Tamil University
Thanjavur-613 005.Tamil Nadu S. India
Ph. D. Research- Interview Schedule
Name & Address of the Researcher:
Mr. Jacob Varghese M.A. M.Th.
ACTS Academy of Higher Education
15KM Hosur Road; Hosa Road.
Electronicity P.O. BANGALORE-100
Phone. 080-28522208; Mob. 9342550239.
E-mail. podipparajacob@rediffmail.com
Name & Address of the Guide:
Dr. Robert Sathya Joseph Ph. D, Associate Professor
Department of Social Sciences
Tamil University
Thanjavur- 613 005. T.N
Title: Customs, Culture and Religion of Paniya Tribe and their Social Change.
Part. A General Information of the Informant
1. Name in Full: ………………………………………………………………….
2. Date of Birth: ………………………………age as on Dec.2005………………………….
3. Address : ………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Panchayat: ……………………………………………………..
Ward No. ………………………………………………………
Colony ……………………………………………………….
4. Father’s name: ……………………………………………….
5. Place of Birth: ……………………………………………….
6. Mother tongue: ……………………………………………..
7. Sex : M F
8. Marital status: 1. Married 2. Unmarried 3. Divorced 4. Widow 5. Separated
9. Name of the Tribe ………………………. Clan …………………………..
10. Religion : 1. Tribal Religion 2. Hindu 3. Christian 4. Muslim 5. Any other
11. How long you are following the above mentioned religion? 1. Less than 5 years 2. 5 to less than 10
years 3. 10 to less than 15 years 4. 15 to less than 20 years 5. 20 to less than 25 years 6. From the
birth
12. Type of Family : 1. Nuclear 2. Joint 3. Extended
13. Educational status: 1. Illiterate 2. Primary (1-4) 3. Upper Primary (5-7)
4. High School (8-10) 5. P.D.C. 6. Graduate 7. Post graduate
14. Occupation : 1. Hunting & Fishing 2. Cultivation 3. Agricultural Labourer
4. Animal Husbandry 5. Plantation (estate) Labourer 6. Government Service
7. Tree cuter 8. Unemployed 9. Any other ………………..
15. Monthly Income: 1. Below Rs. 500. 2. Rs. 500. --Rs. 1000. 3. Rs. 1000. -- Rs. 1500.
4. Rs. 1500. – 2000 5. 2000- Above
16. Can I use your name in my thesis? 1. Yes 2. No
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Part B
Objective: To trace the origin and development of the Paniyas of South India and
their present social structure.
Origin and Developments of Paniyas
17. From which locality your forefathers came to this colony ………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
18. Is there any history, legend, song or myth about the origin of the settlement?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
19. How many years old is your colony? 1. Less than 5 years 2. 5 to less than 10 years
3. 10 to less than 15 years 4. 15 to less than 20 years 5. Any other …………
20. How long are you staying in this settlement?
1. Less than 5 years 2. 5 to less than 10 years 3. 10 to less than 15 years
4. 15 to less than 20 years 5. From the birth 6. I don’t know
Social Structure
21. How the colony organized? 1. Colony system 2. Isolated houses 3. Any other ------
22. Do you have elder or chief of the colony? 1. Yes 2. No If ‘yes’ his name ………
23. How did he become the chief? 1. Democratically elected 2. Inherited from forefathers
3. Achieved 4. Self made leader 5. Any other means …
24. Do they have system of 1. class 2. caste 3. clan among your tribe?
If ‘Yes’ to what extent and its origin ……………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………
25. Whom do you approach, if you have problem with in your own people? 1. Village chief or elder 2.
Priest 3. Local politician 4. Police station 5. Any other -------
26. Whom do you approach, if you have problem with non- Tribal? 1. Village chief or elder 2. Priest 3.
Local politician 4. Police station 5. Any other -----------------
27. What will you do, if some non- tribals troubles you? 1. Unitedly go and fight 2. Personally go and fight
3. Silently withdraw 4. Give police complaint 5. Any other -----------
Social Development
28. Who is doing the following welfare activities in your colony?
Sl. No Programs Govt. NGOS Any other Agency Nobody
1. Educational Services
2. Community Health Services
3. AIDS and other decease awareness pro.
4. Environmental Protection
5. Nutrition Education
6. Water facility
7. Adult Education
8. Economic Development Pro.
9. Vocational Education
10. Human Rights Awareness
11. Family Welfare and Family planning
12. Rehabilitation and Relief pro.
29. a. How do you go to near by market? 1. by walk 2. Bullock cart 3. Bus 4. Auto rickshaw 5. boat 6.
