Energy

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Patryk Bolumiński

WHAT IS ENERGY ?

 In physics, energy is a quantity that is often

understood as the ability a physical system has to

produce changes on another physical system.

 The changes are produced when the energy is

transferred from a system to another one. A

system can transfer energy by means of three

ways, namely: physical or thermodynamic

work, heat transfer, or mass transfer.







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TYPES OF ENERGY



 Unrenewable:



 Hard bituminous coal

 Natural gas

 Peat

 Petroleum

 Brown coal







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TYPES OF ENERGY



 Renewable:



 Wind power

 Hydropower

 Solar energy

 Biomass

 Geothermal energy









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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES









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RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE

ENERGY SOURCES









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Norway Poland

1% 3%









99%

97%



Germany France

11%

29% 12%







6% 65% 77%

Italy

The World

17% 17%







20% 7

63%

83%

WIND POWER

 Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines

range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines

with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for

commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the

cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output

increases dramatically. Areas where winds are stronger and more

constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred

locations for wind farms. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with

values at the upper end of the range in particularly favorable sites.

 Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed

to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times

current electricity demand. This could require large amounts of land

to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind

resources. Offshore resources experience means wind speeds of ~90%

greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute

substantially more energy.

 Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during

operation, such as carbon dioxide and methane.



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HYDROPOWER

 Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is

about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of

water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts

of energy. There are many forms of water energy:

 Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale

hydroelectric dams. Examples are the Grand Coulee Dam in

Washington State and the Akosombo Dam in Ghana.

 Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that

typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used

in water rich areas as a remote-area power supply (RAPS).

There are many of these installations around the world,

including several delivering around 50 kW in the Solomon

Islands.

 Dam hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and

oceans without using a dam.

 Ocean energy describes all the technologies to

harness energy from the ocean and the sea. This

includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy 9

conversion, and tidal power.

SOLAR ENERGY

 Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through

the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical

generation relies on photovoltaic's and heat engines. A

partial list of other solar applications includes space

heating and cooling through solar architecture, day

lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high

temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

 Solar technologies are broadly characterized as

either passive solar or active solar depending on the way

they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active

solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels

and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive

solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,

selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light

dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally

circulate air. 10

BIOMASS

 Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy

source because the energy it contains comes from the

sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants

capture the sun's energy. When the plants are

burned, they release the sun's energy they contain. In

this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural

battery for storing solar energy. As long as biomass is

produced sustainably, with only as much used as is

grown, the battery will last indefinitely.

 In general there are two main approaches to using

plants for energy production: growing plants

specifically for energy use, and using the residues

from plants that are used for other things. The best

approaches vary from region to region according to

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climate, soils and geography.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, both from

kilometers deep into the Earth's crust in some places of the globe or from some meters

in geothermal heat pumps in all the places of the planet . It is expensive to build a power

station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites.

Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth’s core.

 Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal energy: dry steam,

flash, and binary. Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and use it to

directly drive a turbine that spins a generator. Flash plants take hot water, usually at

temperatures over 200 °C, out of the ground, and allows it to boil as it rises to the surface

then separates the steam phase in steam/water separators and then runs the steam

through a turbine. In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, boiling

an organic fluid that spins the turbine. The condensed steam and remaining geothermal

fluid from all three types of plants are injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.

 The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in some areas

than in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the

surface it may be used to generate electricity. Such geothermal power sources exist in

certain geologically unstable parts of the world such as Chile, Iceland. New Zealand,

United States, the Philippines and Italy. The two most prominent areas for this in the

United States are in the Yellowstone basin and in northern California. Iceland produced

170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000 through

geothermal energy. Some 8000 MW of capacity is operational in total.

 There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry rocks. Holes at least

3 km deep are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump water into the earth, while

other holes pump hot water out. The heat resource consists of hot underground radiogenic

granite rocks, which heat up when there is enough sediment between the rock and the

earths surface. Several companies in Australia are exploring this technology.

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RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN

POLAND

 Real economic potential:

PJ 18 (5 TWh / year) [used in 41%]

Hydropower:

Installed capacity in 2010:

946.676 MW

Quantity of electricity produced in 2009:

1 616 039.309 MWh





 Barriers in the use of hydropower:



 Lack of support for the construction of a large hydroelectric power station on

the Lower Vistula River

 Extremely complicated situation regarding the ownership of water facilities that

could support the development of small hydropowers

 Too high investment cost, the need to build hydropower from the

ground water level

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WIND POWER

 Real economic potential:

445 PJ

(land: 337, Sea: 67)

Wind power plants:

Installed capacity in 2010:

1005.597 MW

Quantity of electricity produced in 2009:

