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Overview: Tense & Aspect / Passives / Modals / Conditionals / Gerunds & Infinitives /

Adjective Clauses / Connectives / Noun Clauses / Articles /







Answers to the Homework in the Book: Tense / Passives / Modals / Conditionals / Midterm

Midterm Answers / Gerunds & Infinitives / Adjective Clauses / Connectives / Articles / Finals /



Final Review Tense & Aspect / Passives / Modals / Conditionals / Gerunds & Infinitives /

Adjective Clauses / Connectives / Noun Clauses / Articles







Tense and Aspect

Tense

1. 1 3. 7 5. 2 7. 3 9. 3, 7

2. 2 4. 5 6. 2 8. 2 10. 3, 2



Simple Verb Formation

1. we do…takes…does your homework take…I think…I had…It is…most of us will

study…Will we have…Shannon says…will do

2. traveled…went…live…isn’t…planned…will return…Do you want…don’t you

come…know…will go



Spelling Rules

Regular and verbs that end in -y

1. buy buying, bought 6. mask masking, masked

2. try trying, tried 7. signify signifying, signified

3. rely relying, relied 8. thirst thirsting, thirsted

4. mark marking, marked 9. pay paying, paid

5. fly flying, flew 10. spy spying, spied



Verbs that end in -e

1. dance dancing, danced 6. doze dozing, dozed

2. argue arguing, argued 7. vie vying, vied

3. rise rising, rose 8. choose choosing, chosen

4. gaze gazing, gazed 9. say saying, said

5. die dying, died 10. flee fleeing, fled



Rule of 1-1-1

1. scare scaring, scared 6. snake snaking, snaked

2. scar scarring, scarred 7. rag ragging, ragged

3. bale baling, baled 8. rage raging, raged

4. ball balling, balled 9. put putting*, put

5. snack snacking, snacked 10. putt putting*, putted

*put and putt have identical progressive participles: putting.



Rule of 2-2

11. mend mending, mended 16. fail failing, failed

12. plead pleading, pleaded 17. rule ruling, ruled

13. beg begging, begged 18. apply applying, applied

14. hope hoping, hoped 19. row rowing, rowed

15. hop hopping, hopped 20. happen happening, happened

21. roll rolling, rolled 36. open opening, opened

22. refer referring, referred 37. bare baring, bared

23. travel traveling, traveled 38. glow glowing, glowed, glowwing,

24. pound pounding, pounded glowwed.

25. kiss kissing, kissed 39. discourage discouraging,

26. hug hugging, hugged discouraged

27. decide deciding, decided 40. bar barring, barred

28. dare daring, dared 41. barrel barreling, barreled

29. prefer preferring, preferred 42. fry frying, fried

30. required requiring, required 43. occur occurring, occurred

31. paint painting, painted 44. look looking, looked

32. fax faxing, faxed, faxxing, 45. mat matting, matted

faxxed. 46. mate mating, mated

33. ski skiing, skied* 47. scream screaming, screamed

34. free freeing, freed 48. inhabit inhabiting, inhabited

35. control controlling, controlled



49. sell selling 58. spit spitting

50. take taking 59. rise rising

51. keep keeping 60. let letting

52. hit hitting 61. go going

53. do doing 62. eat eating

54. see seeing 63. cut cutting

55. write writing 64. mean meaning

56. bleed bleeding 65. run running

57. sleep sleeping 66. throw throwing

*Although there is no verb sky, it would have this same form skied if it existed.



Questions

1. A 3. A 5. B 7. A 9. A

2. A 4. B 6. A 8. A 10. B



Negative Questions

1. No. 3. No. 5. No. 7. No. 9. Yes.

2. Yes. 4. No. 6. No. 8. No. 10. No.



Clauses—Adverbial, Temporal, Non-adverbial, Non-temporal

Adverb Clauses with Future Meaning: Temporal and Conditional

1. will practice…meets

2. heard…,…pressed

3. throws…,…hecks

4. will turn…reaches…arrives



Common Errors

1. when I’m driving home,

2. when I talked

3. when you are 65

4. , I will remember

5. State Fair starts in August,



Adverb Clauses: Temporal and Non-Temporal

Be careful with these

1. rains…,…will use

2. will rain…,…will use

3. calls…,…will go

4. go…,…will ask

5. will go…,…will ask [are going is also possible to express prior plan]