Any other -----------
b. Do you have vehicle road towards your settlement? 1. yes 2. no
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30. Are you satisfied with the current development programmes? 1. yes 2. no
Give reasons.
31. What do you do for your colony, if you were a leader like Panchayat President or MLA or MP?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Media & Communication
32. Do you get daily News paper in your colony? 1. yes 2. no
33. Do you read daily News paper? 1. yes 2. no
34. How do get information mainly in your colony? 1. Other people 2. News Paper 3. Radio 4. T.V. 5.
Internet
6. Any other ---------------------
Language
35. a. Is your language similar to Tamil or Malayalam? 1. Yes/No with Tamil 2. Yes/No with Mal.
b. Do you speak Paniyabhasha? 1. yes 2. no
36. Give the following relationship (kinship) and other words in your language.
English Paniya Tamil Malayalam English Paniya Tamil/ Malayalam
Mother Daughter
Father Father in law
Brother Mother in law
Sister Sister in law
Son Brother in law
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Part C
Age group between 40-80
Objectives: To study the Customs & Culture of Paniyas.
Family
37. Your family system: Past 1. Joint family 2. Nuclear family
Present 1. Joint family 2. Nuclear family
38. Your family Composition
Sl. Name Age Sex Relation with head Marital Education Occupation Monthly
of the family status Income
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Customs: Clothing
39. Clothing made up off
i. Traditional 1. Leaves 2. Animal skin 3. Cotton 4. Silk 5. Nilon & Synthetic materials 6. Any other -
---------
i.i. Modern 1. Leaves 2. Animal skin 3. Cotton 4. Silk 5. Nilon & Synthetic materials 6. Any other -----
---------
40. Clothing: for men.
i. Traditional 1. Konakam 2. Ottamundu 3. Trouser 4. Any other ……………
ii. Modern 1. Mundu &Shirt 2. Lunki &Shirt 3. Pant &Shirt 4. Any other ……
41. Clothing: for Women.
i. Traditional 1. Ottamundu 2. Pudava 3. Chudithar 4. Any other ………
ii. Modern 1.Sari&Blouse 2. Lunki &Shirt 3. Chudithar 4. Mundu 5. Any other
42. Clothing: for boys.
i. Traditional 1. Konakam 2. Towel 3. Trouser 4. Any other ………
ii. Modern 1. Touser&Shirt 2. Mundu & Shirt 3. Pant Shirt 4. Any other ……
43. Clothing: for girls.
i. Traditional 1. Ottamundu 2. Shaddy 3. Trouser 4. Any other …………..
ii. Modern 1. Frok &Shirt 2. Chudithar 3. Sari&Bluse 4. Any other …………..
Customs: Food
44. You are a ………….. 1. Vegetarian 2. Non- vegetarian
45. Your food habit. In the Past 1. Breakfast --------- 2. Lunch -------------3. Dinner ……
In the Present 1. Breakfast --------- 2. Lunch -------------3. Dinner …..
46. Food items prepared in the
1. Palapathram 2. Bamboo vessel 3. Mud pot 4. Metal vessel 5. Any other ---------
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47. Methods of preparing foods.
In the past 1. Burned 2. Cooked 3. Fried 4. Any other ----------------------------
In the present 1. Burned 2. Cooked 3. Fried 4. Any other --------------------------
