DRUG TRENDS
THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG TRAFFICKING
ISTANBUL
July 08, 2008
1
DRUG PROBLEMS
Globalization
High profit margin
Increase in drug addiction
Terrorist activities
Changes in the political situation in
various countries
The drug problem has grown into a regional and
international crime problem, not just a national problem.
2
GLOBAL EVALUATION
United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
World Drug Report
1/3 of $1 Trillion US Dollars is derived from illegal
income which is approximately $321 Billion US.
The source is from drug trafficking.
3
OPIATES
AFGHANISTAN
MYANMAR
MEXICO
LAO PDR
COLOMBIA
4
COMPARING OPIUM PRODUCTION BETWEEN
AFGHANISTAN AND REST OF THE WORLD
OPIUM GLOBAL
PERCENTAGE OF
PRODUCTION IN OPIUM
Year AFGHANISTAN PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION IN
AFGHANISTAN
(TONS) (TONS)
1998 2,693 4,346 62%
1999 4,565 5,764 79%
2000 3,276 4,691 70%
2001 185 1,596 12%
2002 3,400 4,491 76%
2003 3,600 4,765 76%
2004 4,200 4,850 87%
2005 4,100 4,620 89%
2006 6,100 6,610 92%
2007 8,200 8,847 93%
Source: UNODC
5
OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN AFGHANISTAN
(1986 – 2007)
250,000
+ 17%
200,000
193,000
Hectares (ha)
150,000
165,000
- 20.7%
131,000
100,000
104,000
50,000
0
Source: UNODC 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
6
POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN AFGHANISTAN
(1986 – 2007)
+34.4%
9,000
8,000
8,200
7,000
6,000
6,100
- 2.4%
Tons
5,000
4,000
4,200
4,100
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Source: UNODC
7
OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
140,000
127,752
120,000
81% decrease
2000-2006
100,000
Hectares
80,000
60,000
+ 22%
40,000 29,200
24,000
20,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Lao PDR Myanmar
Source: UNODC, Myanmar figures for 2000 & 2001 are US Government estimates
8
OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
IN COLOMBIA & MEXICO
10,000
8,900
9,000
- 41%
8,000
7,000
Hectares
6,000 5,250
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Colombia Mexico
Source: UNODC: 2000-2006 Colombia, 2000-2005 Mexico; US Government Mexico 2006
9
POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN
SOUTH EAST ASIA
1400
1200
1,254
73% decrease
1000
2000-2006
800
Tons
600
+ 40% 469
335
400
200
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Lao PDR Myanmar
Source: UNODC, Myanmar figures for 2000 & 2001 are US Government estimates
10
POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN
COLOMBIA & MEXICO
200
177
180
160
- 44%
140
120
Tons
99
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Colombia Mexico
Source: UNODC: 2000-2006 Colombia, 2000-2005 Mexico; US Government Mexico 2006 11
GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND SEIZURES OF HEROIN
600 555
477 495 476
500 469 449
400
Tons
300 11.5% 33.8% 10.9% 11.1% 12.1% 12.2%
200 160
100 54 54 49 53 60 58
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Production Seizures
Source: UNODC
12
COCA AND COCAINE
13
GLOBAL CULTIVATION OF COCA
(1990 – 2006)
225,000
200,000
Coca Cultivation
Andean region
175,000
2002
150,000
170,300 ha
Hectares
125,000
2003
100,000
` 153,800 ha
75,000
2004
50,000
158,000 ha
25,000
2005
0
159,600 ha
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2006
Colombia Peru Bolivia 156,900 ha
Source: UNODC
14
ESTIMATED GLOBAL COCAINE PRODUCTION
(1990 – 2006)
1,200
1,000 Production
Statistics
800
Ton
600
400
200
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Colombia Peru Bolivia
Source: UNODC
15
COCAINE TRAFFICKING ROUTES
1200
1000
76.7%
Seizures of cocaine
800
transiting direct to Spain and Portugal
58.1% 57.4%
600
38.9% 45.1% 46.5% have decreased
400
200 Seizures on the “back door”
0
of Europe have increased
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Production Seizures
Cocaine shipments
through West Africa
pose a significant threat
Reports of large
The amount of cocaine leaving quantities of cocaine
Venezuela to the US and Europe to Asia increasing
has increased dramatically
16
COCAINE SEIZURES
On October 30, 2007, a
record 23.5 tons of cocaine
was seized in Mexico.
