Digital Re-print - November | December 2011
Mycotoxins an overview
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FEATURE
Food and Feed
Mycotoxins an overview Quality Control
Reference and Fast-Screening Methods
by Perstorp Performance Additives, The
Netherlands
I
t has been estimated that 25 percent of 5 Fumonisins (FA1, FA2, Fb1, FB2, FB3 Furthermore T2 toxin can cause nervous
the crops in the world are contaminated and FB) symptoms as well as abnormal feathering,
with mycotoxins. And this results in an Most mycotoxins are region-specific. For decreased feed intake and egg production.
annual loss of foodstuffs of over 1,000,000 example DON is mostly found in Europe Don and T2 are the most harmful to pigs.
tonnes according to the FAO (Food and North America, while aflatoxins are They can cause reduced productivity and
and Agriculture Organisation). mostly found in the Southern hemisphere. even infertility in the sow. In addition DON
can cause acute diarrhea of suckling piglets
Let’s have a look at what mycotoxins are, The effects of mycotoxins with a high mortality.
what sub-types there are, what they do and Different mycotoxins have different harmful Fumonisins cause impaired immune func-
how a consistent mycotoxin policy can help effects. The consumption of feed containing tion, liver and kidney damage, decreased
minimise the damage. mycotoxins can lead to numerous problems weight gain and increased mortality in most
including reduced immune response, species. It would appear that poultry is less
What are mycotoxins? infertility and liver and kidney damage. sensitive to the effect of the fumonisins than
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabo- Aflatoxins are synthesized by Aspergillus pigs. The toxin FB1 in swine leads to specific
lites produced by organisms of the fungus spp. and can severely damage the health disease called porcine pulmonary oedema
kingdom - commonly known as moulds - of animals. In poultry liver damage, inferior which affects heart and lungs.
such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillin. egg shell and carcass quality and increased It is also important to note that if feed is
One mould species may produce many susceptibility to disease are the major symp- contaminated by more than one mycotoxin the
different mycotoxins and/or the same myco- toms. effects can not only be additive but even syner-
toxin as another species. They infect crops In pigs the main symptoms after high doses gistic meaning a far greater toxicity than expected
in the field, can grow on feed or food as it is of aflatoxins are feed refusal, reduced weight on the basis of each mycotoxin on its own.
stored if the environmental conditions (such gain, liver and kidney lesions. Furthermore, Discover the perfect interaction of BUCHI Instruments for food and feed
Discover the perfect interaction of BUCHI Instruments for food and feed
as temperature and humidity) are favorable. aflatoxins can alter the immune response and Mycotoxin management quality control.
quality control.
Although thousands of different myco- animal performance. Besides good farming practice to prevent
Ochratoxins (OTA) are produced by mould growth and subsequent mycotoxin Solutions for protein analysis: BUCHI offers Kjeldahl Distillation and Digestion instruments ranging
Solutions for protein analysis: BUCHI offers Kjeldahl Distillation and Digestion instruments ranging
Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. and are toxic production it is essential that the producer from basic to fully automated. Kjeldahl serves as reference method for protein determination using NIR
from basic to fully automated. Kjeldahl serves as reference method for protein determination using NIR
“Depending on the mycotoxin for the kidney where they cause necrosis knows the mycotoxin status of his feed.
Spectroscopy. The NIRMaster is the fi rst FT-NIR spectrometer, enabling rapid non-destructive
Spectroscopy. The NIRMaster is the fi rst FT-NIR spectrometer, enabling rapid non-destructive
of the tubules. Off all the mycotoxins OTA There is an almost bewildering array of
determination of protein content at the production line or in the QC lab.
determination of protein content at the production line or in the QC lab.
and the quantity that has been is the most toxic for domestic poultry. It is testing possibilities available for mycotoxins
even more deadly for poultry than aflatoxin. but they all stand or fall with the method of
found, a suitable adsorbent can be In pigs OTA also causes kidney damage sampling. Solutions for fat analysis: For fat determination explore the unique automated Soxhlet or Hot Extraction
Solutions for fat analysis: For fat determination explore the unique automated Soxhlet or Hot Extraction
which can result in rejection of carcasses. At least 12-20 samples need to be taken instruments. These classical extraction techniques serve as reference methods for fat determination using NIR
instruments. These classical extraction techniques serve as reference methods for fat determination using NIR
chosen to which the mycotoxines It also affects boar fertility and can affect from the feed taking care to include samples Spectroscopy. The innovative NIRMaster is able to quantify fat content in just a few seconds per sample.
Spectroscopy. The innovative NIRMaster is able to quantify fat content in just a few seconds per sample.
the unborn foetus. In newborn piglets tail from the side where mould will more readily
adhere and safely pass through the necrosis is often a sign of OTA. occur. These samples need then to be mixed Additional information is available on: www.buchi.com
Additional information is available on: www.buchi.com
animal without causing harm” Zearolenone is a mycotoxin produced thoroughly and a 500 gram sample can be
by Fusarium moulds and has oestrogen-like taken and sent for testing.
activity in cattle, sheep and pigs. Depending on the mycotoxin and
toxins have been identified, only 300 are This mimicking of female hormones leads the quantity that has been found, a suit-
detectable by regular analytical tests. to problems with ovulation, conception and able adsorbent can be chosen to which the
The major mycotoxins are: foetal development. Poultry seems to be mycotoxines adhere and safely pass through
1. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) able to tolerated ZEA well, however turkeys the animal without causing harm.
2. Ochratoxins (OTA) are very sensitive. Depending on geographical and envi-
3. Zearalenone (ZEA) Trichothecenes are also produced by ronmental factors an absorbent could be BÜCHI Labortechnik AG
BÜCHI Labortechnik AG
4. Trichothecenes (DON also known as Fusarium spp. In poultry T2 causes oral indicated all year round or at known critical 9230 Flawil/Switzerland
9230 Flawil/Switzerland
Vomitoxin, T2) lesions which can be used as a field diagnosis. times.
T +41 71 394 63 63
T +41 71 394 63 63
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