48. Your staple food in the past.
1. Roots, leaves and fruits from the forest 2. Hunted animals’ 3. Crops through farming
4. Rice, Wheat / Tapioca 5. Any other ………
49. Your staple food in the present.
1. Roots, leaves and fruits from the forest 2. Hunted animals 3. Crops through farming
4. Rice, Wheat / Tapioca 5. Any other ………….
50. Type of fuel used for cooking in the past ……………………………………..
1. Fire wood 2. . Smokeless chulah 3 Kerosene (stove) 4. Bio-gas
5. Electric heater 6. Any other ……….
51. Type of cooking fuel in the Present ……………..
1. Fire wood 2. Kerosene (stove) 3. Smokeless chulah 4. Bio-gas
5. Electric heater 6. Natural Gas 7. Any other ……….
Customs: Ornaments
52. Type of ornaments used by Men.
i. Traditional 1. Beeded chain 2. Bangles 3. Olakammal 4.Kanakkumala 5. Any other
ii. Modern 1. Watch 2. Hand ring 3. Finger ring 4. Chilanka 5. Any other ……
53. Type of ornaments used by Women.
i. Traditional 1. Mukkuthi 2. Hair flower 3. Olakammal 4.Kanakkumala Any other
ii. Modern 1. Artificial Bangles 2. Mukkuthy 3. Leg Bangles 4. Any other ……..
54. Is the ornaments related with anything of your religious faith?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If ‘yes’ which ways. …………………………………………………………
Customs: Hunting
55. Whether hunting is related with religious faith? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
56. Rites and rituals related with hunting. 1. Offer imp. parts to god 2. Give offering in the temple 3. Any
other -----------
57. Hunting is matter of ……. 1. Prestige 2. Survival 3. Religious requirement 4. I don’t know
5. Any other significance ……………………….
58. Weapons used for hunting in the past. … 1. Axe 2. Spear 3. Knife 4. Sharpened stone
5. Bow and arrow 6. Snare net 7. Gun 8. Any other ……………………..
59. Weapons used for hunting in the present day 1. Axe 2. Spear 3. Knife 4. Sharpen stone
5. Bow and arrow 6. Snare net 7. Gun 8. Caterpillar 9. Hook 10. Snare 11. Any other …………
Customs: Birth
60. Rites and Rituals associated with birth
Past Present
1. After conception …………………………………………………………
2. In the progressive months of conception …………………………………
3. At the time of birth ………………………………………………………
4. Soon after birth …………………………………………………………
5. Naming of the child ……………………………………………………
after how many days …………………………………………………
who gives name ……………………………………………………
naming system ……………………………………………………
who does the rituals …………………………………………………
61. Where does the delivery take place? In the past………. 1. In the hospital 2. Mother’s house 3.
Husband’s house 4. Secluded shed 5. I don’t know 6. Any other …….
In the present………. 1. In the hospital 2. Mother’s house 3. Husband’s house 4. Secluded shed 5.
Any other ………..
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62. Is there any special food for breast-feeding women in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If
‘yes’ what are they ………………………………………………
In the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know If ‘yes’ what are they ………
Customs : Puberty
63. Celebration associated with puberty: Past: 1. Yes 2. No Present: 1. Yes 2. No
64. Pollution at the time of menstruation: Past: 1. Yes 2. No Present: 1. Yes 2. No
Customs: Marriage
65. Marriage custom in the past: 1. With in the family 2. Within own clan 3. Within own tribe 4. Within the
own tribe and other clan 5. With other tribes 6. With non tribal 7. Any other ……………
66. Marriage custom in the present: 1. With in the family 2. Within own clan 3. Within own tribe 4.
Within the own tribe and other clan 5. with other tribes 6. with non tribal 7. Any other …………
67. Cross cousin marriage, Parallel cousin marriage and elder sister’s daughter marriage are allowed or
not? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
68. Marriage age for boys in the past 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20 4. Between
21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other …………………………
69. Marriage age for boys in the present 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20 4.
Between 21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other …………………………
70. Marriage age for girls in the past 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20
4. Between 21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other …………………………
71. Marriage age for girls in the present 1. Between 5-10 2. Between 11-15 3. Between 16-20 4.
Between 21-25 5. Between 26-30 6. Any other …………………………
72. Whether young men and women are free to choose their partners or not? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t
