Biology
Topic One
Maintaining a Balance
1. What are enzymes? Identify their role in metabolism.
2. Enzymes are made up of ____________, _____________,
______________ and ________________.
3. Enzymes are large __________ that are coiled up to form an
____________ __________.
4. The molecule that the enzyme acts on is called the
______________.
5. Use a model to illustrate how enzymes work.
6. Explain how enzymes are specific.
7. Using the pH scale, identify how the pH can be used to describe
the acidity of a substance.
8. Define intracellular.
9. Give an example of a chemical equation involving an enzyme:
10. With reference to a first hand investigation you have performed,
describe the effect of:
a) Temperature on the activity of an enzyme:
b) pH on the activity of enzymes:
c) Change in substrate concentrations on the activity of the
enzyme:
11. Why is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
important for metabolic efficiency?
12. Describe homeostasis.
13. The two stages of homeostasis are:
1) __________________________________________
2) __________________________________________
14. Explain the first stage of homeostasis:
15. Complete:
STIMULUS RECEPTOR AND EXAMPLE
Light
Thermoreceptor, e.g. skin.
Sound, touch,
pressure, gravity
Electrical fields,
magnetic fields
Chemoreceptor, e.g. oxygen
16. Explain the second stage of homeostasis.
17. Draw a model of homeostasis:
18. Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding
to environmental changes.
19.Identify the broad range of temperatures over which life is found
compared with the narrow limits for individual species such as
sugar cane; seeds, lichens and mosses; and Bogong moths.
20. Complete:
ORGANISM CHANGE IN RESPONSE HOW
TEMPERATURE RESPONSE
ASSISTS
TEMPERATURE
REGULATION
Superb parrot
(endotherm)
Kangaroo
(endotherm)
Eucalyptus
(ectotherm)
Central
netted dragon
(ectotherm)
21. Complete:
PLANT TEMPERATURE RESPONSE
CHANGE
Tuberous Roots
Banksia
Eucalyptus
22. The __________ transports many substances around the body –
substances required for _____________, products of
_____________ and _____________ from cellular activities.
23.
SUBSTANCE TRANSPORTED AS
Carbon dioxide
Oxyhaemoglobin
Water
Salts
Chylomicrons
Urea
Products of digestion
24. Explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin. How many
oxygen molecules can a red blood cell carry? What role does
haemoglobin play?
25.
VESSEL STRUCTURE FUNCTION
(DIAGRAM)
Artery
Vein
Capillary
26. In a first hand investigation you carried out, what was the effect of
carbon dioxide on the pH of water?
27. a) What is the relative size of a red blood cell to a white blood
cell?
b) What is the relative proportion of red cells to white cells in the
human blood?
c) What is the main function of red blood cells? Is a nucleus visible?
How might this affect their functioning and life span?
d) Explain why the number of white cells in the body vary according
to the health of the individual.
28.
BLOOD ORGAN /TISSUE BLOOD LEAVING
ENTERING
Low oxygen
High CO2
Heart
Intestines
High in urea
Low in ammonia
High in urea
High in CO2
High in Ammonia
29. a) Identify and describe four different technologies that allow
measurement of oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide
concentrations in blood.
b) List the conditions under which these technologies may be used:
30. Identify four products extracted from donated blood and discuss
the uses of these products:
31. a) Construct a timeline for the progress in production of synthetic /
artificial blood in the last century.
b) List the reasons for using synthetic blood:
32. Complete the advantages and disadvantages for synthetic blood:
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
33. Cells require _______________ for respiration, in order to provide
_____________ for the cell.
_____________ _______________ is also produced by respiration
as a waste product, and must be removed by the cell. When CO2
dissolves in the body, it causes the cells’ pH to become _________.
Therefore, ___________ cannot reach metabolic
_______________ and the cell may cease to function.
34. Complete: processes in plants for movement if materials.
XYLEM PHLOEM
Description
Function
Transport
35. Draw diagrams of the xylem and phloem transport mechanisms:
XYLEM PHLOEM
36. Cells must be kept in an ______________ environment for
optimal _________________ of the cell. That is, water
concentration should be the _______ both inside and outside the
________.
37.Outline the use of water in the functioning of a cell. Why should
the concentration of water therefore be maintained?
38. Draw diagrams to show how both plant and animal cells react to
different concentrations of water:
HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
39.Explain why the removal of wastes in cells, is essential for
continued metabolic activity. What are these metabolic wastes?
40. Identify the role of the kidney in the excretory system in fish and
mammals.
a) FISH:
b) MAMMALS
41.Why are the processes of diffusion and osmosis inadequate in
removing dissolved nitrogenous wastes in some organisms?
42. Describe active transport and reabsorption as alternative methods
of removing nitrogenous wastes:
43.Distinguish between active and passive transport, in particular
within the mammalian kidney:
ACTIVE TRANSPORT PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Definition
When
does it
occur?
Where
does it
occur?
Why does
it occur?
44. Draw and label the kidney, as you saw through its dissection.
Describe each part’s appearance.
45. The _____________ are the regulatory unit of the kidney.
__________________ occurs passively and is non-selective with
regard to molecules small enough to pass through the capillary wall of
the ________________ and into the ______________
______________ of the nephron ______________.
Substances such as glucose, ____________, amino acids and
_______________ ________ are actively absorbed back into the
blood.
Waste materials must be excreted from the kidney as they can
interfere with cell _______________, can build up, disrupt
_____________ and affect ___________ activity. However, the end
products of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, ____________ and
_____________ are relatively easy to excrete. Nitrogenous wastes are
converted to the highly toxic ______________, which must be then
excreted as urea and expelled out of the __________.
46. Energy processes in the kidney:
PROCESSES ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Filtration
Osmosis of water back into the blood
Reabsorption back into the blood
47. Compare the process of renal dialysis with the function of a
kidney.
PROCESS KIDNEY RENAL DIALYSIS
Function
Differences
Similarities
48.
TERRESTRIAL MARINE FISH FRESHWATER
MAMMAL e.g. e.g. SNAPPER FISH, e.g.
HUMAN GOLDFISH
Name of Urea Ammonia Ammonia
nitrogenous
waste
Form of waste
Factors affecting
concentration of
urine
How is water
balance
maintained?
49. Outline the role of the hormones, aldosterone and ADH (anti-
diuretic hormone) in the regulation if water and salt levels in the
blood.
ALDOSTERONE ADH
50. Outline the general use of hormone replacement therapy in people
who cannot secrete aldosterone.
51. Explain the relationship between the conservation of water and the
excretion of concentrated nitrogenous wastes in Australian insects
and mammals.
a) Insects (e.g. _______________, ______________)
b) Mammals (e.g. ______________________________)
52. Define enantiostasis. Why is it important for estuarine organisms
to maintain appropriate salt concentrations?
53.Referring to a first hand investigation you performed, and using
results, gather information about the structures (ie. stomates) in
plants that assist in the conservation of water.
54. Draw some adaptations of a range of Australian terrestrial plants
that assist in the conservation of water:
FEATURE AND HOW IT REDUCES EXAMPLE OF
DIAGRAM WATER LOSS PLANT WITH
THIS FEATURE
55. Discuss the processes used by different plants for salt regulation in
saline environments: