Teaching Plot
Structure
through Short
Stories
Teaching Plot Structure
through Short Stories
Plot is the literary element that describes the
structure of a story. It shows the causal
arrangement of events and actions within a story.
Types of Linear Plots
Plots can be told in
Chronological order
Flashback
In media res (in the middle of things) -
when the story starts in the middle of the
action without exposition
Pyramid Plot Structure
The most basic and
traditional form of
plot is pyramid-
shaped.
This structure has
been described in
more detail by
Aristotle and by
Gustav Freytag.
Aristotle’s Unified Plot
The basic triangle-shaped plot structure was
described by Aristotle in 350 BCE. Aristotle used
the beginning, middle, and end structure to
describe a story that moved along a linear path,
following a chain of cause and effect as it works
toward the solution of a conflict or crisis.
Freytag’s Plot Structure
Freytag modified Aristotle’s system by adding a
rising action (or complication) and a falling action
to the structure. Freytag used the five-part
design shown above to describe a story’s plot.
Modified Plot Structure
Freytag’s Pyramid is often modified so that it
extends slightly before and after the primary
rising and falling action. You might think of this
part of the chart as similar to the warm-up and
cool-down for the story.
Plot Components
Climax: the turning point, the
most intense moment—either
mentally or in action
Rising Action: the series of Falling Action: all of the
conflicts and crises in the action which follows the
story leading to the climax climax
Exposition: the start of the Resolution: the conclusion,
story, the situation before the the tying together of all of
action starts the threads
Conflict
Conflict is the dramatic struggle
between two forces in a story.
Without conflict, there is no
plot.
Types of Conflict
Interpersonal Conflict
Human vs. Human
Human vs. Nature
Human vs. Society
Internal Conflict
Human vs. Self
Characterization
• The process by which the
writer reveals the personality
of a character
Ways to Reveal a
Character
• Telling us
directly
• Describing
appearance
• Hearing the
character’s
words
Characterization
• Revealing the
character’s
thoughts &
feelings
• Showing the
character’s
effect on others
• Showing the
character in
action
Motivation
• The reasons for
a character’s
behavior
– Has to be
believable
– Can be direct
– Might be implied
Theme
• The insight
about human
life that is
revealed in a
literary work
Lord of the Rings
THEME
• Sometimes a man must
endure great personal
hardships and sacrifices
so that others will not
suffer.
It’s Story Time!
• Gather around
and enjoy a
famous
children’s story.
Let’s see if we
can recognize
the elements of
fiction.