know
73. What are the factors treated as important in the choice of mate? 1. Family 2. Money 3. Beauty 4.
Education 5. Job 6. Horoscope- Astrology 7. Any other ……………
74. Who officiate the marriage in the past? 1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician
5. Any other ………………………………..
75. Who officiate the marriage in the present? 1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician 5. Govt.
Registrar 6. Any other ………………………………
76. Is there any restriction from the family or the community to marry from any other tribe or non-tribe? 1.
Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
77. By marrying a non-tribal does one go up in the social order?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
78. Is it lead to excommunication? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
79. Who search partner for boys in the past?
1. Self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ----------------
80. Who search partner for boys in the present?
1. Self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ----------------
81. Who search partner for girls in the past?
1. Self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ----------------
82. Who search partner for girls in the present?
1. self 2. parent 3. relatives 4. priest 5. Any other ----------------
83. Is the love marriage is encouraged in the society in the past?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
84. Is the love marriage is encouraged in the society in the present?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
85. Is the polygamy is allowed?. 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
Explain ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
86. Engagement Customs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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87. Marriage Customs …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
88. Where marriages usually conducted in the past?
1. House 2. Temple 3. Any public place 4. Any other --------
89. Where is usually marriage conducted in the present?
1. House 2. Temple 3. Any public place 4. Any other ----
90. Who will tie the marriage ledge (tali) to the bride? --------------------- When ? ------
Customs: Dowry
91. Did you practice dowry system in the past ? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If ‘yes’ do you insist on 1. Cash 2. Gold 3. Land 4. Possessions 5. Any other …
92. Do you practice dowry system in the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If ‘yes’ do you insist on 1. Cash 2. Gold 3. Land 4. Possessions 5. Any other ……
93. Did you practice bride price in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
94. Do you practice bride price in the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
95. What is the usual rate of dowry prevalent in your community? …………………
96. Is the dowry system good? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
Divorce
97. Do you have divorce cases in the past? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
98. Do you have divorce cases in the present? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
99. Who had the right to divorce in the past? 1. Men 2. Women 3. Both 4. I don’t know
100. Who have the right to divorce in the present? 1. Men 2. Women 3. Both 4. I don’t know
101. What are the procedures of divorce? ----------------------------------------------------------
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Customs: Death
102. Rites and rituals practised in association with death in the past: ……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
103. Rites and rituals practised in association with death in the present: ………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
104. Belief in the life after death in the past: ……………………………………………
………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
105. Belief in the life after death in the present: ………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
106. Who does the death rites in the past?
1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician 5. Any other ……………
107. Who does the death rites in the present?
1. Elder 2. Tribal chief 3. Priest 4. Magician 5.Any other …………………
108. Usually the dead body in the past :
1. Buried 2. Criminated 3. Thrown to forest 4. Any other ………
109. Usually the dead body in the present :
1. Buried 2. Criminated 3. Thrown to forest 4. Any other ………
110. Usually the dead body is taken in the past:
1. In the box 2. Bamboo coat 3. Mat 4. Pala 5. Any other ………
111. Usually the dead body is taken in the present:
1. In the box 2. Bamboo coat 3. Mat 4. Pala 5. Any other ………
112. Where did the dead body buried in the past?
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1. Public cemetery 2. Near to House 3. Forest 4. Any other …………………….
113. Where did the dead body buried in the present?
1. Public cemetery 2. Near to House 3. Forest 4. Any other ……………
114. What happens to the dead’s spirit in the traditional believe?
1. Continue to stay in the house 2. Go away to another world 3. Occasionally come
and visit the house 4. Roaming out skirt of the colony 5. Any other ………
115. What happens to the dead’s spirit in the present day’s believe?
1. Continue to stay in the house 2. Go away to another world 3. Occasionally come and visit the
house 4. Roaming out skirt of the colony 5. Any other …………………
Customs: Health
116. How do you understand the reasons for sickness?
1. Attack of malevolent spirit 2. Atonement is not done 3.Violating the rules of nature 4. Violating the
rules of god (sin) 5. Breaking the taboo 6. Any other …………
117. What do you do for sick in the past?
1. Consult the priest 2. Consult medium or magician 3. Use herbal medicines
4. Go to hospitals 5. Any other …………………………………
118. What do you do for sick in the present?
1. Consult the priest 2. Consult medium or magician 3. Use herbal medicines
4. Go to hospitals 5. Any other …………………………………
Customs: Traditional Life
119. How did they make fire in the ancient days? 1. From stone 2. From a preserved place.
3. Temples 4. From Bamboo 4. Any other ………………..
120. How do you know the seasons traditionally?
1. Observing flowering plants 2. Observing sun or moon or stars 3. Observing ants 4. Calendar 5.
Any other ………………………..
