war if they declared their independence from
  Britain?
Great Britain was not just going to let the colonies go
without a fight. The colonies were too profitable
(mercantilism required colonies as sources of raw
materials and controlled markets) and too important to the
empire to just let them go.                               9
Which of the following choices represents the proper
sequence of events surrounding the American Revolution?

a. Declaration of Independence
   Battles of Lexington and Concord
   Articles of Confederation
   Treaty of Paris

b. Battles of Lexington and Concord
   Declaration of Independence
   Articles of Confederation
   Treaty of Paris

c. Battles of Lexington and Concord
   Articles of Confederation
   Declaration of Independence
   Treaty of Paris

d. Declaration of Independence
   Battles of Lexington and Concord
   Treaty of Paris
   Articles of Confederation
                                                          12
     II. Fighting in New York
                           (Pages 166-167)


►   The British troops outnumbered the Americans. During
    the summer of 1777, Britain sent 32,000 troops to
    fight in America. The British hoped to win an early
    victory.
►   The British defeated the Continental Army at the
    Battle of Long Island in August. Nathan Hale
    became a hero for America. He was discovered
    as a spy and hanged. After the defeat, Washington
    retreated to attack Manhattan and then slipped across
    New Jersey into Pennsylvania, pursued by the British.
►   The Continental Army faced many obstacles. They
    ran short of supplies. The size of the army shrank.
    Soldiers became discouraged. Some soldiers finished
    their term of service and went home. Others ran
    away. (usually one year was customary)                13
What if the term of service for the armed forces had
been a mandatory three-year term or the length of
the war, not just the one-year term?
Would the Americans have had an advantage and
won the war earlier?
It depends. If the overall effect of the term lengthening
translated into greater overall troop numbers, then
perhaps. However, such a long length of service may
have caused fewer to enlist.


                                                            14
               II. continued
► Raising  an army was difficult. Congress had
  trouble enlisting soldiers and raising money
  to fight the war. The Americans had militias,
  not a regular army. Soldiers, usually signed
  up for one year of service. The Congress
  offered a three-year term, or length of
  service, but the one-year enlistment was
  most common.
► Some women       also fought in the war as
                links


  Patriots.
                                              15
    ►Quick Review 2: Explain some of the ways in
Women in the War
    which colonial women contributed to the effort
    (there are at least 6 of them)


► Sarah             Franklin Bache

► Mary            McAculey
      AKA Molly Pitcher
       Molly Pitcher at the Battle of Monmouth,




► Deborah  Sampson: "Robert Shurtliff"
► Lydia Darragh: Quaker spy
► Margaret Corbin November 16, 1776,
►    the British and Hessians mounted a joint attack on
►    Fort Washington in northern Manhattan
                                                          16
► QuickReview 2: Explain some of the
 ways in which colonial women
 contributed to the effort (there are at least 6 of
 them)

► ____________________________________
   ►Many colonial women(1) boycotted British
 ____________________________________
  goods. Farm women (2)took care of their
 ____________________________________
  farms while their husbands fought in the
  war. City women (3)managed their
 ____________________________________
  husbands’ businesses. Some women
 ____________________________________
  (4)raised money (Sarah Franklin Bache) for the
 ____________________________________
  soldiers, some (5)made clothes for the
 ____________________________________
  troops, and others, such as Molly Pitcher,
 ___________________________________
  Deborah Sampson and Lydia Darragh,
  (6)took an active part in the fighting. Sarah       17
  Ludington-rode to Danbury Conn. To warn.
      African Americans in the War
      Quick Review 3: Why did the Continental Army begin to allow
      African Americans to enlist after first banning them from service?

