academy

DARPAN ACADEMY

ENGLISH 2ND PAPER





Voice (evP¨)



Voice : Verb Gi †h AvKvi Subject A_ev Object Gi Dci gyL¨fv‡e KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Voice (evP¨) e‡j|

Voice `yÕcÖKvi| h_v :



i) Active Voice (KZ…©evP¨)

ii) Passive Voice (Kg©evP¨)



Active Voice : Subject wb‡R mwµq ev Active n‡q †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ K‡i eySv‡j Verb Gi Active

Voice nq| †hgb : He eats rice.



Passive Voice : Subject wb‡R †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ bv K‡i wbw®Œq ev Passive Ae¯’vq †_‡K Ab¨‡K

w`‡q m¤úbœ K‡i Gi dj †fvM K‡i eySv‡j, Verb Gi Passive Voice nq| †hgb: Rice is eaten by him.



mvaviYZ Transitive Verb (mKg©K wµqv) Gi Voice nq| A_©vr †h wµqvi Object (Kg©) _v‡K

ZviB †Kej Voice nq| Intransitive Verb (AKg©K wµqv) Gi †Kvb Voice nq bv| Z‡e Intransitive Verb

Transitive Gi b¨vq AvPiY Ki‡j Zvi Voice nq| Go, Run, Laugh, Fly, Flight G¸‡jv Intransitive Verb.



 Object wPbvi Dcvq : ev‡K¨i Principal Verb (cÖavb wµqv) †K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ w`‡q cÖkœ

Kiv n‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, ZvB Object (Kg©)| †hgb t He gave me a book.



GLv‡b gave (w`‡qwQj) wµqv‡K ÔwKÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j me Ges A book GB

`yÕwU Object cvIqv hvq|



 Verb Gi Subject I Object Pronoun n‡j wbgœiƒc nq t

Nominative Objective Possessive

I me my

We us our

He him his

She her her

They them their

You you yours

Who whom whose

Name Name Name



 Active Voice ‡_‡K Passive Voice G iƒcvš—‡ii mvaviY wbqg t

(a) Active Voice-Gi Object Passive Voice Gi Subject nq|



b) Zvici D³ Subject Gi c‡i H Subject I Active ev‡K¨i tense Abymv‡i Verb ‘to be’ (am, is, are, was,

were, being, been, be BZ¨vw`) Gi GKwU form e‡m|



c) Gici ev‡K¨i Main/transitive verb Gi Past Participle from e‡m| AZtci ev‡K¨i evwK kã _vK‡j Zv

em‡e|



d) Zvici AwaKvsk †¶‡Î ‘by’ e‡m| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Preposition in, at, of, to, with BZ¨vw` e‡m|



e) Gici Subject Gi Object e‡m|



 wewfbœ Tense-G ‘to be’ Verb Gi iƒc t









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Tense Gi bvg Verb ‘to be’

1. Pr. ind, tense ------------------------------------------ am, is, are

2. Past ind. ” ------------------------------------------ was, were

3. Future ind ” ------------------------------------------ shall be, will be

4. Pr. con. tense ------------------------------------------ am/is/are being

5. Past con. tense ------------------------------------------ was/were being

6. Future con tense ------------------------------------------ shall be/will be being

7. Pr. perfect tense ------------------------------------------ have been/has been

8. Past perfect tense ------------------------------------------ had been

9. Future perfect tense ------------------------------------------ Shall/will have been

10. Pr. infinitive ------------------------------------------ to be

11. Perfect infinitive ------------------------------------------ to have been

12. Pr. participle & gerund ------------------------------------------ being

13. Perfect participle ------------------------------------------ been



Examples :

1. He writes a letter. (Pr. ind.) - A letter is written by him.

2. He is writing a letter (Pr. con.) - A letter is being written by him.

3. He has written a letter. (Pr. per) - A letter has been written by him.

4. He wrote a letter. (Past ind.) - A letter was written by him.

5. He was writing a letter (Past con.) - A letter was being written by him.

6. He had written a letter (Past per.) - A letter had been written by him.

7. They will take tea (Fut. ind.) - Tea will be taken by them.

8. We shall be doing the work. (Fut. con.) - The work will be being done by us.

9. They will have done it. (Fut. per.) - It will have been done by them.



 Passive Voice of the defective Verbs/Modal Auxiliaries & other types :