121. How do you know the seasons presently?
1. Observing flowering plants 2. Observing sun or moon or stars 3. Observing ants
4. Calendar 5. Any other ………………………..
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Part D
Age group between 40-80
Objective: To evaluate the Traditional Religious Life of Paniyas and the changes
taking place now in their Religious Life.
Religion
122. Name of the traditional religion …………………………………………
123. Your present religion ……………………………………………………….
124. Is it-adopted religion? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If ‘yes’ reasons …………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
125. What did you believe in the following elements of traditional religion of the past?
God- Name of the God …………………………………………………….
Characteristics of God …………………………………………………………
Where does God live? …………………………………………………………
Worship (Is there any object of worship) ………………………………………
(Who will conduct) ………………………………………………………
Prayer ……………………………………………………………………………
Offering and sacrifice ……………………………………………………………
Spirits – Kinds/ nature of spirits ………………………………………………………
Works of spirits ……………………………………………………………………….
Characteristics of spirits ……………………………………………………………….
Ancestral spirits ……………………………………………………………………….
Status of Men and Women …………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Witch craft ……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Taboos …………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………
Life after death ………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………..
126. What do you believe of the following elements of traditional religion in the present?
God- Name of the God ……………………………………………………………..
Characteristics of God ………………………………………………………………….
Where does God live ………………………………………………………………..
Worship (who will conduct) ……………………………………………………
(Is there any object of worship)....................................................................
Prayer ……………………………………………………………………………
Offering and sacrifice ……………………………………………………………
Spirits – Kinds/ nature of spirits ………………………………………………………
Works of spirits ……………………………………………………………………….
Characteristics of spirits ……………………………………………………………….
Ancestral spirits ……………………………………………………………………….
Status of Men and Women …………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
Witch craft ……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
Taboos ……………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………
Life after death …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
127. How do you see the merits / demerits in the adopted religion?
i.. merits …………………………………………………………………………
ii.. demerits ………………………………………………………………………
128. Are you satisfied with new religion?
1. Very satisfied 2. Some what satisfied 3. Some what dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied 5. I cannot say
129. State the followings associated with your traditional religious life:
1. Temple ……………………………………………………………….
2. Worship………………………………………………………………………
3. Deities (names, meanings and myths)………………………………………
4. Prayer…………………………………………………………………………
5. Offering & Sacrifices…………………………………………………………
6. Magic…………………………………………………………………………
7. Folk song……………………………………………………………………..
8. Musical instruments …………………………………………………………
130. State the followings associated with your present religious life:
1. Temple ……………………………………………………………….
2. Worship………………………………………………………………………
3. Deities (names, meanings and myths)………………………………………
4. Prayer…………………………………………………………………………
5. Offering & Sacrifices…………………………………………………………
6. Magic…………………………………………………………………………
7. Folk song (Kakkapattu)……………………………………………………………
8. Musical instruments …………………………………………………………
131. Is there any effects of Sankritization in your tribe? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If ‘yes’ which ways ………………………………………………………
i. When ……………………………………………………………
ii. How ………………………………………………………
134. What are the festivals? (like Kudukkachery, Onam, Vishu) ...............................................................
135. Is there any myths associated with the religious festivals?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If yes, explain ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
136. What are the myths associated with the tribal religion? …………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
137 Do you have any written religious book? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If ‘yes’ explain ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
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Part E
Age group between 15- 70
Objectives: To Study the Social Change due to Contextual Socio-Political and Environmental
Problems and Challenges like Modernisation, Globalisation, Urbanisation, etc.