6. won’t visit…,…will start

7. lives…will want

8. will be…,…won’t feel



Error Correction

1. will you come

2. doesn’t feel better

3. when it is spring



Punctuation of adverb clauses

1. finishes 1984, he will read

2. will take the stairs, until they finish

3. arrives at her dorm, she will call

4. ended, …studied…have enough teachers, …will continue

5. snows in DC, people have

6. snows next winter in Montreal, the city will clean

7. snowed in Jerusalem….ago, all the kids ran



Non-adverbial clauses of future time

1. will be

2. go…winter, I will swim

3. is 2020,…will exceed

4. will make

5. will the kids

6. will be…make



Past Habits—used to vs. would vs. simple past

Past single events vs. past habits

1. left

2. used to let / let

3. answered…took

4. used to stink / stank…told / used to tell

5. used to stretch / stretched…hurt / used to hurt…changed / used to change…started /

used to start



Behavioral and non-behavioral past habits

1. NB was

2. B would get / used to get

3. B would scold / used to scold

4. B used to bark / would bark

5. NB used to believe / would believe

6. B loved / used to love / would love [This is not a single event, but you should use

the simple past. Using used to love implies that she stopped loving him.]



Habits true in the past and present vs. habits no longer true in the present [For Spring

2003]



Stative Verbs Used Behaviorally

1. would read (??: used to read and read both sound more natural)

2. would you complain

3. used to like [like is a non-behavior]

4. would say…was

5. burned…were…was…would build…would construct…would keep…used to

be…started…spread

ASPECT

Progressive Aspect—Rule

1. was working 7. will be answering…will be showing

2. are you going 8. was painting…will be sleeping

3. Aren’t you studying 9. Isn’t Kaoru teaching…was leading

4. is carefully listening 10. Aren’t you feeling…were

5. was playing getting…are working

6. was going…weren’t they filming



Perfect Aspect

1. had already rained 4. will have finished

2. Have you taken 5. Has the 7:25 train left

3. Hadn’t you already visited 6. Will the architects have drawn up



MEANINGS

Simple Aspect—Meaning

1. 1 6. 4

2. 2 7. 3

3. 3 [Not 7. This is a behavioral verb, 8. 6

not a stative.] 9. 7 [Not 3. This happens at a single

4. 5 [Maybe also 6. There’s very little time, but the real reason it’s simple

difference between 5 & 6]. is #7.]

5. 4 10. 2



Progressive Aspect—Meaning

1. 12 6. 13

2. 16 7. 10

3. 10 8. 12 [Also 11.]

4. 9 9. 14

5. 11 [Maybe 16 also.] 10. 10



Perfect Aspect—Meaning

1. 17 6. 17

2. 20 7. 19

3. 19 8. 20

4. 20 9. 20

5. 18 10. 18



USAGE—SIGNALS

Have as a main verb and as an auxiliary

1. Did you have 7. didn’t have

2. have you eaten 8. Has Amy Tan written

3. Do you have finished 9. Will you already have left

4. Have you finished 10. has it been sitting

5. Have you heard 11. Do you have

6. Does Bodrum have 12. Have you ever had



Rule checking

1. OK 7. thinking  is thinking

2. OK 8. are bringing  is bringing

3. will be controling  controlling 9. OK

4. useing  using 10. will being do  will be doing

5. is take  is taking 11. was typping  was typing

6. OK 12. OK

13. being  is being 21. OK

14. was put put 22. OK

15. OK 23. OK

16. were helping  was helping 24. opening  is opening

17. OK 25. wills be  will be

18. OK 26. was studiing  was studying

19. OK 27. OK

20. singing  is singing 28. OK



Repetition vs. General Truth

1. give 4. travels

2. was always baking 5. always giving

3. is always traveling 6. bakes



SEQUENCING

Pre-Test

1. said 8. took

2. laughing 9. took

3. struck 10. entered

4. was cooking 11. started

5. were flying 12. started

6. flying 13. started

7. flew



1. When the rock band…, 7. …when it gets

2. …when it hit… 8. …when he walked

3. When Koreans answer…, 9. …when he talks…

4. …when she finished 10. When many Thai men…,

5. …when it will be is July 11. …when the turkey will be is ready.