Active ev‡K¨ Can, Could, Shall, Should, Will, Would, May, Might, Must, Used to, Ought to , had better,

Would rather, am/is/are/was/were/going to Ges have/has/had/shall have/will have + to Ges

may/might/must/could/would have + to BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Passive Voice G¸‡jvi c‡i be + g~j Verb Gi Past

Participle form e‡m| evwK wbqg Voice Gi mvaviY wbq‡gi gZB|



Examples :

1. I am going to buy a car. - A car is going to be bought by me.

2. She ought to help him. - He ought to be helped by her.

3. I am to make a telephone call. - A telephone call is to be made by me.

4. He is going to open some branches. - Some branches are going to be opened by him.

5. We have to take food to live. - Food has to be taken to live by us.



Interrogative Sentence :

ïi“‡Z Auxiliary Verb _vwK‡j :

Rule 1. (a) cÖ_‡g Interrogative Sentence †K Assertive Sentence-G iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z nq|

(b) iƒcvš—wiZ Assertive Sentence †K Active †_‡K Passive-G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|

(c) Gici Sentence wUi Auxiliary Verb †K ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z emv‡Z nq|

(d) Ab¨vb¨ Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e Ges me‡k‡l? emv‡Z nq|

Ex 1. Active : He is writing a letter?

Assertive : He is writing a letter.

Passive : Is a letter being written by him.

Pass. Interr : Is a letter being written by him?

Ex 2. Will he help you?

Will you be helped by him?



Rule 2. Interrogative ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z do/does _vwK‡j Passive Voice G ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g Subject Abyhvqx

am/is/are Ges did _vK‡j ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g Subject Abyhvqx was/were e‡m|





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Ex 1. Does he do his duties regularly? - Are his duties done regularly by him.

Ex 2. Did you help the poor boy? - Was the poor boy helped by you?

Ex 3. Do you know him? - Is he known to you?



A_©vr Passive Voice of Interrogative Sentence Gi MVb t

cÖ_‡g Auxiliary Verb (Subject Abyhvqx) + Sub (Active ev‡K¨i Object Gi Subjective form) + tense

Abyhvqx Ab¨ Auxiliary Very (hw` _v‡K) + g~j Verb Gi Past Participle form + ev‡K¨i evwK kã (hw`

_v‡K) + by/at/with/in + object (Active Subject Gi Objective form) +?



Rule 3. Interrogative ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z ‘Who’ _vK‡j Passive Voice-G By whom Ges Whom _vK‡j Gi ¯’‡j

‘Who’ e‡m| †hgb-



Whom _vK‡j MVb t Who + be verb + g~j Verb-Gi P.P. form + ev‡K¨i evwK kã (hw` _v‡K) + by +

object + ?



ïi“‡Z Who _vK‡j Passive Voice Gi MVb t Who Gi ¯’‡j By whom + be verb + sub + be verb Gi c‡ii

Ask (hw` _v‡K) + g~j verb Gi P.P. form + evwK kã (hw` _v‡K)+ ?



Ex 1. Whom did you meet yesterday? - Who was met yesterday by you?

Ex 2. Whom was she taking to? - Who was being talked to by her?

Ex 3. Who opened the door? - By whom was the door opened?

Ex 4. Who is calling me? - By whom am I being called?

Ex 5. Who has broken the glasses? - By whom have the glasses been broken?

Ex 6. Who will help you? - By whom will you be helped?



Note : Active ev‡K¨ who knows/knew BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Passive evK¨wU To whom Øviv ïi“ nq| ‡hgb t

Act : Who knows the ways of nature?

Pass : To whom are the ways of nature known?



Rule 4. What/Which/How much/How many + Noun/Pronoun _vK‡j H kãB ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g em‡e| ZLb



MVb t What/Which/How much/How many + Noun/Pronoun (hw` _v‡K) + be verb (tense Abyhvqx) +

g~j Verb Gi P.P. form + evKx kã (hw` _v‡K) + by + object



Ex 1. What are you doing here? - What is being done here by you?

Ex 2. What has he done? - What has been done by him?

