Anatomy and Physiology: Introduction
Mrs. Carrillo VMHS
1. Why are humans interested in studying the human body?
To correct human illnesses, diseases, and malfunctions. Often scientists have learned of a body function only as a result of its malfunction.
De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books) Vesalius (1514-1564) in 1543.
2. What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the structure (morphology) of body parts [ana=up, tome=cut]
3. What is Physiology?
Physiology is the study the function of body parts [phys=growth, logy=study of]
4. Why do we study Anatomy and Physiology?
Because form is almost always tied to function
5. What are the 10 characteristics of life?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Movement Responsiveness Respiration Circulation Growth Reproduction Digestion Absorption Assimilation Excretion
6. What environmental factors are needed for life?
1. Water – metabolic processes, transport, regulating body temp 2. Foods – energy and building blocks 3. Oxygen – cellular respiration 4. Heat – chemical reactions 5. Pressure – breathing and circulation
7.
Why is homeostasis important for survival?
Homeostasis (homeo= same ;stasis=standing still) keeps body parts functioning stabilizing H2O, O2, nutrients, heat & pressure.
8.
What is a homeostatic mechanism? Describe two homeostatic mechanisms.
8.
What is a homeostatic mechanism? Describe two homeostatic mechanisms. A self-regulating control system with: 1. Receptors – receive sensory stimuli 2. A Set Point – optimal body condition 3. Effectors – cause responses that return body to Set Point Blood pressure regulation Body temperature regulation
9.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
What are the levels of organization in a complex organism?
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
10. What are the two major portions of the human body?
1. Axial Portion (head, neck, trunk) 2. Appendicular Portion (upper & lower limbs)
11. What are the major body cavities of the human body?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity Dorsal Cavity
11. What are the major body cavities of the human body? (cont.)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Abdominopelvic Cavity Pericardial Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Mediastinum Left Pleural Cavity Diaphragm Thoracic Cavity
11. What are the major body cavities of the human body? (cont.)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Frontal Sinuses Orbital Cavities Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Cranial Cavity Sphenoidal Sinus Middle Ear Cavity
12. What does visceral mean? What does parietal mean?
Visceral refers to the internal organs. Parietal refers to the wall of a cavity.
parietal pleural membrane
visceral pleural membrane
13. Describe the 4 membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Thoracic Cavity (mediastinum) 1. Visceral Pericardium – covers heart’s surface (mediastinum in thoracic) 2. Parietal Pericardium – lines the pericardial cavity wall Abdominopelvic Cavity 3. Visceral Peritoneum – covers each organ’s surface 4. Parietal Peritoneum – lines the cavity wall
14. Describe the 11 major systems along with their general functions and the organs involved. Organ System Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous General Functions Body covering, protection Support Movement Organs Involved
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Bones, ligaments and cartilages
muscles
Integration, Brain, spinal cord, coordination, nerves and sense maintains homeostasis organs
14. Describe the major organ systems along with their general functions and the organs involved. (cont.) Organ System Endocrine Cardiovascular (Lymphatic) Digestive General Functions Hormone secretion Internal transport Internal transport
Absorption and excretion of foods
Organs Involved
Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
Lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, L.I., S.I
14. Describe the major organ systems along with their general functions and the organs involved. (cont.) Organ System Respiratory Urinary Reproductive General Organs Functions Involved O2 and CO2 gas Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs exchange
Removes waste from Kidneys, ureters, blood; maintains water urinary bladder, and electrolyte balance urethra
Produce offspring!
Female and male sex organs
15. List and describe 10 anatomical relative positions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Superior – above (closer to head) Inferior – below (closer to feet) Anterior (or ventral) – toward the front Posterior (or dorsal) – toward the back Medial – closer to the middle Lateral – away from the middle, closer to the side Proximal – body part closer to a point of attachment Distal – body part further away from point of attachment Superficial – near the surface Deep – more internal
16. What are the major anatomical planes and sections?
1. Sagittal – lengthwise cut divides body into right and left sections. Transverse – cut that divides the body into superior and inferior sections. Coronal – cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
2.
3.
17. What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
18. What are the major anterior and posterior body regions?
Abdominal Acromial Antebrachial Antecubital Axillary Brachial Buccal Carpal Celiac Cephalic Cervical Costal Coxal Crural Cubital Digital Dorsal Femoral Frontal Genital Gluteal Inguinal Lumbar Mammary Mental Nasal Occipital Oral Orbital Otic Palmar Patellar Pectoral Pedal Pelvic Perineal Plantar Popliteal Sacral Sternal Tarsal Umbilical Vertebral
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