6. …when he will get gets…





1. A student came in late when the teacher was lecturing.

2. A red light started to flash on his dashboard when he was driving down the highway.

3. In the movie, when the door was opening very slowly, scary music began to play.

4. When Adan was riding his horse in the countryside, he admired a beautiful sunset.

5. When they are distributing numbers, you will get one. [Be sure to change the future to

present progressive.]

6. When Valerie was looking for a new pair of shoes, she found a beautiful belt.

When in sequencing with present and future tenses

1. Arzu will translate for us when were traveling with her in Turkey.

2. When Wendy is mixing the ingredients, she usually checks the recipe a second time.

3. When Toby is working, he can’t make personal phone calls.

4. When Tariq is working in Tunisia next summer, he will speak Arabic, French and English

every day.



1. …,…paid 6. wasn’t paying

2. …,…asked 7. …,…looked

3. made / were making 8. were playing…,…didn’t allow.

4. …,…was giving …opened….finished

5. felt

1. was working 8. was having…wasn’t running…was

2. was speaking making…always stopping…is going

3. will be preparing over…will be driving

4. Isn’t he traveling 9. Isn’t she coming

5. is spending / will be spending…are 10. was practicing…was wearing

visiting…taking / will be taking 11. are seeing

6. is taking / will be taking…is 12. will be teaching

majoring…are always bragging…is 13. Is Leonard using / Will Leonard be

looking forward using

7. was Randy talking



Progressive and Location: Focus

1. He was playing his fiddle in his 6. They will be working on their

palace. shooting at the field house.

2. I will be riding my bike along the 7. I will be thanking them at the exit.

sea. 8. They will be on the sidelines taking

3. She’s in the living room practicing a short break.

the piano. 9. He was in his room listening to

4. He was in the shed cutting wood. music.

5. I was in rural New Hampshire 10. She will be in Bangkok doing her

staying with my parents. MBA.



Stative Verbs





Progressive vs. Past Participle

1. burning 10. opened

2. thinking 11. printing

3. falling 12. answering

4. finished 13. answered

5. barking 14. used

6. proposed 15. closed

7. fallen 16. closing

8. opening 17. cooked

9. printed 18. cooking



Ewa’s and Donnie’s Schedules

1. will be attending 7. will try

2. is going / will go 8. will be playing / is going to be

3. went…was paying…saying playing / is going to play / will play

4. was repairing 9. is trying / will be trying…, will be

5. will play listening

6. has





Be going to



Prediction



Plan vs. willingness / offer

1. will this class be / is this class going to be

2. probably will be / probably is going to be…will teach / is going to teach…will go…will…will

lend…am driving…will give…will be [or is]…will

3. will win / is going to win…do…will explain…will feel…am not doing / am not going to be

doing…will go…get

4. is going to get / will get…am going to take…am going to spend…was going…am not going to

waste…will take…will probably

5. will need…am going to buy…will give…will you study…am not going…will like

6. will be / is going to be…are going to attend…am organizing…won’t participate…will be / is going

to be…will introduce…will help…will people do / are people going to do…will play…sing…will

throw



Future Tense in Adverb Clauses of Time to Emphasize Intention

1. will print…,…will give

2. will look…doesn’t remember

3. will go hiking…will ever [Even though the weather can’t literally have an intention, it is possible to

use the future tense to figuratively express this idea.]

4. will make…we have



Perfect Aspect

Present Perfect

1. has shot 7. have hurt

2. have spoken 8. has written

3. has found 9. have often taken / often have taken /

4. has had have taken often.

5. has heard 10. has already studied

6. has broadcast 11. have put



Past Perfect

12. had hit 18. had had

13. had already spoiled 19. had given birth

14. had gotten / had got [British] 20. had eaten

15. had planned 21. had told me

16. had expired 22. had belonged

17. hadn’t bitten / hadn’t been biting



Future Perfect

23. will have taught Distance is not the same thing as

24. will already have thrown duration.]

