Chapter 3: The Human Body
• cell:
• tissue:
• organ:
• organ system:
A. Cell Structure
• 3 components:
o
o
o
1. Membrane
• functions:
o separates:
o regulates:
o cell to cell:
• main component:
o structure:
• also contains:
o
o
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2. Cytoplasm
• fluid:
• organelles:
a. mitochondrion:
are:
b. endoplasmic reticulum
is:
function:
c. golgi complex/apparatus
function:
d. lysosome:
function:
e. peroxisome:
function:
f. ribosome:
function
g. nucleolus:
found:
makes:
3. Nucleus
• contains:
• usually located:
• number per cell:
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B. 4 Types of Tissue
1. Epithelial
• location:
• function:
2. Nervous
• location:
• function:
3. Muscular
• location:
• function:
4. Connective Tissue (CT)
• location:
• function:
C. Organ Systems of the Body
1. Cardiovascular
• functions:
• organs:
o
o
o 3 types of blood vessels
a. arteries:
b. veins:
c. capillaries:
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2. Lymphatic
• functions:
• lymph:
• components:
o
o
3. Nervous
• function:
• main cell type:
• circuit:
o sensor:
o processing/integration:
o effector/responder:
4. Endocrine
• functions:
• endocrine glands:
o are:
o release:
o release hormones into:
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5. Immune
• functions:
• components
o skin:
intact skin = barrier
lysozyme
o interstitial cells:
closely packed
produce immunoglobulins/antibodies
o WBC
phagocytosis
6. Digestive
• functions
o ingestion:
o mechanical digestion:
o chemical digestion:
o absorption:
o excretion:
o also secretion:
• components:
o GI tract
GI:
is:
organs:
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a. mouth
mechanical digestion
taste
saliva
salivary amylase:
b. esophagus
connects:
bolus:
epiglottis:
peristalsis:
lower esophageal sphincter:
c. stomach
holds:
produces gastric juice:
starts digestion of:
chyme:
holds food for:
pyloric sphincter:
intrinsic factor:
d. small intestine
most digestion occurs here
most absorption occurs here
villi
produces enzymes:
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absorption
passive: fat, H2O, some minerals
facilitated: fructose
active: glucose, amino acids
phagocytosis: human milk in infants
e. large intestine
~5% of original consumption
little absorption
H2O, some vitamins, sodium, potassium, some fats
no digestion
o Accessory organs:
function:
includes
a. liver
makes:
b. gall bladder
function:
bile function:
c. pancreas
hormones:
pancreatic juice:
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• Disorders of the digestive system
a. ulcer:
symptoms: pain 2H after eating
cause:
treatment:
b. heartburn/GERD:
symptoms: pain, nausea, gagging, coughing, horseness
treatment:
c. constipation:
symptoms: difficult of infrequent bowl movements
cause:
treatment:
d. hemorrhoids:
a.k.a.: piles
are:
symptoms: itching, pain with swelling, bleeding
cause:
treatment:
e. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):
symptoms: cramps, gassiness, bloating, abnormal bowel movements
cause:
treatment:
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f. diarrhea:
symptoms: ↑ fluidity or frequency of bowel movement
cause:
treatment:
g. gall stones:
symptoms: pain, esp. after eating fatty meals
cause:
treatment:
7. Urinary System
• components:
a.
b.
c.
d.
• functions:
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