This slide show will cover the following:
1. Federal, State and Local Police
2. Policing Terminology
3. Legal aspects of Policing
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Charged with investigating and apprehending
offenders who engage in conduct that
impacts the United States as a while.
Examples: federal kidnapping crimes,
narcotics trafficking, terrorist activities, illegal
immigration, federal income tax evasion.
Under the Department of Homeland Security,
agencies include, but are not limited to, the
following:
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
U.S. Secret Service (SS)
Under the Department of Justice, agencies
include the following:
-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives (ATF).
-Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
-Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
-U.S. Marshalls Service
Under the Department of Health and Human
Services:
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Office of
Criminal Investigations
Under the Department of Defense:
Naval Investigative Services
Army Criminal Investigation
Air Force Office of Special Investigations
Defense Criminal Investigative Services
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The previous slides represent only a small fraction of
the federal agencies with a law enforcement arm.
When considering your career, think beyond the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, as it just one of many
federal agencies.
Within these federal agencies, many different
positions exists: agents, analysts, researchers, etc…
State Police-highway patrol, investigate crime with
local law enforcement, provide training
Example: Mass. State Police-Mass. Troopers
In addition to state police departments, there are
state law enforcement agencies such as park
services, fish and wildlife agencies, port authorities,
and state university police.
Also, social and human services agencies, include offices such as child
protective services and elder protective services. Investigators in these
types of offices fill very important roles in investigating child and elder
abuse.
For additional listings, refer to page 119 of your textbook.
Local Law Enforcement Agencies include:
Sheriffs’ Departments (e.g. Suffolk Sheriffs’
Department)
Municipal Police (e.g. Boston, Detroit, Chicago
police departments)
Housing Authority (e.g. Boston Housing Authority
police)
Medical Examiners
Community Policing
Problem Oriented Policing (POP)
Evidence Based Policing
Kansas City Experiment
Directed Patrol
Police Discretion
Constitutional Limitations on Police
Investigation.
Fourth Amendment limitation on unreasonable
search and seizure. Warrants for searches and
arrests are generally required. There are
exceptions, such as the plain view doctrine.
Warrants will only be issued when police have
probable cause. Police will file an affidavit with
the court.
Stop and Frisk
In Terry v. Ohio, the United States Supreme court
ruled that police can stop a person, briefly detain
the person and ask questions when the police
have reasonable suspicion that criminal activity
is taking place.
Probable cause is not required because it is a
mere detention of the person and not an arrest.
Police may also perform a pat down of the
person to find weapons.
Exclusionary Rule-When evidence is
obtained in violation of a person’s fourth
amendment rights, the evidence must be
excluded at trial and the evidence cannot be
used against the accused.
Benefit of the exclusionary rule: individual
rights are protected and police are deterred
from obtaining evidence in an illegal manner.
Problem: guilty people will sometimes walk
away without punishment.
Miranda v. Arizona- In this case, the Supreme
Court ruled that before a suspect in custody is
interrogated by police, the suspect must receive
notice of his or her legal rights.
Miranda Warnings: you have the right to remain
silent, anything you say can and will be used
against you in the court of law, you have the
right to an attorney, if you cannot afford an
attorney one will be appointed for you.
Premised upon the 5th amendment right
against self incrimination.
Please click on the following link to watch a
short video about Miranda Warnings.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSLWe_e
l4uo&feature=fvsr