499 235.352 MWh

 Barriers in the use of wind power:

 Joining the network: the poor infrastructure of the

transmission network in areas with high wind (northern Poland)

 Limited area with strong winds

 Real estate tax







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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 Real economic potential:

12.4 PJ (used in 12%)



Installed power in Poland in 2005:

102 MW





 Geothermal energy is extracted from the Earth's interior. Geothermal

waters found under the surface of almost 80% of Polish territory, in an

amount of about 6600 km3, and their temperature is within 25-

150 C. These resources are fairly evenly distributed over a large area

of Poland, so you can use them for energy purposes

 Until now in Poland, only four heating systems based on the use of

geothermal water have been

bulilt: in Pyrzyce, Zakopane, Mszczonów and Uniejów, and several

more are still waiting for implementation.



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BIOMASS

 Real potential for savings: 600 PJ

Dry solid waste - 166

biogas (waste wet) - 123

wood (forest) - 24

energy crops - 287

Biomass power plants:

Installed capacity in 2010: 252.490 MW





 Biomass in Poland is considered as a renewable energy source with the greatest resources, the use

of which is so cheap that now can compete with fossil fuels. It could be used for energy purposes in

the processes of direct combustion of solid bio fuels, natural gas or processed into liquid

fuels, both for electricity and heat. Currently, solid biomass resources are associated with the

use of surplus hay and straw, wood waste, energy crops and the use of agricultural

waste including biogas. Therefore, they are concentrated in areas of intensive agricultural

production.

 Barriers in the use of biomass:



 Lack of local markets of biomass energy.

Poor governmental support

There are no clear limits for co-firing biomass with coal in boilers.

Lack of a simple system of support for the universal application of individual biomass power

plants (small boilers and power plants).

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No emission control system with low power energy installations (e.g. biomass, below 1MW).

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SOLAR ENERGY



 Real economic potential:

83 PJ (used in 0.2%)









 Solar energy resources in Poland are characterized mainly by a very irregular distribution

on an annual basis. 80% of the total annual amount of sunshine falls on the spring-

summer semester, from early April to late September, the time of the operation of the sun

in the summer is extended to 16 hours a day, while in winter, it is reduced to 8 hours a day.



 As far as the sunlight is concerned, the most privileged area in Poland, is the southern part

of the Lublin province. The central part of Poland, about 50% of the country, obtains a

range from 1022 to 1048 kWh/m2/year irradiation, and the southern, eastern and northern

part of Poland -1000 kWh/m2/year and less. The smallest annual energy supply is

observed in the region of Silesia and in the area located at the crossroads of the Czech

Republic, Germany and Poland, until recently known as the "Black Triangle” because of too

high air pollution .



 Barriers in the use of Solar energy:



 Lack of a simple system to support small individual investments in solar installations.

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There are no defined objectives for the use of photovoltaics in buildings.

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Renewable Energy in Poland









Hydropower



Wind Power



Geothermal Energy



Solar Energy

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Biomass

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE REGION OF

OPOLE









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THE ENERGY OF WATER FLOW

 In the region of Opole there are 31 hydroelectric

power plants. The largest buildings have been

built on the Odra River and the

Nysa Kłodzka. Turbine sets are employed in the

vast majority of units with a capacity

of <1.0 MW, although the seven power units

work with power N = 1.4 - 2.0 MW. The amount of

energy extracted from water flow is approximately

77.8 GWh per year.





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WIND POWER

 Currently in the Opole province, there

is only a working wind turbine, consisting of 3

units of generators with installed capacity

of 150 kWh. The investor interest in the wind

power in the Opole

region grows very strongly. There are plans

to build seven wind farms which would produce

up to 1.5-2.5 MW. The current production of

electricity in the Opole region amounts to

0.9 GWh. If the results of measurements of

velocity flow provide a positive outcome, the

number of installed power units is expected 24

to increase.

BIOMASS

 The basic direction of the energy use of biomass in the

Opole province is its combustion in the production of

process heat and for general interest. Almost 100% of the

waste produced by carpentry factories (particularly

numerous in the municipalities of Dobrodzień, Olesno

Kluczbork) is used mainly for drying wood, the production

of hot water and central heating. The southern region,

mainly the region of Nysa, Lewin Brzeski, Gogolin, is

dominated by straw burning, heating the greenhouses and

drying grain. Small straw-fired boilers are primarily used

for heating buildings and hot water. The largest recipient

of biomass in the province is the Opole Power Plant, which

received the concession (September 2004) for burning so-

called biomass together with coal. Currently, PGE may

engage 200 thousand tons per year of biomass. After

modernization it will burn up to 400 thousand tons per 25

year.

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THANK YOU FOR WATCHING



The end

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