25. will have been 29. will have flown

26. will have broken 30. ,…won’t you have had

27. will have had 31. will already have cut / will have

28. will have jogged / will have been already cut

jogging. [Remember the progressive 32. will have driven

is used to emphasize duration. 33. will have been married





Continuing Actions: Progressive and/or Perfect



Repeated Actions: Perfect and/or Progressive



Habitual Actions: Simple or Perfect Actions



Past Perfect for Hopes and Wishes



Optional and Obligatory Uses of Perfect Aspects



Past in the Future vs. Future in the Past



Present perfect—negative and interrogative

34. haven’t spelled / haven’t spelt 35. Have you ever written

36. Have you figured out…I haven’t 39. Hasn’t I-Hseuh begun

37. haven’t you come 40. Have you had

38. haven’t read



Past perfect—negative and interrogative

41. had never arisen 45. Hadn’t you read

42. Had she…,she had 46. Hadn’t you chosen

43. had forgotten 47. Hadn’t you had

44. Had you read 48. Hadn’t she heard



Future perfect—negative and interrogative

49. won’t have come 52. won’t you have left

50. Will she already have run 53. will have had

51. Won’t they have hidden 54. Will Midway Airport have built

So far, (un)til now, until recently

1. has been working…since 9. remember…have known them…for

2. were climbing…from…until 10. Have you ever made…did you

3. lived / were living…from…until do…spilled

4. called…have called 11. has never caught…have you ever

5. has been caught…was…used to go / went /

aching…ago,…had…for…has been would go

6. haven’t gone…will visit…will 12. Has she ever asked…did she

send…will have traveled / will travel ask…did you say…asked…had

7. didn’t know…hadn’t seen…since studied…was…told…earlier had

8. remember…have received…urged

known…since…was





Perfect Meaning with Perfect Signals

1.

