10/16/2009
Nurses have a key role in identifying and
managing incontinence in stroke survivors
h d ff
Incontinence can have an adverse affect on
survival, disability, quality of life and
institutionalization rates
Presented by:
Angela Meagher, RN‐NP MN CRN(c)
Anita Mountain, MD
Nova Scotia Rehabilitation Centre
1. To understand why bladder and bowel
management are important for stroke
The involuntary loss of urine
2. To understand normal bladder and bowel
physiology
h l resulting from a loss of bladder
3. To understand the changes that occur to and/or sphincter control
bowel and bladder function following stoke
4. To learn strategies for assessment and (RNAO, 2005)
treatment of neurogenic bladder and bowel
post‐stroke
Prevalence of urinary incontinence post Full Urinary Incontinence
stroke 36% admission 15% on discharge 8% in 6 months
as high as 40%–60% of people admitted to
hospital following a stroke event Partial Urinary Incontinence
25% still having problems at time of discharge 11% admission 13% on discharge 11% in 6 months
15% of these patients remain incontinent at 1 year
after stroke No Urinary incontinence
53% admission 72% on discharge 81% in 6 months
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Death Stroke size and severity
Institutionalization Age
Depression Diabetes
l
Sleep h d bl ll
Other disabling illness
QoL Functional limitations to toilet access
Caregiver burden and stress Level of consciousness (especially in early
Adverse effect on relationships days post‐ stoke)
ADLs, IADLS and work
Frontal Micturition Center
Sacral Micturition Center
Base: α - adrenergic Dome: β- adrenergic All: cholinergic receptors
receptors receptors
Braddom. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 3rd edition. Pg 620. Saunders Elsevier 2007 Braddom. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 3rd edition. Pg 618. Saunders Elsevier 2007
Frontal Micturition Center Causes
Pontine Micturition Center Early – Urinary Retention “cerebral shock”
Sacral Micturition Center Later – Detrusor hyperreflexia with uninhibited
Pudendal Nucleus bladder contractions is most common
Parasympathetic Nervous System Incontinence due to stroke related impairments
Sympathetic Nervous System Medications
Comorbid medical conditions
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Transient incontinence Voiding patterns – pre and post‐stroke
Urge Incontinence ▪ How often void? How often wet? Urgency?
Stress Incontinence ▪ Leak urine with sneeze, cough, lifting?
Mixed Incontinence ▪ Hesitancy incomplete emptying double void decrease
Hesitancy, incomplete emptying, double void, decrease
Overflow incontinence caliber of stream
Functional incontinence ▪ Dysuria/hematuria
Total incontinence
Identify type of incontinence
(RNAO, 2005)
Discuss knowledge, goals, beliefs and attitudes
toward urinary continence
Assess for constipation Abdominal exam
Assess for other stroke impairments/activity Pelvic, external genital, rectal as indicated
limitations that can contribute: Assessment of other stroke impairments
mobility, cognition, balance, communication,
vision, sensory awareness of bladder fullness,
depression, transfers, balance and hygiene
Identify environmental barriers to successful
toileting
Urinalysis and Culture Can help determine the person’s voiding
Increased risk UTI’s with age>65, males, PVR>150 cc, use patterns.
of beta blockers and antidepressants
Monitor the intake and output of fluid, as well
Post‐void residuals (PVR)
Post void residuals (PVR)
The amount of urine that remains in the bladder
h l h b k
as the relationship between intake and d
following urination incontinent episodes.
Voiding Diary Used to establish a voiding schedule specific
Blood‐work as indicated to the stroke survivor’s voiding patterns.
Renal and Bladder U/S, urodynamics and
cystoscopy as indicated
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Voiding Record
Non‐pharmacologic
Prompted voiding
Timed voiding
Catheters
External collection devices/incontinence products
Diet
Medications
Anti‐cholinergics
Alpha blockers
RNAO (2006).
A behavioural intervention in which you use An intervention in which you assist patients
verbal and physical cues to assist the stroke with voiding at fixed time intervals.
survivor to use toileting facilities.
3 primary behaviours are used:
b h d Appropriate for stroke survivors with severe
cognitive impairments who are unable to
Monitoring communicate the need to void.
