Rolling resistance (Fr) Aerodynamic drag (Fa)
f coefficient of rolling resistance 0.0125 ρ Air density
m mass of vehicle+load 1264 (kg) cw Drag coefficient
2
g gravitational acceleration 9.81 (m/s ) A Maximum vehicle cross section
v Vehicle speed (kph)
Fr f.m.g 154.998 (N)
Examples of coefficients of rolling resistance Specific Fuel Consumption
Density fuel
Ordinary car tires on concrete 0.010 to 0.015 Transmission friction coefficient
Truck tires on smooth road 0.006 to 0.01
Fa 0.5.ρ.cw.Av2 for speeds in m/s
2
Fa 0.386.ρ.cw.Av for speeds in kph
Examples of fuel consumption and density
Gasoline Engine (peak load?)
Density Gasoline
This speadsheet provides an approximate calculation for vehicle resistance, power, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at consta
It is useful for highway driving or driving range calculations only, not driving conditions where there is significant acce
The input cells are indicated in red, whilst useful output values are in blue.
References for suggested inputs are included as a comment in the appropriate cell.
This page is a general use sheet for any vehicle, other sheets are used with specific values for calculations used in the main rep
Sheets for Battery Electric Vehicles include an electrical performance section indicating the range, power,running costs and savi
167.9
Power used (Pw)
3
1.202 (kg/m ) Power at wheels 13151.9 (W)
0.33 Power at engine 14613.22 (W)
2
2.08 (m )
100 (kph) Fuel Consumption 43.83966 (g/km)
0.060888 (l/km)
6.088842 (l/100km)
300 (g/kWh) 46.65762 (mpg)
0.72 (kg/l)
0.9 CO2 emissions 140.9567 (g/km)
Cost fuel 1 £/litre
318.4704 (N) Cost/km fuel 6.088842 p/km
300 (g/kWh)
0.72 (kg/l)
ower, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at constant speed only
ving conditions where there is significant accelerating and decelerating
pecific values for calculations used in the main report
ndicating the range, power,running costs and savings relative to using an IC engine.
Rolling resistance (Fr) Aerodynamic drag (Fa)
f coefficient of rolling resistance 0.0125 ρ Air density
m mass of vehicle+load 1302 (kg) cw Drag coefficient
2
g gravitational acceleration 9.81 (m/s ) A Maximum vehicle cross section
v Vehicle speed (kph)
Fr f.m.g 159.6578 (N)
Examples of coefficients of rolling resistance Specific Fuel Consumption
Density fuel
Ordinary car tires on concrete 0.010 to 0.015 Transmission friction coefficient
Truck tires on smooth road 0.006 to 0.01
Fa 0.5.ρ.cw.Av2 for speeds in m/s
2
Fa 0.386.ρ.cw.Av for speeds in kph
Examples of fuel consumption and density
Diesel Engine (peak load?)
Density Petroleum Diesel
This speadsheet provides an approximate calculation for vehicle resistance, power, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at co
It is useful for highway driving or driving range calculations only, not driving conditions where there is significant
The input cells are indicated in red, whilst useful output values are in blue.
References for suggested inputs are included as a comment in the appropriate cell.
This page is a general use sheet for any vehicle, other sheets are used with specific values for calculations used in the main
Sheets for Battery Electric Vehicles include an electrical performance section indicating the range, power,running costs and
167.9
Power used (Pw)
3
1.202 (kg/m ) Power at wheels 13281.34 (W)
0.33 Power at engine 14757.04 (W)
2
2.08 (m )
100 (kph) Fuel Consumption 36.15475 (g/km)
0.042535 (l/km)
4.2535 (l/100km)
245 (g/kWh) 66.78992 (mpg)
0.85 (kg/l)
0.9 CO2 emissions 114.0789 (g/km)
318.4704 (N)
230-260 (g/kWh)
0.85 (kg/l)
consumption of a vehicle at constant speed only
ns where there is significant accelerating and decelerating
or calculations used in the main report
ange, power,running costs and savings relative to using an IC engine.