Social Changes
138. How do you like the social changes? 1. Extremely like 2. Very like
3. Some what like 4. Some what unlike 5. Extremely unlike 6. I don’t know
Changes: Family
139. Changes observed in the family life:
1. Broken families 2. Joint families to nuclear family
3. Strained relationship 4. Nuclear and happy family 5. Any other…………
Changes: Housing
140. How old is your house? …………………….
141. What type of roof does your house have?
1. Thatched 2. Tiled 3. Asbestos 4. Concrete 5. Any other ………
142. What type of floor does your house have?
1. Mud 2. Cement 3. Tiles 4. Any other ……………
143. Changes observed in the housing. Your house
1. One room 2. Two rooms 3. Three rooms 4. Any other ………………………
144. Is your house electrified? 1. Yes 2. No
145. Is there a Latrine in your house? 1. Yes 2. No
If yes, what type is it? 1. E.S.P. 2. Septic Tank / Single pit 3. Any other -------------------
Changes and Education
146. Do you believe that the education is the root cause of social change?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
147. Do you think getting formal education has a direct link with social and economic development? 1. Yes
2. No 3. I don’t know
148. Do you insist that your children should be sent to the school for education?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
149. Why there are many drops out from the school? 1. School is far away from the colony
2. Ill-treat from the non tribal students and teachers
3. Lack of encouragement from parents 4. Lack of encouragement from govt.
5. Economic reasons 6. Prefer to work and earn 7. Any other ---------
Changes: Areas
150. List out the social changes that you have experienced in the last fifteen years. …
i. Economical ……………………………………………………………………
ii. Educational ……………………………………………………………………
iii. Customs &Culture …………………………………………………………
iv Religion ………………………………………………………………………
151. Tick the areas which the social change took place in your colony.
a. Community development
b. Housing
c. Education
d. Moral and Ethical life
e. Health care
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f. Hygienic living
g. Any other ……………………………………….
152. What are the influences of the following on social change in your colony?
1. Education ……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
2. Urbanisation …………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
3. Deforestation …………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Globalisation …………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
Changes: Causes
153. What do you think the major causes for the social changes?
1. Education 2. Deforestation
3.Urbanization 4. Globalisation 5. Any other ……………………
154. Check the programs introduced by the govt. or NGO’s for the social changes.
Govt. NGO (name)
a. Education for the Scheduled Tribes --------------------
b. Literacy program. --------------------
c. Health Education --------------------
d. Family planning -------------------
e. Employment opportunities for the ST. --------------------
f. Drinking water in the colony --------------------
g. Sanitary facilities --------------------
h. Drought and famine relief project -------------------
i. Community Centre and shelters -------------------
j. Assistance during natural disaster and calamities -------------------
k. Any other -------------------
Changes: Religion
155. The socio-economic conditions of the people who are been converted to other religions from the
traditional religion.
1. Very much improved 2. Better 3. Same 4. Poor 5. Very Poor 6. I don’t know
156. Do you think religion plays an important role in the social change of the people?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
157. Religion hinders or promotes for the social change. 1. Hinder 2. Promote
Changes: Issues
158. The struggles and challenges faced by the people in your locality?
1. Landlessness
2. Famine
3. Exploitations (labour, property, job, sexual etc.)
4. Unemployment
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5. Alcoholism/ drugs
6. Family problem
7. Lack of basic amenities
159. Does the child- labour practiced among the tribe? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
Theory: Marxism
Exploitation
160. Do you feel exploited by others? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
If yes, by whom?