Prompting
Praising
Indwelling Supra‐pubic – preferred if long‐term
Should be avoided – if used should be assessed catheterization required
daily and removed as soon as possible
Generally reserved for management of acute
Clean intermittent catheterizations –
urinary retention early after stroke, healing of preferred for persisting urinary retention –
pressure of sores, or persistent intractable most often caused by comorbid condition
wetness e.g. diabetes. Hard to do independently with
Long‐term complications hemiplegia
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Condom catheters Certain foods can increase urgency
Insert pads Caffeine – chocolate, tea, coffee
Incontinence garments Hot spicy food
Citrus fruits
Greater than 1800 – 2000 ml of fluid per day
Fluid intake – restrict after 6‐7 pm but ensure
total daily intake is still appropriate
▪ On toilet or commode when at all possible Two main types:
▪ OT/PT – mobility, transfers, balance, clothing
management, hygiene, activity level Anti‐cholinergics – e.g., Oxybutynin
▪ fl d d f d
Dietary – fluid and food review l h blockers – e.g., Tamsulosin
Alpha – bl k l
▪ SLP – communication of need to void
▪ Nursing – assist with development of routine
as well as follow‐through, education and
reassessment/modification
Hoeman S. Rehabilitation Nursing. 2002. Mosby. pg 395
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Prevalence of post‐stroke bowel incontinence At admission
23 – 56% early after stroke (2 weeks to admission Full Fecal Incontinence – 34%
to rehab) Partial – 6%
3‐22% at 6 months None – 60%
8 – 11% after one year. At 6 months
Prevalence of constipation Full Fecal Incontinence – 5%
Up to 66% Partial – 4%
None – 91%
In patient with fecal incontinence there is Stroke size and severity
increased rates of Level of consciousness (especially in early
Death days post‐ stoke)
Institutionalization Age
Needing ongoing nursing care at home Diabetes
Urinary incontinence
Huge quality of life issue Functional limitations to toilet access
Drugs causing constipation
Colon/Large Intestine
Water and electrolyte absorption
Storage and controlled evacuation of feces
Digestion and absorption of undigested food
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Cortical Control Multi‐factorial
Colorectal innervation: Neural control of bowel transit time
Enteric Drugs
Sympathetic Dietary Intake
Parasympathetic Fluid Intake
Activity level
Somatic
Many Modifiable
History
Previous Bowel Habit
Current Bowel Habit – Stool Diary
Stool Consistency and Character
Presence of Constipation Complications
Dietary Intake – fluid/fiber
Activity level
Functional Limitations
Constipating Drugs
Constipation Complications
Other Comorbidities
Coggrave M. Neurogenic continence. Part 3: Bowel Management Strategies.
British Journal of Nursing, 2008, Vol 17, No 15.
Physical Examination Non‐Pharmacologic
Abdo exam Establish Bowel Routine ‐ Multidisciplinary
▪ On toilet or commode when at all possible
Rectal exam – inspection and DRE
▪ In am after breakfast/ hot drink gastrocolic reflex
In am after breakfast/ hot drink –
▪ OT/PT – mobility, transfers, balance, clothing management,
Imaging hygiene, activity level
Abdo flat plate ▪ Dietary – fluid (at least 8 glasses per day), limit tea coffee,
fiber intake
Other ▪ SLP – communication of need to have bowel movement
▪ Nursing – assist with development of routine as well as
follow‐through, education and reassessment/modification
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Take Home Points
Pharmacologic Bladder Incontinence
Bulk Forming – e.g., psyllium fibers Common after stroke
Stool Softeners – e.g., Ducosate sodium Associated with higher rates of
Stimulants – e.g., Bisacodyl, sennosides institutionalization
Osmotic ‐ e.g., Lactulose Ensure that modifiable risk factors that may
Suppository – e.g., dulcolax sup or glycerine
contribute to post stroke UI (eg. diabetes, UTI) are
addressed
Timed & prompted voiding are mainstays of
treatment
Questions?
Bowel Incontinence
Not as common as urinary incontinence
Still has poor prognosis – death,
institutionalization and ongoing nursing care
Big quality of life issue for patient and caregiver
Key to management is recognition, through
assessment and development of multi‐disciplinary
treatment plan including patient and caregiver
education , non‐pharmacologic and
pharmacologic interventions
Selected References Selected References
Braddom (2007). Physical medicine and rehabilitation. (3rd ed). Pg 618. Saunders Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (2005). Promoting continence using
Elsevier. prompted voiding: nursing best practice guideline. Toronto: Registered Nurses’
• Canadian Stroke Strategy Best Practices and Standards Writing Group 2008). Association of Ontario. Available at:
Canadian best practices recommendations for stroke care: updated 2008. CMAJ, http://www.rnao.org/Storage/12/627_BPG_Continence_rev05.pdf
179(12), section 4.2d, p. 50. Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (2006). Self‐learning package:
Coggrave M. (2008). Neurogenic continence. Part 3: Bowel management
Coggrave M (2008) Neurogenic continence Part 3: Bowel management continence care education Toronto: Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario
continence care education. Toronto: Registered Nurses Association of Ontario.
strategies. British Journal of Nursing, 17(15). Available at
Hoeman, P. (2002). Rehabilitation nursing: processes, applications, and http://www.rnao.org/Storage/15/951_Self_Learning_Package_Continence_Care.
outcomes. (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. pdf
Nakayama, H., Jørgensen, H.S., Pedersen, P.M.,. Raaschou, H.O, Olsen, T.S. Teasell, R., Foley, N., Salter, K., Bhogal, S. (2007). Evidence based review of stroke
(1997). Prevalence and risk factors of incontinence after stroke: the Copenhagen rehabilitation: medical complications post‐stroke. Heart & Stroke Foundation of
stroke study. Stroke, 28, 58‐62.) Ontario and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long‐term Care. Available at
http://www.sjhc.london.on.ca/parkwood/ebrsr/
Thomas, L.H., Cross, S., Barrett, J., French, B., Leathley, M., Sutton, C.J., Watkins,
C. (2008). Treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004462
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