Ex 3. Which book do you need? - Which book is needed by you?

Ex 4. How much did Javed earn a week? - How much was earned a week by Javed?

Ex 5. How many books does he need? - How many books are needed by him?



Rule 5. Why/When/Where/How/How long BZ¨vw` ev‡K¨i ïi“‡Z _vK‡j

MVb t Why/When/Where/How/How long ïi“‡Z em‡e + be verb + Sub + verb Gi cieZx© Ask (hw`

_v‡K) + g~j verb Gi P.P. form + evKx kã (hw` _v‡K) + by + object + ?



Ex 1. When will you buy the book? - When will the book be bought by you?

Ex 2. Why did he punish the boy? - Why was the boy punished by him?

Ex 3. How have you got it? - How has it been got by you?









Verbs with double objects :

MVb t ïi“‡Z †h †Kvb GKwU Object Gi Subject (Z‡e Personal Object-†K Subject KivB †kªq) + be verb

(tense I sub. Abyhvqx) + g~j Verb Gi P.P. form + Aci Object + by + Object (Active ev‡K¨i Object Gi

Subjective form)





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Ex 1. Mr. Roy teaches us English.

- We are taught English by Mr. Roy.

Or, English is taught us by Mr. Roy.



wet `ªt Passive Voice-G †h Object AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K, Zv‡K Retained Object e‡j|



Factitive Object/Complementary Object :

KZ¸‡jv Intransitive Verb †hgb : Elect, Select, Name, Make, Call, Consider, Term, Appoint, Nominate

BZ¨vw` Object m‡Z¡I m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cwic~Y© A_© cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨

Object Avb‡Z nq| GB AwZwi³ Object wU‡K Factitive Object e‡j| †hgb-



Ex 1. We called him a fool.

- He was called a fool by us.

- A fool was called him by us  n‡e bv



Cognate Object : KZK¸‡jv Intransitive Verb Gi mgv_©K Object _v‡K| G ai‡bi Object †K Cognate

Obeject e‡j| †hgb-

He ran a race  GLv‡b A race nj Cognate Object. Cognate Object ‡K Subject-G iƒcvš—i K‡i Passive

Voice Ki‡Z nq|



Ex 1. He dreamt a bad dream.

- A bad dream was dreamt by him.

Ex 2. Rita is singing a song.

- A song is being sung by Rita.

Ex 3. I slept a sound sleep.

- A sound sleep was slept by me.



 Intransitive Verbs used a group Verb : Or, Passive Voice of verbs with preposition :

Ex 1. She must write to me.

- I must be written to by her.

Ex 2. She talked of/to the boy.

- The boy was talked of/to by her.

Ex 3. He always acts on my advice.

- My advice is always acted on by him.



 Passive Voice of the Reflexive Obj/Verb/Pronoun :

‡Kvb Sentence Gi Object Reflexive Pronoun A_©vr myself, himself, herself, themself, ourself, yourself,

itself BZ¨vw` n‡j Passive Voice Kivi mgq Subject I Object Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv| †hgb- They

thanked themselves.



MVb t Subject (Active ev‡K¨i) + to be verb + g~j Verb Gi P.P form + by + R.Obj/Verb/Pronoun



Ex. 1. The ladies fan themselves.

- The ladies are fanned by themselves.

Ex 2. She killed/fanned/poisoned/hurt/praised/helped herself.

- She was killed/fanned/poisoned/hurt/praised/helped by herself.



Passive Voice of the Quasi-Passive Verb :

Quasi Passive Verb : ‡h Verb †`L‡Z Active wKš‘ A‡_©i w`K w`‡q Passive Zv‡K Quasi Passive Verb

e‡j| Giƒc Sentence Gi †kl kãwU Adjective nq|



Complement wewkó Passive Verb †K Passive Voice G cwieZ©b t







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MVb t Sub (Active ev‡K¨i) + be verb + Adj (complement) + when/if + it/they + be verb + g~j Verb Gi

P.P. form

A_ev, Sub + be verb + g~j Verb Gi p.p. form + ev‡K¨i evwK kã (Adjective)



Ex 1. The pile tastes bitter. - The pile is bitter when/if it is tasted.

Or, The pile is tasted bitter.