Rolling resistance (Fr) Aerodynamic drag (Fa)
f coefficient of rolling resistance 0.008 ρ Air density
m mass of vehicle +load 18264 (kg) cw Drag coefficient
2
g gravitational acceleration 9.81 (m/s ) A Maximum vehicle cross section
v Vehicle speed (kph)
Fr f.m.g 1433.359 (N)
Examples of coefficients of rolling resistance Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
Density fuel
Ordinary car tires on concrete 0.010 to 0.015 Transmission friction coefficient
Truck tires on smooth road 0.006 to 0.01
Fa 0.5.ρ.cw.Av2 for speeds in m/s
2
Fa 0.386.ρ.cw.Av for speeds in kph
Examples of fuel consumption and density
Efficient DI Diesel Engine
Density Petroleum Diesel
Copied from Cell M19 with different inputs
CO2 (ELECAT with optimised DI Diesel) 1.1
Number of cars carried on ELECAT
6 cars
Drag coef. 7 cars 8 cars 1
0.7 129.4 113.7 101.97
0.6 117.4 103.4 92.94
0.9
relative C02
0.5 105.3 93.08 83.9
0.4 93.28 82.76 74.86
0.8
Average CO2 car @100kph 128.4
0.7
Relative CO2 (Car on ELECAT/Car driving on road)
Number of cars carried on ELECAT 0.6
6 cars
Drag coef. 7 cars 8 cars
0.7 1.007788 0.885514 0.7942 0.5
0.6 0.91433 0.805296 0.7238 0.7 0.6
0.5 0.820093 0.7249221 0.6534
0.4 0.72648 0.6445483 0.583 Drag Coefficient
*To estimate the unladen weight of an ELECAT required to carry 8 cars, consider an unladen 6 x 2 rigid vehicle capable of ca
Unladen weight of 6x2 rigid 7850 http://www.mercedes-benz.com/content/media_library/unitedkingdom/mpc_unite
Laden weight of 6x2 rigid 26000
Power used (Pw)
3
1.202 (kg/m ) Power at wheels 111988.9 (W)
0.7 Power at engine 124432.2 (W)
2
8 (m )
100 (kph)
Fuel Consumption 248.8643 (g/km)
200 (g/kWh) 0.292782 (l/km)
0.85 (kg/l) 29.27815 (l/100km)
0.9 9.70317 (mpg)
Number of cars carried 8
2598.243 (N)
Fuel/car (g/km) 31.10804
Fuel/car (l/km) 0.036598
188 (g/kWh) Fuel/car (l/100 km) 3.659769
0.85 (kg/l) Fuel/car (mpg) 77.62536
CO2 emissions 98.15501 (g/km)
6 cars
7 cars
8 cars
0.5 0.4
Drag Coefficient
der an unladen 6 x 2 rigid vehicle capable of carrying a load of 18 tonnes. This would weigh less than 8 tonnes. The ELECAT would require less power a
ontent/media_library/unitedkingdom/mpc_unitedkingdom/trucks/products/newactroscv704.object-Single-MEDIA.tmp/CV%20704_Single%20pages.pdf
es. The ELECAT would require less power and transport less load than this vehicle, however the length of trailer and additional components such as the r
DIA.tmp/CV%20704_Single%20pages.pdf
of trailer and additional components such as the rotating turntables and generator need to be added, so we assume the same unladen weight of 8 tonnes
o we assume the same unladen weight of 8 tonnes for this purposes of this calculation.