Low Profile Vessels:
3 multi-ton cocaine
seizures from November
2006 to March 2008
Photo courtesy of the US Coast Guard
17
CANNABIS AND DERIVATIVES
Percentage of Global Production
Africa North America
Oceania
Central/ and
Caribbean
Asia
Europe
Source UNODC (Statistics of 42,000 hectares under cultivation in
18
GLOBAL SEIZURES OF MARIJUANA (TONS)
- 35%
8,000
7,152
7,000
5,940
6,000
5,000 4,674 4,860 4,805 4,644
4,042
4,000
3,209 3,090 3,105
2,998
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: UNODC 19
GLOBAL SEIZURES OF HASHISH (TONS)
- 11%
1,600
1,466
1,385
1,400 1,302
1,200
1,090
1,030 1,047
1,000 934
877 896 889
818
800
600
400
200
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: UNODC 20
RECORD HASHISH SEIZURE
In June 2008, a joint operation led to the seizure and destruction of
approximately 262 tons of hashish. The hashish was stockpiled in
several underground warehouses near Spin Boldak, Afghanistan.
21
AMPHETAMINE-TYPE
SIMULANTS
22
GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF AMPHETAMINE-TYPE
STIMULANTS (ATS)
600
480 479
500
445
126 113
400 113
Tons
54 63 88
300
200
278 291 278
100
0
2003 2004 2005
Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstasy
Source: UNODC 23
MDMA PRODUCTION
• The Netherlands remains a
significant producer of MDMA
• “Mega-Labs” in South East Asia are
capable of producing both MDMA
and crystal methamphetamine.
• Asian Organized Crime groups play
an important role in the global
MDMA trade.
• Canada is now the primary source
country for MDMA in the United
States.
24
METHAMPHETAMINE TRAFFICKING IN MEXICO
• In 2007, decreased
availability in the United
MEXICO
States.
• Starting in 2008, no
pseudo-ephedrine can
be legally imported into
Mexico.
• Precursor Chemicals
now flowing through
Central America. Lab seized in Mexico in
December 2007
25
METHAMPHETAMINE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
• Synthetic drugs are the Yunnan
Province
primary threat in South East Burma Vietnam
Asia. Laos
• Increasing rates of abuse
Thailand
and production throughout
Cambodia
South East Asia.
26
GLOBAL SEIZURES OF AMPHETAMINE-TYPE
STIMULANTS (ATS)
50
44
45
40 5.0
3.2 35.4
31.7
35
29.6 5.3
30 26.6 4.4 24.7
4.5
Tons
25 5.8 12.9
4.0 6.7
20 7.9
35.8 4.4
15 5.9
10 21.1 21.5
15.5 17.2
5 10.9
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstasy
Source: UNODC 27
ORIGIN OF SEIZURES OF ECSTASY (2003 – 2005)
The Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
Canada
Poland
Lithuania
Estonia
England
Bulgaria
China
Serbia
South America
Spain
USA
Hungary
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Other European Countries
Other Asian Countries
Other
(Source: UNODC )
28
ORIGIN OF GLOBAL SEIZURES OF
AMPHETAMINES (2003 – 2005)
The Netherlands
Poland
Belgium
Lithuania
Estonia
Serbia
Germany
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Slovakia
Other European Countries
Asian Countries
American Countries
Oceana
(Source: UNODC)
29
PRECURSOR CHEMICALS
• Trafficking groups quickly adapt in
response to tighter legal controls.
• Countries in Asia, Africa and
Middle East used for transit.
How will new restrictions
impact drug trafficking
groups?
30
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA)
• No licit production or legal use in
Afghanistan
• Produced in at least 18 countries around
the world
• China, Russia, India, Germany, and
South Korea
• Smuggled to Afghanistan through
neighboring countries
• Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, and Iran
• Smuggled via maritime vessels in
containerized cargo and overland in cargo
trucks
31
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA)
• Price of AA in Afghanistan has
reportedly increased over the past
year.
• Notable seizures:
– In November 2007 10 tons of
AA in Russia.
– In March 2007 14 tons of AA
traveling to Pakistan from
South Korea.
32
MONEY LAUNDERING
*Bulk cash smuggling continues
unabated.
*Trade-based money laundering linking organizations in
South America, the Middle East and Asia.
*Exploiting technology and developing new methods.
– Online and Mobile telephone payment system
– Virtual worlds
33
POLICE UNITS – ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR UNDERSECRETARY OF CUSTOMS
GENERAL TURKISH NATIONAL COMMANDERSHIP TURKISH
CUSTOMS
POLICE OF COAST GUARD
COMMANDERSHIP
OF GENDARMERIE
In the fight against drug trafficking the Gendarmerie,
Police, Coast Guard and Customs work cooperatively
on joint investigations.