Ex 2. The books read well. - The books are well when/if they are read.

Or, The books are read well.

Ex 3. The pen writes well. - The pen is well when it is written.

Rice sells cheap. - Rice is cheap when it is sold.



 Avevi, Complement wenxb Quasi Passive Verb-†K Passive Voice G cwieZ©b t



MVb t Sub + is/are + being + g~j Verb-Gi p.p. form.

Ex 1. The drumps are beating. - The drumps are being beaten.

Ex 2. The cows are milking. - The cows are being milked.



 Passive Voice of the defective Verb/Modal Auxiliaries and other types :

Active ev‡K¨ used to be + going to, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, had better,

would rather, am/is/are/was/were + to have/has/had/shall have/will have + to BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Passive

ev‡K¨ G¸‡jvi c‡i be + g~j Verb-Gi P.P form e‡m| Sub Abyhvqx Aux. Verb e‡m| evwK wbqg Voice

Gi mvaviY wbq‡gi gZB|



Ex 1. You should keep your promise.

- Your promise should be kept by her.

Ex 2. We ought to love our country.

- Our country ought to be loved by us.

Ex 3. We have to take food to live.

- Food has to be taken to live by us.



 Sub + Verb + Obj + Pr. Participle hy³ Active  Passive :

MVb t Sub (Objective Gi) + be Verb + g~j Verb Gi P.P. form + Pr. Participle †_‡K Gi cieZx© Ask +

by + object (Sub Gi)

Ex 1. They heard me singing a folk song.

- I was heard singing a folk song by them.

Ex 2. I saw him doing this.

- He was seen doing this by me.



 Passive Voice of Infinitive :

MVb t Sub (Object Gi) + be verb + be verb Gi cieZx© Ask (Z‡e to Gici be em‡e) Ges gyj Verb Gi

P.P form em‡e) + by + Object. (Sub Gi)



EI 1.Rahim has to do it.

Pass. It has to be done by Rahim.

Ex 2. There are lots of things to do.

Pass. There lots of things to be done.

Ex 3. Want him to write the letter.

Pass. I want the letter to be written.



 Passive ev‡K¨ wKQz wKQz Verb Gi c‡i Gi by Gi cwie‡Z© with, at, to, of, in BZ¨vw` Object

Gi c~‡e© e‡m|

‡hgb t astonish, annoy, contain, fill, know, bless, displease, dissatisfy, gratify, shock, satisfy, please,

seize, marvel, surprise cÖf„wZ|







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Ex 1. He knows me very well. - I am very well known to him.

Ex 2. His proposal shocked/pleased/surprised/satisfied me much.

- I was much shocked/pleased/surprise/satisfied at his proposal.

Ex 3. He has displeased/annoyed/dissatisfied her.

- She has been displeased/annoyed/dissatisfied with him.



Note : e¨w³evPK Obj Gi Av‡M mvaviYZ with Ges e¯‘evPK Obj Gi Av‡M mvaviYZ at/in BZ¨vw`

e‡m| Z‡e know verb Gi †¶‡Î e¨w³evPK Obj Gi Av‡M to e‡m| Z‡e Passive ev‡K¨ mvaviYZ Verb

Abyhvqx Preposition e‡m|



 Active ev‡K¨ let, make, made, be, bid, feel, know, dare, need, hear BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Passive Voice Kivi

mgq G¸‡jvi c‡i to e‡m| Z‡e Passive ev‡K¨ let Gi c‡i to e‡m bv|



Ex 1. He made me do the work. - I was made to do the work by him.

Ex 2. He bade me do it. - I was bidden to do it by him.

Ex 3. We let him come in. - He was let come in by us.



 Use of double Passive :

‡Kvb Simple ev‡K¨ wbqgvbymv‡i mwVK n‡jI double passive Gi e¨envi bv KivB fvj| G‡¶‡Î f~j A_©

cÖKv‡ki m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZLb Ab¨fv‡e Passive Kiv hvq|



Ex 1. The Judge ordered the prisoner to be hanged.

double passive : The prisoner was ordered by the Judge to be hanged (incorrect).

Passive : It was ordered by the Judge that the prisoner should be hanged (correct).

Or, It was ordered to hang the prisoner (correct).