Rolling resistance (Fr) Aerodynamic drag (Fa)
f coefficient of rolling resistance 0.0125 ρ Air density 1.202
m mass of vehicle+load* 323.2 (kg) cw Drag coefficient 0.15
2
g gravitational acceleration 9.81 (m/s ) A Maximum vehicle cross section0.7
v Vehicle speed (kph) 100
Fr f.m.g 39.6324 (N)
Examples of coefficients of rolling resistance Specific Fuel Consumption 300
Density fuel (petrol) 0.72
Ordinary car tires on concrete 0.010 to 0.015 Transmission friction coefficient 0.9
Truck tires on smooth road 0.006 to 0.01
2
Fa 0.5.ρ.cw.Av speeds in m/s
for
2
Fa 0.386.ρ.cw.Av speeds in kph
for 48.71706
g/km CO2 emissions @100kph
Weight batteries Range Cost Battery
kg gasoline Diesel coal natural gas UK mix km £
20 22.37 17.71 32.75 14.54 17.981 36.9 86.6
30 22.37 17.71 33.21 14.75 18.236 54.5 130
40 22.37 17.71 33.69 14.96 18.498 71.67 173.3
50 22.37 17.71 34.16 15.17 18.757 88.36 216.6
UK Electric Primary and secondary production
Gwh Fraction Fraction
Nuclear 63,028 0.160542
Hydro 5,088 0.012961
Wind 5,285 0.01346
10,505 0.026758
Other renewables
Coal 136,545 0.347799
Oil 4,641 0.011823 Zero carbon0.213721214
Gas 164,473 0.418935 Coal+Oil 0.359621613
Other 3,032 0.007723 Gas +Other 0.426657172
Total 392,597
68.7 Billion kg CO2 all UK passenger cars 2006
402.6 Billion vehicle km UK passenger cars and taxis 2006
* The Curb weight of an IC engined low profile vehicle without batteries or persons is assumed to be 200kg. This raises the issu
**Average UK person's weight 73.2 kg http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2220923.stm
Weight ratio Typical car/Low profile car 4.433787129 2.4461 Frontal area of ford focus http://www.new-cars.com/2003/for
CdA ratio Typical car/Low profile car 7.454893846 0.32 Drag coefficient of Ford Focus http://www.autoblog.com/200
5.944340487 5.94 (electric)
Average of energy reduction due to aerodynamic and weight over typical car IC (engine) 6.17
This speadsheet provides an approximate calculation for vehicle resistance, power, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at const
It is useful for highway driving or driving range calculations only, not driving conditions where there is significant acce
The input cells are indicated in red, whilst useful output values are in blue.
References for suggested inputs are included as a comment in the appropriate cell.
This page is a general use sheet for any vehicle, other sheets are used with specific values for calculations used in the main re
Sheets for Battery Electric Vehicles include an electrical performance section indicating the range, power,running costs and sav
Power used (Pw)
(kg/m3) Power at wheels 2454.15 (W)
Power at engine 2726.84 (W)
(m2)
(kph) Fuel Consumption 8.18051 (g/km)
(if an IC engine was used) 0.01136 (l/km)
1.13618 (l/100km)
(g/kWh) 250.04 (mpg)
(kg/l) CO2 emissions (petrol) 26.3026 (g/km)
Electrical Performance
Efficiency of battery discharging 0.9
(N) Efficiency of battery charging 0.9
Efficiency of battery charger 0.9
Combined efficiency inverter+motor 0.8
Battery specific energy 54 (Wh/kg)
Battery weight 50 (kg/battery)
Specific cost of battery 4.33333 (£/kg)
Efficiency grid transmission 0.91
CO2 UK Coal Power station 970 (g/kWh)
CO2 UK Gas Power station 385 (g/kWh)
Cost electricity 0.1 (£/kWh)
Cost fuel 1 £/litre
Battery capacity 2700 (Wh/battery)
electric energy to fully charge battery 3333.33 (Wh/battery)
electric energy at power station 3663 (Wh/battery)
CO2 UK average electricity 26.3632 (g/km)
CO2 Coal 49.8393 (g/km)
CO2 Gas 19.7816 (g/km)
Cost/km on electricity 0.46756 p/km
Cost/km fuel 1.13618 p/km
Saving of electric over IC engine 0.66862 p/km
Range vehicle 71.2914 (km/battery)
Battery power demand 3787.27 (W)
Cost Battery 216.667 (£)
ns is assumed to be 200kg. This raises the issue of crash resistance which is discussed in the text.
of ford focus http://www.new-cars.com/2003/ford/ford-focus-specs.html
ent of Ford Focus http://www.autoblog.com/2007/01/07/detroit-auto-show-2008-ford-focus/
er, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at constant speed only
ng conditions where there is significant accelerating and decelerating
cific values for calculations used in the main report
icating the range, power,running costs and savings relative to using an IC engine.