►   British-American Black Loyalist Foot Soldiers, Yorktown Campaign




                       This portrait (left) of an unidentified Revolutionary War sailor was painted in oil by
                       an unknown artist, circa 1780. Prior to the war, many blacks were already
                       experienced seamen, having served in the British navy and in the colonies' state
                       navies, as well as on merchant vessels in the North and the South. This sailor's     18
                       dress uniform suggests that he served in the navy, rather than with a privateer.
► Quick  Review 3: Why did the Continental
 Army begin to allow African Americans to
          Lord Dunmore's banning them from service?
 enlist after first Ethiopian Regiment, the words
          "Liberty to Slaves" emblazoned on their chests.
 ___________________________________
►This policy was changed after the British began
offering freedom to any slave who fought for them.
 ___________________________________
Large numbers of slaves flocked to the British army in
 ___________________________________
the South. As many as 14,000 African Americans left
 ___________________________________
with the British after the war was over; As more and
 ___________________________________
more African Americans joined the British, George
 ___________________________________
Washington and all the states (except Georgia and
 ___________________________________
South Carolina) changed their minds about allowing
African Americans to fight in the war. Slaves who
 ___________________________________
enlisted were promised their freedom at the war’s end,
 ___________________________________
but they could not join without their masters’
 ___________________________________
permission. As a result, ‘most of the 5,000 African
Americans who enlisted were from the North.           19
Analyze the diagram below. Which of the following
periods is BEST described by the rights and powers listed?




    a. Renaissance              c. Great Awakening
    b. Glorious Revolution      d. Enlightenment             25
 Quick Review 4: What was one of
 Washington’s major problems as commander-
                Morristown
Headquarters Continental Army?
 Of course, another problem was financing the
 in-chief of the a new national government
26 December, 1779
 war effort. With
  lacking the power to tax (Articles of Confederation 1777), an
  ►A. keeping his men from deserting
  absence of an established military bureaucracy
  ►B.organized supply fast army British
Sir—The situation of the as thewith respect
  and traveling as division, Washington
    supplies is alarming beyond description.
towas forced to rely upon either the states or
     army
         been five or soldiers on half rations.
It hasgetting his six weeksto defend
  private individuals for resources. The following
  ►C. to the governor of Delaware illustrates
  letter
  this point. more than
      have not
Wetheir home groundthree days of bread,
at one third ration on hand, nor…
 ►D.   convincing colonists to rally
    behind independence.                                    37
    III. Patriot Gains (Page 167)

► More soldiers were needed, so some states
  enlisted African Americans. As many as 5,000
  African Americans fought. Among them were
  Lemuel Haynes and Peter Salem.
► American troops scored victories at
  Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey.
  Washington caught the British troops off
  guard when he surprised them at Trenton
  in late December 1776.

                                                 38
 IV. A British Plan for Victory                                          (Pages
                                       167-168)
► The British planned to gain control of Albany and the
  Hudson River to separate New England from the Middle
  Colonies..
► Howe's troops captured Philadelphia, and the
  Continental Congress fled to the countryside. Howe
  postponed the move to Albany and stayed in
  Philadelphia (the American capital) during the winter.
► The Americans, however, were able to slow down the
  British. American forces led by Benedict Arnold forced
  the British under General St. Leger retreat at Fort
  Stanwix, New York. St. St. Leger’s army spent
                               Story

  after Battle of Oriskany and he could not hook-up
  with Burgoyne
► The British lost the Battle of Saratoga.
  Burgoyne's troops were completely surrounded
  by the Patriot Army. On October 17, 1777, they
                             The central figure is the American General
                             Horatio Gates, who refused to take the sword offered
                             by General to the treating him as a
  handed over their weapons Burgoyne, and, Americans and
  surrendered.                gentleman, invites him
                             into his tent
                                                                                  39
              I. Gaining Allies                               (Pages 172-175)

 ►      European nations helped the American cause. France and
        Spain were at war with the British in Europe and hated the
        British. They realized that the Americans had a chance to
        win their war, so they offered assistance.
  ► France at first secretly gave money to help the
        American war effort and then publicly announced
        its support after the Battle of Saratoga                      monument         . In
        February 1778, the French Sint
"First Salute" of 16 November 1776, when Commander Johannes de Graaff of and the Americans

         Doria by firing the out a Oranje, the first international
Andrew worked cannons of Fort trade agreement and an alliance.
Eustatius decided to return the salute fire of the visiting American brigantine

      http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347879
acknowledgment of the independence of the United States.

