Electronics Technology Fundamentals
Chapter 2
Components and Circuit Measurements
1) 2.1 - Conductors and Insulators
a) Wires
i) Solid or stranded
ii) __________________ – best balance between resistance and cost
iii) Silver – lower __________________, higher __________________
iv) Aluminum
(1) __________________ resistance, __________________ cost
(2) Lower __________________ – can cause problems when connecting with copper which has a
higher elasticity
b) Wire Sizes
i) American Wire Gauge (AWG) – standard wire sizes based on cross-sectional area
ii) Example: 24 Gauge Wire
(1) Cross-Sectional Area: __________________
(2) Resistance: __________________ W per 1000 ft.
c) Current Capacity
i) __________________ – the maximum allowable current that can be safely carried by a given
wire gauge
ii) __________________ with wire size
d) PC Board Traces – Printed __________________
contain __________________ referred to as copper
traces.
e) Insulator Ratings
i) __________________ __________________ – the voltage (per unit length) that will force the
insulator to conduct, measured in kilovolts per centimeter (kV/cm)
2) 2.2 - Resistors
a) Resistor
i) __________________ – has a specific value of resistance
ii) __________________ – resistance value can be adjusted
b) Carbon-Composition Resistors
i) Most __________________ type
ii) Value determined by carbon __________________ and __________________ __________________
leads
c) Other Types of Resistors
i) __________________ resistor
(1) Uses the resistivity of a __________________ to produce a desired value of resistance
(2) Can __________________ more heat
ii) __________________ Resistor – A resistor designed to have a low
temperature coefficient
iii) __________________ Resistor – Similar to metal-film resistor except
uses a carbon-based compound to determine resistance
d) Other Types of Resistors (Continued)
i) __________________ Resistors
(1) __________________ resistors made using semiconductors other than carbon
(2) Limited to __________________ applications
e) __________________ Packages (SMPs)
f) Standard (Nonprecision) Resistor Values
i) Values start with __________________
ii) __________________ multiplier
iii) Examples:
(1) 0.91W = 91 x 10-2
(2) 9.1W = 91 x 10-1
(3) 91W = 91 x 10-0
(4) 910W = 91 x 101
g) Resistor Tolerance
i) 2%, 5% or 10% most common tolerances available
ii) Precision Resistors – less than __________________ tolerance
3) 2.3 - Resistor Color Codes and Related Topics
a) The Color Code for Standard (Nonprecision) Resistors – Color bands
indicate the resistance value
b) Resistor Color Band Code
i) Band 1 (closest to the end) – __________________ digit
ii) Band 2 – __________________ digit
iii) Band 3 – __________________ multiplier (most cases simply the number of zeros)
c) Resistor Size
4) 2.4 - Potentiometers
a) __________________ – a three-terminal resistor whose value can be
adjusted (within set limits) by the user
b) Potentiometer Taper
i) __________________ – resistance varies at a constant rate
ii) __________________ – resistance changes at an increasing rate
c) Potentiometer Ratings
i) Resistance Rating
(1) Printed in straightfoward manner – 5kW
(2) Printed as code – 502
(a) First two digits are the digits in the __________________ value
(b) Third digit – ____________________________________
ii) Power Dissipation Rating – consult manufacturer's catalog
d) Trimmer Potentiometers – low-power applications
e) Gang-Mounted Potentiometers
5) 2.5 - Batteries
a) Battery – a component that converts __________________,
__________________, or __________________ energy to
electrical energy
b) Cell – a __________________ designed to produce electrical
energy through thermal (heat), chemical, or optical (light)
means
c) Battery Capacity – a measure of __________________ the
battery will last at a given output current, measured in ampere-hours (Ah)
d) Example:
i) Battery has 1 Ah rating
1 A discharge rate: battery will last 1 hour
100 mA discharge rate: battery will last 10 hours
e) Types of Batteries (__________________ Cells) – cannot be recharged
i) Carbon-Zinc
ii) Alkaline
iii) Silver Oxide
iv) Zinc-air
v) Lithium
f) Common Batteries (__________________ Cell) – can be recharged
i) Lead-acid
ii) Nickel-Cadmium
iii) Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium Ion – newer replacements for Ni-Cds
g) Connecting Batteries
6) 2.6 - DC Power Supplies
a) DC Power Supply – a piece of equipment with dc outputs that can be adjusted to provide any
__________________ within its supply limits
b) DC Outputs
c) Positive Voltage Versus Negative Voltage
i) Side A is positive with respect to side B
ii) Side B is negative with respect to side A
7) 2.7 - Switches and Circuit Protectors
a) Switch – a device that allows you to __________________ the
connection between two or more points in a circuit
b) Described by the number of __________________ and __________________
i) Pole – the __________________ contact
ii) Throw – the __________________ contact
iii) Example: Double-Pole, Single-Throw (DPST)
c) Normally __________________ and Normally __________________ Switches
d) __________________ Switches
e) Dual In-Line Package (DIP) Switches
f) Fuses – a device that is designed to open __________________ if its
current __________________ a specified value
g) Fuse Ratings
i) __________________
ii) __________________
h) Types of Fuses
i) High-Speed __________________
ii) __________________ Instantaneous
iii) __________________ Delay
i) Micro Fuses and Integrated Circuit Protectors (ICPs)
j) Circuit Breakers – not __________________ like fuses when activated
i) __________________ __________________ (GFI) – common special-case circuit breaker
8) 2.8 - Measuring Current, Voltage, and Resistance
a) __________________
i) Ammeter – __________________
ii) Voltmeter – __________________
iii) Ohmmeter – __________________
iv) Multimeter – __________________, __________________ and __________________
b) Measuring Current – insert meter in the current path
c) Measuring Voltage – connect meter across component
d) Measuring Resistance
i) Cannot be measured with power applied to the circuit
ii) Usually best to remove resistor before measuring