Rolling resistance (Fr) Aerodynamic drag (Fa)
f coefficient of rolling resistance 0.01 ρ Air density
m mass of vehicle+load 938 (kg) cw Drag coefficient
2
g gravitational acceleration 9.81 (m/s ) A Maximum vehicle cross section
v Vehicle speed (kph)
Fr f.m.g 92.0178 (N)
Examples of coefficients of rolling resistance Specific Fuel Consumption
Density fuel
Ordinary car tires on concrete 0.010 to 0.015 Transmission friction coefficient
Truck tires on smooth road 0.006 to 0.01
Fa 0.5.ρ.cw.Av2 for speeds in m/s
Fa 0.386.ρ.cw.Av2 speeds in kph
for
Figures for UK Electric Primary and secondary production
Gwh Fraction Fraction
Nuclear 63,028 0.160542
Hydro 5,088 0.012961
Wind 5,285 0.01346
Other renewables 10,505 0.026758
Coal 136,545 0.347799
Oil 4,641 0.011823 Zero carbon 0.2137212
Gas 164,473 0.418935 Coal+Oil 0.3596216
Other 3,032 0.007723 Gas +Other 0.4266572
Total 392,597
This speadsheet provides an approximate calculation for vehicle resistance, power, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at const
It is useful for highway driving or driving range calculations only, not driving conditions where there is significant acce
The input cells are indicated in red, whilst useful output values are in blue.
References for suggested inputs are included as a comment in the appropriate cell.
This page is a general use sheet for any vehicle, other sheets are used with specific values for calculations used in the main re
Sheets for Battery Electric Vehicles include an electrical performance section indicating the range, power,running costs and sav
Power used (Pw)
3
1.202 (kg/m ) Power at wheels 8662.51 (W)
0.25 Power at engine 9625.01 (W)
2
1.895222 (m )
100 (kph) Fuel Consumption 28.875 (g/km)
(if an IC engine was used) 0.0401 (l/km)
4.01042 (l/100km)
300 (g/kWh) 70.8382 (mpg)
0.72 (kg/l) CO2 emissions 92.8412 (g/km)
0.9 Electrical Performance
for speeds in m/s Efficiency of battery discharging 0.9
219.8325 (N) Efficiency of battery charging 0.9
Efficiency of battery charger 0.9
Combined efficiency inverter+motor 0.8
Battery specific energy 54 (Wh/kg)
Battery weight 200 (kg/battery)
Specific cost of battery 4.33333 (£/kg)
Efficiency grid transmission 0.91
CO2 UK Coal Power station 970 (g/kWh)
CO2 UK Gas Power station 385 (g/kWh)
Cost electricity 0.1 (£/kWh)
Cost fuel 1 £/litre
Battery capacity 10800 (Wh/battery)
Input energy to fully charge battery 13333.3 (Wh/battery)
Input energy at power station 14652 (Wh/battery)
CO2 UK average electricity 93.0552 (g/km)
CO2 Coal 175.919 (g/km)
CO2 Gas 69.8237 (g/km)
Cost/km on electricity 1.65038 p/km
Cost/km fuel 4.01042 p/km
Saving of electric over IC engine 2.36004 p/km
Range vehicle 80.7895 (km/battery)
Battery power demand 13368.1 (W)
Cost Battery 866.667 (£)
er, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at constant speed only
g conditions where there is significant accelerating and decelerating
ific values for calculations used in the main report
cating the range, power,running costs and savings relative to using an IC engine.