 Stative Verb :

KwZcq transtive verbs (have, has, had, hold, tack, fit, suit, lack, resemble BZ¨vw`) Av‡Q hviv ïay

Ae¯’vi wb‡`©k K‡i wKš‘ Kg© m¤úv`b eySvq bv, Zv‡`i Stative Verb e‡j| Z‡e gy~j Verb wn‡m‡e

e¨eüZ have, has I had hy³ evK¨‡K h_vµ‡g Pr. ind. I Past ind. Gi wbqg Abymv‡i Passive Kivi cÖeYZv

j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

G ai‡bi Passive form English Gi ch©v‡q c‡o|



Act : He had much wealth. - Much wealth was had by him.

Act : They have two cows. - Two cows are had by them.



 One + Should hy³ evK¨‡K Passive :

MVb t Subject (Object Gi) + should be + gyj Verb Gi P.P. form, evKx Ask



Ex. One should take care of one’s health.

- Health should be taken care of.



 Active ev‡K¨ Should/would have, ought to have, may, might, must have, having cÖf„wZ _vK‡j

G¸‡jvi c‡i Pass. ev‡K¨ been + g~j Verb Gi P.P. form e‡m|



Ex 1. You should have supported me.

- I should have been supported by you.







 Passive Voice of Negative Sentences :

Neg. Act. evK¨‡K Neg. Pass. Ki‡Z nq mvaviY wbq‡gi gZB| G‡¶‡Î ïay Verb to be Gi 1g wUi c‡i Neg.

wPý e‡m| Z‡e evK¨‡f‡` Gi e¨wZµg n‡Z cv‡i| Avi ever, never, already, not yet, always, well, very

well, much, very much BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Zv mPivPi 1g Verb ‘to be’ Gi c‡i e‡m|

Ex 1. She does not tell a lie. - A lie is not told by her.





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Ex 2. She has not yet taken milk. - Milk has not yet been taken by her.

Ex 3. I never eat anything for breakfast. - Anything for breakfast is never eaten by me.

Ex 4. She did not refuse his proposal. - His proposal was not refused by her.



 Passive Voice of Imperative Sentences :

ïaygvÎ g~j Verb w`‡q ïi“ Imp  Passive :

MVb t Let + Sub (Object Gi) + be + g~j Verb Gi P.P form + evKx Ask



Ex 1. Shut the door. - Let the door be shut.

Ex 2. Write the letter without any delay. - let the letter be written without any delay.



 Do not/Don’t w`‡q ïi“ †_‡K Neg. Imperative ‡_‡K Passive

MVb t Let not + Sub (Object Gi) + be + g~j Verb Gi P.P form + evKx Ask



Ex 1. Do not play football at noon. - let not football be played at noon.

Ex 2. Do not touch it. - Let it not be touched.



Note : Let Gi c‡i Subject wU Pronoun n‡j not mvaviYZ H Pronoun Gi c‡i e‡m|



 Let + e¨w³evPK Object (me, us, you, them, him, her) hy³ Imp  Passive

MVb t Let + Sub (Object Gi) + be + g~j Verb Gi P.P. form + by + cÖ`Ë e¨w³evPK Object.



Ex 1. Let the girl sing a song. - Let a song be sung by the girl.

Ex 2. Let him write a letter. - Let a letter be written by him.



 g~j Verb + e¨w³evPK Object hy³ imperative Sentence  Passive

MVb t Let + direct object (ûeû) + be + gyj Verb Gi P.P form + for + cÖ`Ë e¨w³evPK Object.



Ex 1. Buy me a shirt. - Let a shirt be bought for me.



 Never hy³ imperative Sentence  Passive

MVb t Let never + Subject (Object Gi) + be + gyj Verb Gi P.P. form



Ex 1. Never tell a lie.

Pass. Let never a lie be told.

Ex 2. Never do it.

Pass. Let it never be done. (†h‡nZz it  Pronoun)



 Please/Kindly Øviv ïi“ Imperative  Passive

MVb t G‡`i cwie‡Z© You are requested to + g~j Verb ‡_‡K †kl ch©š— e‡m| Negative ev‡K¨ do ev`

hv‡e, to Gi c~‡e© not/A never e‡m|



Ex 1. Please help the poor boy.