1. Non- tribals
2. Govt. officers
3. Forest officers
4. Politicians
5. Traders
6. NGOs
7. Fellow tribals
8. Any other ----------------------
161. Do you feel the following are there: 1. Labour Exploitation
2. Sexual Exploitation
3. Children Exploitation
4. Land Exploitation
5. Economic Exploitation
6. Any other ---------------
162. Do you have own land? 1. Yes 2. No
163. Did you sell or lost the land for last 20 years. 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
164. Average daily wage of 1. Men ………. 2. Women ……….
165. What will you do, if your masters / boas is not paying your wage?
1. Unitedly go and strike 1. Unitedly go and fight 2. Personally go and fight
3. Silently with draw 4. Give police complaint 5. Any other --------------------
166. Is there are any revolt incidences against oppressors in the past?
1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know
167. What are basic problems in your colony and give your suggestions to solve? ------------
372
Appendix -2
Photos
Field Research Experience Food Habit of Paniyas
Paniyas in Agriculture
Paniyas in Agriculture
Bring Commodities from Town
Prepared to go Sabarimala
373
Kulithara
Priest and Temple of Paniyas
Stone Fetish of Paniyas
374
A Paniya Family
Drop out Children
Modern House with RCC Roof
Hut House
375
376
Paniya Dance
Collection of Fire Wood
377
Valliyoorkavu Temple
Paniya Theyyam
Paniya Farmer
Paniya Musical Instrument
378
Hunting & Fishing Snares
Weapons & Implements
Tribal Residential School
379
Appendix -3
STATE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT FOR INDIVIDUAL SHEDULED
TRIBE -2001 PANIYAN
Sl. No. ITEM SEX TOTAL RURAL URBAN %
1 Scheduled tribes population P 81,940 79,337 2,603
(including institutional and M 40,001 38,740 1,261
F 41,939 40,597 1,342
houseless population
2 Scheduled tribes population in P 13,347 12,990 357
the age group-0-6 M 6,773 6,585 188
F 6,574 6,405 169
3 Literates P 33,244 31,964 1,280 41%
M 18,687 18,001 686 23%
18%
F 14,557 13,963 594
4 Total workers P 40,087 38,830 1,257 49%
M 23,139 22,425 714 28%
21%
F 16,948 16,405 543
5 Main workers P 22,298 21,578 770 27%
M 14,027 13,537 490 17%
10%
F 8,271 7,991 280
(i) Cultivators P 386 384 2 0.46%
M 265 264 1 0.32%
0.14%
F 121 120 1
(ii) Agricultural laborers P 14,652 14,527 125 18%
M 9,130 9,034 96 11%
7%
F 5,522 5,493 29
(iii) House hold industry workers P 84 71 13 0.1%
M 59 53 6 0.07%
0.03%
F 25 18 7
(iv) Other workers P 7,176 6,546 630 9%
M 4,753 4,186 387 6%
2,603 3%
F 2,360 243
6 Marginal workers P 17,789 17,302 487 22%
M 9,112 8,888 224 11%
8,677 8,414 263 11%
F
(i) Cultivators P 114 113 1 0.14%
M 72 71 1 0.09%
42 42 - 0.05%
F
(ii) Agricultural laborers P 13,037 12,844 193 16%
M 6,621 6,504 117 8%
6,416 6,340 76 8%
F
(iii) House hold industry workers P 81 76 5 0.10%
M 32 31 1 0.04%
49 45 4 0.06%
F
(iv) Other workers P 4,557 4,269 288 6%
M 2,387 2,282 105 3%
2,170 1,987 183 3%
F
7 Non workers P 41,583 40,507 1,346 51%
M 16,862 16,315 547 21%
24,991 24,192 799 30%
F
2
Census Department, Govt. of Kerala (2001)
Appendix -4
Deployment of Paniya Population in Kannur District
Panchayath, Block, Colony/ Family Details
SL. Block Panchayath Tribe Colony Family Male Female Total
No
1 Payannur Paniya 0 0 0 0 0
II Thaliparamba Paniya 0 0 0 0 0
III Irikoor Padiyoor Paniya 8 252 436 500 936
Ulickal Paniya 7 214 295 267 562
Payyavoor Paniya 3 80 110 116 226
Eruvisery Paniya 0 0 0 0 0
Sreekandapuram Paniya 0 0 0 0 0
Block Total Paniya 18 546 841 883 1724
IV Koothuparamba Chitariparamba Paniya 8 67 91 106 197
Paniya/ 1 9 29 18 45
Kurichia
Tripangotoor Paniya 0 0 0 0 0
Koothuparamba Paniya 1 13 22 22 44
Patiam Paniya 1 14 23 30 53
Panoor Paniya 1 6 11 12 23
Block Total Paniya 12 109 174 188 362
V Iritty Keezhoor/ Paniya 11 289 493 458 951
Chavasseri
Thillankery Paniya 8 169 228 267 495
Aralam Paniya 16 577 989 935 1924
Payam Paniya 19 262 413 397 810
Ayamkunnu Paniya 9 330 369 427 796
Koodali Paniya 0 0 0 0 0
Block Total Paniya 63 1627 2492 2484 4976
VI Peravoor Kanichar Paniya 18 262 475 454 929
Kelakam Paniya 18 365 498 485 983
Kottiyoor Paniya 12 309 486 494 980
Kolayad Paniya 18 679 1030 841 1871
Muzhakunnu Paniya 26 405 648 671 1319
Peravoor Paniya 10 210 320 326 646
Paniya/ 7 87 145 150 295
Kurichia
Maloor Paniya 2 17 27 31 58
Block Total Paniya 111 2334 3629 3452 7081
Converted 1 35 70 58 128
Paniya Population in Kannur District 204 4616 7136 7007 14143
Published by S. T. Office, Kannur, Kerala (2008)
3