34
TURKEY’S VIEW ON
DRUG TRAFFICKING
• Turkey has fought against drug
trafficking, drugs abuse and addiction
• Turkey has instituted policies which
state that drug trafficking is a crime
against humanity and drug addicted
individuals should be treated as patients
• The “National Strategy and Policy
Document,” which covers the years of
2006-2012, has been signed by the Prime
Minister.
• With the signing of this document,
political measures on the struggle
against drug trafficking has been clearly
defined. 35
RESULTS IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DRUGS
2005 2006 2007
Operations 7581 10,546 13,692
Suspects 15,120 21,856 28,734
Hashish (Kg) 13,720 23,884 31,843
Heroin (Kg) 8,195 10,312 13,228
Morphine Base (Kg) 529 529 169
Opium (Kg) 212 440 765
Cocaine (Kg.) 41 77 116
Acetic Anhydride (Liters) 3,954 6,317 13,523
Captagon (Tablets) 6,694,923 14,073,121 7,609,327
Ecstasy (Tablets) 1,748,796 1,592,200 1,047,559
36
K.K.T.C.
•NORTHERN BLACK SEA ROUTE
•BALKAN ROUTE
•EAST MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE
37
HEROIN SEIZURES IN EU AND TURKEY
15,000
Turkey – Transit country
EU – Target Countries
12,000
10,810
10,274
9,206
8,963 8,975 10,312
Kilograms
9,000 8,069
7,462 ,8844
8,195
6,067 6,005
6,000 6,914
6,052 4,704
3,000 4,651 3,605 3,820
3,509
2,535
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
In 2006, Turkey seized more heroin than all the EU countries combined.
(Source: UNODC )
38
EMERGING THREAT:
NORTHERN BLACK SEA
ROUTE 1 Operation
121 kg heroin
10 persons arrested
5 Operations
578 kg heroin
1 Operation 19 persons
140 kg heroin arrested
5 persons
arrested
K.K.T.C.
1 Operation
142 kg heroin
10 persons arrested
Cooperation and operational information sharing resulted in large seizures in the
Ukraine (506 kg), Azerbaijan (142 kg), Kazakhstan (121 kg) and Romania (150 kg)
39/109
39
SYNTHETIC DRUG ROUTES
ECSTASY
CAPTAGON
18,000,000
15,665,321
K.K.T.C.
16,000,000
1.592.200
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,963,979
10,000,000 845.390
8,656,886
8,443,719
8,000,000 1.748.796
1.047.559
5,848,457 13.856.097
6,000,000 473.240
9.493.470
4,000,000 6.694.923
7.609.327
5.375.217
2,000,000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Captagon Ecstasy
40
REGIONAL ECSTASY EVALUATION
2004 2005 2006
5,619,269 1,854,487
Netherlands 306 kg 430 kg 4,118,300
210 lt 12 lt
England 4,650,000 3,243,647 No Data
TURKEY 845,390 1,748,796 1,592,200
France 1,893,226 833,648 1,488,919
Germany 2,052,157 1,588,907 1,082,820
Although Turkey is not among the main producing or consuming
countries, it is among one of the top three ecstasy seizing countries in
Europe. 41
TADOC
TURKISH INTERNATIONAL
ACADEMY AGAINST
DRUGS AND
ORGANIZED
CRIME
TADOC was established.
42
OPERATIONS CONDUCTED
OVER THE LAST 3 YEARS
INVOLVING INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
Local (59) Abroad (30) Countries (21)
Heroin 1,854 Kg 2,244 Kg Germany, Austria, Bulgaria,
Netherlands, Romania, Saudi
Hashish 251 Kg
Arabia, USA, Georgia,
Cocaine 62 Kg
Denmark, England,Spain,
Opium 10 Kg 5 Kg Poland, Iran, Ukraine, Italy,
Hungary, Norway, Serbia,
Captagon 5,734,000 Tablets 2,890,000 Tablets
Belgium, Macedonia,
Ecstasy 354,523 Tablets 250,000 Tablets
Slovenia, Kazakhstan
Acetic Anhydride 12,960 Liters
43
CONTROLLED DELIVERY OPERATIONS
( 1997 – 2007 )
Local (57) / Abroad (77) Countries (19)
Heroin 1392 Kg Italy, England,
France, Georgia,
Hashish 3072 Kg
Saudi Arabia, Belgium,
Morphine Base 267 Kg
Russia, Canada, Macedonia,
Cocaine 65 Kg Bulgaria, Netherlands,
Opium 57 Kg Hungary, USA,
Germany, Romania,
Captagon 4,720,000 Tablets
Greece, Slovenia,
Ecstasy 100,000 Tablets Austria, Pakistan.
Acetic 29,427 Liters
Anhydride
44
OUR PROPOSALS
45
46