Rolling resistance (Fr) Aerodynamic drag (Fa)
f coefficient of rolling resistance 0.01 ρ Air density
m mass of vehicle+load 1195 (kg) cw Drag coefficient
2
g gravitational acceleration 9.81 (m/s ) A Maximum vehicle cross section
v Vehicle speed (kph)
Fr f.m.g 117.2295 (N)
Examples of coefficients of rolling resistance Specific Fuel Consumption
Density fuel
Ordinary car tires on concrete 0.010 to 0.015 Transmission friction coefficient
Truck tires on smooth road 0.006 to 0.01
Fa 0.5.ρ.cw.Av2 for speeds in m/s
Fa 0.386.ρ.cw.Av2 speeds in kph
for
Figures for UK Electric Primary and secondary production
Gwh Fraction Fraction
Nuclear 63,028 0.16054207
Hydro 5,088 0.01296085
Wind 5,285 0.01346044
Other renewables 10,505 0.02675785
Coal 136,545 0.34779909
Oil 4,641 0.01182253 Zero carbon 0.213721
Gas 164,473 0.41893465 Coal+Oil 0.359622
Other 3,032 0.00772252 Gas +Other 0.426657
Total 392,597
This speadsheet provides an approximate calculation for vehicle resistance, power, and fuel consumption of a vehicle at c
It is useful for highway driving or driving range calculations only, not driving conditions where there is significant
The input cells are indicated in red, whilst useful output values are in blue.
References for suggested inputs are included as a comment in the appropriate cell.
This page is a general use sheet for any vehicle, other sheets are used with specific values for calculations used in the ma
Sheets for Battery Electric Vehicles include an electrical performance section indicating the range, power,running costs and
Power used (Pw)
3
1.202 (kg/m ) Power at wheels 11195.5 (W)
0.28 Power at engine 12439.4 (W)
2
2.2 (m )
100 (kph) Fuel Consumption 37.3182 (g/km)
(if an IC engine was used) 0.05183 (l/km)
5.18308 (l/100km)
300 (g/kWh) 54.8112 (mpg)
0.72 (kg/l) CO2 emissions 119.988 (g/km)
0.9 Electrical Performance
speeds in m/s Efficiency of battery discharging 0.9
285.8068 (N) Efficiency of battery charging 0.9
Efficiency of battery charger 0.9
Combined efficiency inverter+motor 0.8
Battery specific energy 54 (Wh/kg)
Battery weight 200 (kg/battery)
Specific cost of battery 4.33333 (£/kg)
Efficiency grid transmission 0.91
CO2 UK Coal Power station 970 (g/kWh)
CO2 UK Gas Power station 385 (g/kWh)
Cost electricity 0.1 (£/kWh)
Cost fuel 1 £/litre
Battery capacity 10800 (Wh/battery)
Input energy to fully charge battery 13333.3 (Wh/battery)
Input energy at power station 14652 (Wh/battery)
CO2 UK average electricity 120.265 (g/km)
CO2 Coal 227.359 (g/km)
CO2 Gas 90.2404 (g/km)
Cost/km on electricity 2.13295 p/km
Cost/km fuel 5.18308 p/km
Saving of electric over IC engine 3.05012 p/km
Range vehicle 62.5111 (km/battery)
Battery power demand 17276.9 (W)
Cost Battery 866.667 (£)
onsumption of a vehicle at constant speed only
s where there is significant accelerating and decelerating
calculations used in the main report
nge, power,running costs and savings relative to using an IC engine.
Table: Weight of batteries v range at a constant speed of 100 kph
Weight battery (kg) Honda Insight Range (km) Audi A2 Range (km)
200 83.4 64
300 125 93
400 166.8 122
500 208.5 149
225
Honda Insight Range (km)
200 Audi A2 Range (km)
Cost Batteries (£)
Range (km) @ 100 kph
175
150
125
100
75
50
200 300 400
Weight Batteries (kg)
stant speed of 100 kph
Cost Batteries (£)
867
1300
1733
2167
3000
2500
Cost Batteries (£)
2000
1500
1000
500
500
Conversion factors
kgCO2/litre petrol 2.3
kgCO2/litre Diesel 2.63
kgCO2/uk electric kWh 0.537
kg C/kg CO2 0.272727 68.7 Billion kg CO2 all UK passenger cars 2006
Cost Petrol p/litre 100 402.6 Billion vehicle km UK passenger cars and taxis 2006
Cost Diesel p/litre 110
p/kgC 68.28057 p/uk electric kWh x uk electric kWh/kg CO2 x kgCO2/kg C x Kg C
p/kgC 159.4203 p/litre petrol x litre petrol / kg C02 x kg CO2/ kgC
p/kgC 153.3587 p/litre Diesel x litre petrol / kg C02 x kg CO2/ kgC
p/kgC 156.3895 mean of petrol and Diesel
Average emissions & Cost 170.6408 g CO2/km 0.046538 KgC/km 7.278117924 p/km Average car
83.10209 g CO2/km 0.022664 KgC/km 1.547524887 p/km Assuming electric uses 48.7% of
Audi A2 (00-05) 1.4 5d 144 gCO2/km 0.039273 gC/km 6.260869565 p/km Petrol
1.331230349 p/km Electric Audi A2
300kg battery costs £1300 over 5 years = 260 £/year
Table Average saving by using batteries rather than an IC engine
(figues obtained from entering different inputs into the electric car sheets and transferring them) 500
Annual Average Saving
distance electric Audi A2 Audi A2 Average Saving Audi
Saving by using battery electric car
400
km Average car car petrol electric car A2
Cost p/km 7.27811792 1.547525 6.26087 1.33123
1000 72.7811792 15.47525 62.6087 13.3123 -202.694 -210.703608 300
2000 145.562358 30.9505 125.2174 26.62461 -145.388 -161.407216
3000 218.343538 46.42575 187.8261 39.93691 -88.0822 -112.110824 200
(£/year)
4000 291.124717 61.901 250.4348 53.24921 -30.7763 -62.8144314
5000 363.905896 77.37624 313.0435 66.56152 26.52965 -13.5180392 100
6000 436.687075 92.85149 375.6522 79.87382 83.83558 35.77835294
7000 509.468255 108.3267 438.2609 93.18612 141.1415 85.0747451 0
8000 582.249434 123.802 500.8696 106.4984 198.4474 134.3711373 0
9000 655.030613 139.2772 563.4783 119.8107 255.7534 183.6675294 -100
10000 727.811792 154.7525 626.087 133.123 313.0593 232.9639216
11000 800.592972 170.2277 688.6957 146.4353 370.3652 282.2603137
-200
12000 873.374151 185.703 751.3043 159.7476 427.6712 331.5567059
-300
enger cars and taxis 2006
g CO2 x kgCO2/kg C x Kg C
Average car
Assuming electric uses 48.7% of carbon of average liquid fuel.
Electric Audi A2
500 Saving Average car
400 Saving Audi A2
300
200
100
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
100
200
300
Distance travelled/year (km)
Note some of these calculations are referenced to other sheets with 100 (kph) being entered
3 Persons/car 2 Persons/car
Small Petrol (100kph) 46.98556677 70.47835015
Small Diesel (100 kph) 38.02629066 57.039436
ELECAT (100kph) 32.71833802 49.07750703
LowP Petrol (100kph)
LowP Elec. (100kph)
Aver. Car (all driving) 56.88027819 85.32041729
Aver. Elec.Car (all driving) 27.70069548 41.55104322
LowP Petrol (all driving)*
LowP Elec. (all driving)*
180
160
140
g CO2/passenger km
120
100
80
60
40
20
Individual Driver
0 2 Persons/car
Small Petrol (100kph)
Small Diesel (100 kph)
3 Persons/car
ELECAT (100kph)
LowP Petrol (100kph)
LowP Elec. (100kph)
Aver. Car (all driving)
Aver. Elec.Car (all driving)
LowP Petrol (all driving)*
LowP Elec. (all driving)*
*The overall carbon emissions for the Low profile car are estimated from scaling down from the typical car using an average of the a
with 100 (kph) being entered
Individual Driver
140.9567003
114.078872
98.15501407
26.30259772
26.3632283
170.6408346
83.10208644
27.65653721
13.99025024
Individual Driver
2 Persons/car
3 Persons/car
ed from scaling down from the typical car using an average of the aerodynamic (CdA) and weight ratios