Pass. You are requested to help the poor boy.

Ex 2. Please don’t/Never drink wine.

Pass. You are requested not/never to drink wine.



 Active ev‡K¨ Intransitive Verb (mKg©K wµqv) _vK‡j  Passive

ZLb ev‡K¨i A‡_©i Dci wfwË K‡i You are requested/told to wj‡L Passive Kiv hvq| ZvQvov Should + v

†hv‡MI Passive Kiv hvq|



Ex 1. Listen to me.

- You are told to listen to me.

Ex 2. Obey your parents.





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- Your parents should be obeyed.

Ex 3. Keep your promise/words.

- Your promise/words should be kept.



 Passive Voice of Complex Sentences :

Complex Sentence-G GKwU Main I GKwU Subordinate Clause _v‡K| hv that, when, how, as, because,

if BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ _v‡K|

a) ZLb `ywU Sentence Gi Voice cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|

b) ZLb Main Clause Gi Av‡M it + be + verb + g~j Verb Gi P.P form + to (Preposition) + Object (Subject

Gi)

Note : (a) Main Clause Gi Object _vK‡j D³ Object †K Sub K‡i Voice Kiv hvq|

(b) Sub, Clause G Obj bv _vK‡j Sub. Clause AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|



Ex 1. I know that he did it.

- It is know to me that it was done by him.

Or, That it was done by him is known to me.

Ex 2. He told me that she had not accepted the proposal.

- I was told by him that the proposal had not been accepted by her.

Ex 3. People say that Khan Jahan Ali is a great Saint.

- It is said by people that Khan Jahan Ali is a great Saint.

Ex 4. We see that the earth is round.

- It is seen by us that the earth is round.

Or, That the earth is round is seen by us.



wet `ªt Active Voice-G People say ïi“ _vK‡j It is said w`‡q Passive KivB †kªq|



e¨wZµg t GQvov be verb + verb Gi P.P. form + to be mn‡hv‡MI Passive Kiv hvq|



Ex 1. People say/believe/think/consider/suppose/claim/know that he is a wise man.

- He is said/believed/thought/considered/supposed/claimed/known to be wise man.



N. B. Avevi Passive Ki‡Z Sub. Clause wU‡K Main Clause Gi Obj wn‡m‡e a‡i wb‡Z nq|



Ex 1. She cannot rely on what I say. - What is said by me cannot be relied on by her.

Ex 2. One/we cannot blot what is blotted. - What is looted cannot be blotted.



 Passive Voice of Compound Sentences :

G‡¶‡Î `ywU Sentence Gi Voice cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|

MVb t 1g Clause Gi Voice cwieZ©b + Active ev‡K¨i Conjunction (and, but, or BZ¨vw`) + 2q Clause

Gi Voice cwieZ©b|

Note : `ywU Clause Gi Subject GK n‡j Preposition + obj ev‡K¨i †k‡l e‡m|



Ex 1. The old man shot a bird but God forgive him. - A bird was shot by the old man but he was forgiven (by God).

Ex 2. She drank Champagne and ate Salmon. - Champagne was drunk and Salmon was eaten by her.

Ex 3. Farmers grow vegetables and sell these.

- Vegetables are grown and these are sold by farmers.

 Passive  Active

A‡bK mgq Passive Voice G Object _v‡K bv| †mBme †¶‡Î Active Voice-G cwieZ©b Kivi mgq

mvaviYZ Someone, Somebody, Anyone, Nobody, None, We, They, One, All, Circumstances, The

Romans, People, God BZ¨vw` e‡m|



Examples :

1. It is sad. - People say it is sad.

2. It is said. - Someone says it.





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3. Promises should be kept. - One should keep one’s promises.

4. My pen was stolen. - Someone stole my pen.

5. Rome was not built in a day. - The Romans did not build Rome in a day.

6. It can be done. - Anyone can do it.

7. He was called a great fool. - They called him a great fool.

8. English is spoken all over the world. - People speak English all over the world.

9. She is not known here. - Nobody/None knows her here.

10. He has been punished enough. - God has punished him enough.

11. He was elected Chairman. - People elected him Chairman.

12. I am known to be a patriot. - People know me to be a patriot.









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