 ► France declared war on Britain and gave the Americans
   money, equipment, and troops to fight the British.
 ► Spain and the Netherlands were at war with
   Britain. Spain did not recognize America’ s
   independence until after the Revolution, but the
   Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, helped
   the war effort.                                                                      42
►   Washington’s troops spent a hard winter at Valley
    Forge, Pennsylvania. The army lacked enough food,
    clothing, and shelter. Some men deserted; others
    resigned. Yet the Continental Army survived. In April
    news of France’s alliance cheered them.
►   A French nobleman, Marquis de Lafayette, spent the
    winter at Valley Forge. He offered his services and
    became one of Washington’s trusted aides.
►   Other Europeans also volunteered to help.
      Casimir Pulaski from Poland died fighting for the
       Continental Army in 1780.
      Friedrich von Steuben from Germany taught
       military discipline to Washington’s troops. Valley
       Forge 1777–1778
       http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=316458
                                                        43
   . Juan de Miralles from Spain lent money I became friends
    with Patriot leaders, and convinced Cuba, Spain, and
    Mexico to send financial aid to the colonies.
► Getting    money to finance the war was difficult. To
  pay for the war, Congress and the states printed
  hundreds of millions of dollars of paper money.
  Soldiers had to be paid and supplies bought. The
  paper quickly lost its value and in turn led to
  inflation. Congress stopped issuing paper money
  because no one would use it
► Difficulties of establishing a national government—
  Articles of Confederation
                                                          44
   II. Life on the Home Front
 Governor William Livingston of New Jersey in 1778 Said, “Slavery is
                                        (Pages 175-176)
 utterly inconsistent with the principles of Christianity and humanity.” “I
hope we shall often took over the duties during
► Women at last, and if it so please God I hope it may beof
 my life time, see this cursed thing [slavery] taken out. . . . For my
  men while the men were in the military.
 part, whether in a public station or a private capacity, I shall always
 be prompt to contribute my assistance towards effecting so
  Some women questioned their place in
 desirable an event. “
  society, and some fought for women's
  interests.
► The Loyalists in the colonies faced hard
  times.
► The issue of slavery was questioned,
  especially in light of the ideals of freedom
  for which people went to war.                                               45
         IT’S IMPORTANT:

►Early battles of the Revolutionary
 War took place in Northern areas,
 but the war shifted to southern
 areas later in the war
►The Revolution involved all
 American groups including Native
 Americans, African Americans and
 Women.
                                      46
 III. War in the West (Pages 177-178)
► The war in the West took place along the frontier,
  west of the Appalachian Mountains, and involved
  Native Americans. They often helped the British by
  raiding American settlements.
► George Rogers Clark went west to end the attacks.
  In July 1778, he and 175 soldiers took the British post
  at Kaskaskia in present-day Illinois and then
  captured the town of Vincennes in present-day
  Indiana.
► The British recaptured Vincennes under Henry
  Hamilton in December. In February Clark and his
  troops surprised the British and forced Hamilton to
  surrender. This victory helped strengthen the
  western position.                                     47
    Notes Chapter 6               Section 3
►   Did You Know?
►   Naval hero John Paul
    Jones is considered to be
    one of the founders of the
    United States Navy. He
    was the first person to
    hoist the new American
    flag on a warship. In 1778
    Jones sailed into a French
    bay and exchanged gun
    salutes with a French ship.
    This was the first time the
    United States flag was
    officially recognized by a
    foreign government.
                                              49
                       A person with a personality disorder indicated by a pattern of lying,
               I. Glory at Sea
                       exploitativeness, heedlessness, arrogance, sexual promiscuity, low
                                                       (Pages 178-179)
                       self-control, and lack of empathy and remorse.
  “I wish to have no connection with any ship that does not
  sail fast; for I intend to go in harm's way.”
► A.  The British had a powerful navy and thus
   John Paul Jones

  were able to da***d if battles at sea.
 “I may sink, but I'll be wage I strike! “              John
  Paul Jones


► B. The American Navy was too weak to
  fight the British, so they used privateers.
► C. John Paul Jones became a naval hero as
                     John battle Navy Issue of coast of Great
  a result of his Paul Jones, near the1937
  Britain in September 1779.
    Bonhomme Richard and British warship
 John Paul Jones' marble and bronze sarcophagus
  at the United States Naval Academy

     Serapis engage in a 3Paul Jones battle. ―I
                                     John hour Memorial
                                                  in Washington, D.C.
        have not yet begun to fight!‖                                                  50
        http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=449604
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67