Chapter 11 - Industry
I. Define industry – manufacturing goods in a
factory
II. Distribution
A. North America (East)
B. Europe (NW, East)
C. East Asia
III. Diffusion of Industrialization
A. England – 1750s - why 1st?
1. Resources
2. Location
3. Politics
B. US – 1800s
1. New England
2. South
3. West
C. Japan –
1860s, 1950s
IV. Industrial location
A.Site v situation
Goal – maximize profits by reducing production costs
1. Site - absolute location
2. Situation - relative location
B. Situation
1. Bulk-reducing
2. Bulk-gaining
Bulk-reducing Bulk-gaining
ThyssenKrupp
3. Perishable products
4.Time-space convergence
trucks – shorter distance
trains – longer distance
ships – very long
air – small, high value goods
Break of bulk- Port of Mobile
C. Site
1. Land
2. Labor
3. Capital
Labor Cost per Hour
MDCs and LDCs
U.S. Production Workers
1950 & 2005
Fig. 11-17: States in the Northeast and Southern Great Lakes traditionally
associated with manufacturing accounted for two-thirds of
manufacturing in 1950 but only two-fifths of manufacturing in 2005.
D. Agglomeration
Chevrolet Assembly Plants
1955 & 2007
Fig. 11-12a: In 1955, GM assembled identical Chevrolets at ten final assembly plants
located near major population centers.
V. Global trends
A. MNCs
1. Sector changes - "post-industrial"
2. Indust location - technopoles,
"footloose" industries
3. Overproduction
4. Increased competition
US- 2007
B. LDCs and manufacturing
1. Markets
2. Inferior infrastructure
3. Lack educated labor force
4. Lack capital - multiplier leakage
5. Positive aspects
V. Environmental issues
A. Energy cosumption
Fig. 14-1: U.S. energy consumption grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, but the rate of
growth has slowed since then. Energy from petroleum and natural gas have
grown more rapidly than coal, especially since the 1960s.
1. MDCs v LDCs
Fig. 14-6a: Energy consumption per person in MDCs is far larger than in LDCs. The
U.S. and Canada have the highest levels of per capita energy consumption.
Fig. 14-6b: The U.S., with about 5% of world population, consumes about 22% of
world energy.
2. Problems –
Nonrenewable
Pollution
National security
3. Alternative energy sources
Hydroelectricity Production
Nuclear Production Many countries in
Fig. 14-16: Percent of electricity from hydroelectric power.
South America and Africa depend heavily on hydroelectric power.
Nuclear Power in the U.S., 2005
Fig. 14-10: Location of current nuclear power plants in the U.S. and nuclear power
as a percent of total electricity in U.S. states.
B. Pollution
1. Acid rain
2. Air pollution
cancer atlas
Fig. 14-14: Due to prevailing winds, the highest sulfate deposit levels in North America
lie east of the emission sources. Deposit levels in eastern Germany are
higher than in the U.S.
Mexico City Smog
Damaged Forests
Czech Republic
3. Water Pollution
Fire on Cuyahoga River - 1952
C. Global warming PBS debate
1. Define greenhouse effect.
Sources of greenhouse gases
2. Evidence?
Temperature increases
Trends – warm 1900-1940 , cool 1940-75
Climate Change
Temp increase
Snow cover
CO2 levels
Sea level change
Ice cores
“Hockey stick
scandal”