Perfect Meaning without Perfect Signals

Rome 4. B / C 4. E

1. B 5. E 5. A

2. A Our office 6. C

Candidate 1. D 7. B

1. D 2. F Phil

2. E 3. B 1. F

3. G / F 4. A 2. B

4. C 5. E 3. E / A

5. F / G 6. D 4. A

Joseph Sandra and Jimmy 5. C

1. F 1. D 6. D

2. A 2. F

3. D 3. G

Perfect Meaning without Perfect Signals II



Perfect—Mixed Tenses

55. has taken

56. had spent

57. will already have thought

58. hadn’t risen yet / hadn’t yet risen

59. will have made

60. hadn’t spoken

61. hadn’t grown

62. had already become

63. hadn’t gone

64. won’t have paid







Perfect Progressive Aspect

Perfect Progressive

65. has been standing …for 72. hadn’t been seeking

66. has been working…since 73. has been weeping…since

67. has / had been telling…for 74. had been leaning

68. have been seeing…for 75. had been discussing…for

69. hasn’t gotten…since 76. people will already have been

70. hadn’t / hasn’t been working…since waiting

[The past perfect is probably better.] 77. will already have been dancing

71. hadn’t been feeding…for



Tense and Aspect Revisited

1. Have you ever published

2. drives…is going

3. had been preparing



Error Identification and Correction

1. I 8. C 15. I 22. I

2. I 9. C 16. C 23. I

3. C 10. I 17. C 24. C

4. I 11. I 18. I 25. I

5. C 12. I 19. I 26. I

6. C 13. C 20. I 27. C

7. C 14. C 21. C



Statives--ANSWERS

Emotion

1. do you care for 6. usually cares for

2. admire 7. is caring for

3. were admiring / admired 8. were admiring / admired

4. weren’t appreciating / hadn’t been 9. admires

appreciating 10. do not care for

5. have appreciated





Mental State

11. seem…are you thinking 15. forgot, were you thinking

12. assumed / assumes 16. , I assume

13. assuming [=if] 17. guess

14. was thinking, thought 18. suppose



Sense

19. smell…look…is smelling 22. was tasting…will taste

20. doesn’t…am looking 23. Are you looking…look

21. Are you feeling / do you feel / have

you been feeling…look …feel



Exceptions

24. has been looking / 26. is looking / looks…smells

looks…sounded…is feeling / feels

25. are sounding / sound…feel

Non-linking verbs

27. Did you see 29. will be hearing / is going to hear / is

28. has been seeing / is going to be hearing

seeing…doesn’t see / didn’t see 30. had already been seeing

31. hear…heard / was hearing



Non-linking verbs

32. smell / are smelling 36. tastes

33. was seeing 37. doesn’t smell

34. have you ever tasted 38. have been tasting / had been tasting

35. hear





listen / hear / understand

1. hear 9. hear 16. listen

2. hear / understand 10. understand 17. understand / hear

3. listen 11. listen 18. hear

4. listen 12. listen 19. hear

5. hear 13. understand 20. hear

6. hear 14. understand 21. understand

7. understand

8. understand 15. hear



listen / hear / understand

1. listen 4. listen 7. listen

2. understand 5. hear 8. listen

3. hear 6. listen 9. hear



Auxiliary

39. were 45. was / was being, didn’t want to

40. is, isn’t, is 46. was [not a behavior]

41. was being [temporary, in-progress 47. was being / was

behavior] / was 48. is / was

42. was [not a behavior] 49. is being / is

43. are being [temporary, in-progress 50. aren’t, aren’t

behavior] / are 51. are not being / aren’t , am / am

44. is being / is being [not a behavior]



Idioms

1. has…are having…am having / am going to have…will probably have

2. had / was having…had…has [better than had since he presumably still has this sister]

…had



do / have / make

1. have 10. have

2. make, do 11. did, had, make, have been doing

3. have 12. made, had

4. do 13. made

5. are having / will have, is going to 14. did, had

make / will make, is going to make / 15. has

will make 16. do

6. do, make, done, make 17. have, make

7. have / make, have 18. made, had / have, do

8. made, have, doing, having had

9. was having / had, had had, had

done, had, doing

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Quiz Answers



Winter 2002

1. had been seeing 10. will teach us / is going to teach

2. had already been running us

3. will they already have visited / 11. will have found it

will they have already visited 12. are they drawing

4. had not taken 13. was reading…came

5. did he hit 14. leaves

6. am getting 15. have burned

7. are giving them / are going to 16. lost…did he get

give them / will give them 17. will have been performing

8. have been feeling [The 18. broke

progressive is most natural 19. build / will build …will help / is

here.] going to help

9. can see [can + stative verb = 20. was leading

progressive meaning] / see / am

seeing



Summer 2001

1. has 10. has lived

2. has lived [Lived is not appropriate 11. has been working

here since it suggests that Victor is 12. got / hs gotten

no longer likely to live in other 13. will probably have packed

countries. It also suggests that he’s 14. driven

dead.] 15. will be traveling

3. grew up 16. will be going

4. had already moved 17. will have met

5. was studying 18. was describing

6. is working 19. dropped

7. will probably work / will probably be 20. [happen at same time]

working 21. offered

8. had already lived / had already been 22. said

living 23. offered

9. was



Fall 2000

1. will have been running 12. is thinking [stative used

2. hadn’t been trying progressively to show intention or

3. has been holding behavior]

4. had given 13. have known / have been knowing

5. will we already have read / are we 14. has done / has been doing

going to already have read 15. is / was / would be

6. had you already come 16. was / used to be / would be [would

7. will she have found may not be used with non-behaviors

8. believes / is believing and be is a non-behavior]

9. are studying 17. was going to be / would be [future in

10. noon, they had been betting the past]

11. have 18. helped / used to help / would help

19. hadn’t you already brought

20. will have woken

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Summer 2000

1. had already seen

2. will have blown

3. Will she have finished

4. Do you see [Not are you seeing. We use the progressive only when we’re talking about a

professional relationship with a doctor, lawyer or other such specialist.]

5. has drawn [Not drew since that suggests her artistic life is over. We know from the final

part of the sentence that it isn’t.]

6. was / was being [The first is more natural.]

7. was driving [The driving started before my hearing the song.]

8. regret

9. have been sawing [This is the verb saw, which means to cut. It’s not the past of see.]

10. have spent [The perfect progressive is also possible but less natural.]

11. will have been shaking

12. is feeling

13. belongs

14. had already torn

15. Had they been speaking

16. are going to throw / will throw

17. will be discussing

18. usually slept / usually used to sleep

19. has

20. Have you had



Passives

Passive—Rule

simple 21. was raised 35. have been drawn

1. are given past progressive 36. has been spelt /

2. are made 22. was being planned has been spelled

3. is thrown 23. were being sung 37. have been

4. is formed 24. was being run brought…has

5. is split past been done

6. is shut 25. was written 38. has been cast

present progressive 26. were being given past perfect

7. is being prepared 27. was being played 39. had been

8. is being done simple future forbidden…had

9. are being made 28. will be lent been made

10. is being taught 29. will be 40. had been chosen

11. is being filled shaken…will be 41. had been frozen

12. is being shown sent 42. had been sold

present 30. will be known 43. had been hung

13. is often forgotten present progressive future perfect

14. are being cut with be going to 44. will have been

15. is considered 31. is going to be committed

16. are paying / pay bought 45. will likely have

17. are being run 32. are going to be hid been burnt

18. Isn’t it written 33. are always going 46. will have been told

simple past to be hurt 47. will have been lost

19. was woven present perfect 48. will have been

20. was broadcast 34. have been caught brought



Subject-verb agreement

1. The horse was fed…

2. The horse was fed…

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3. The horses were fed…

4. Three movies will be shown…

5. A movie will be shown…

6. The car had been covered.

7. These tables are being handled…

8. Just one chapter will have been read…

9. The cat was being brushed. / The cat had been brushed. / The cat had been being

brushed.

1. will be cooked

2. were dropped

3. are being painted / will be being painted [Future progressive passive doesn’t exist.] / are

going to be painted [Adverb clause of future time may not take be going to + verb]

4. had been announced,

5. are being used / are going to be used



Passive Perfect Progressive



Agent and Patient

1. They-A, story-P

2. Sam-A, homeowork-P

3. Jolene-A, fish-P

4. Someone-A, brother-P

5. police-A, suspect-P

6. people-A, team-P





Passive—Meaning

1. 6, 5, 1, 4…6, 5.

2. 1

3. 1, maybe 4

4. 5…5

5. 5, 3

6. 1, 5

7. 5, 4

8. 3, 5…3, 5





Stative vs. Dynamic Passives

1. S 5. S 9. D 13. D

2. D 6. D 10. S 14. S

3. S 7. D 11. D 15. S

4. D 8. S 12. S or D 16. S



1. is located 11. is spoiled

2. are found 12. is married

3. is filled 13. will be located

4. is multiplied 14. was called

5. is finished / finished [This is a Group 15. was covered

5 verb, which will be explained 16. is cleaned

below.] 17. is made from

6. will be taken care of 18. is measured

7. are separated 19. is satisfied

8. is considered 20. got lost

9. was known 21. will be located

10. is interested

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Be passive vs. get / become passive

1. Co 4. Co 7. Ch

2. Ch 5. Ch

3. Ch 6. Co



Change of state with get, become, and be

1. got stuck…were still stuck 6. was accustomed

2. were bored 7. wasn’t accustomed

3. got bored 8. was frustrated [Not got frustrated

4. not be locked…gets locked [Locks is since the speaker has always been

also correct and will be explained disliked the job.]

under the Group 5 section.] 9. got frustrated

5. got interested





Passives of Reporting

1. assumes 7. was ruled

2. is thought 8. thinks

3. is anticipated 9. was found

4. is known for 10. noted

5. alleged 11. is expected

6. is noted





Passives with Prepositions: by, with, of, from, out

of

1. are made by 4. are covered by

2. is made from 5. is not filled by

3. is made by / was made by 6. are covered with



1. were exhausted from 6. I’m surprised with

2. were excited with 7. I’m worried about

3. will be amazed at 8. will be frightened of

4. we are being annoyed with 9. was pleased with

5. is involved in 10. was satisfied with



Made of vs. made from vs. made with vs. made by

Non-idiomatic meanings with prepositions

1. is remembered for 8. are provided with

2. was annoyed with / annoyed 9. are qualified for

3. was crowded with 10. was opposed to…is filled with

4. was exposed to 11. is known for

5. will be prepared for These are a little harder

6. are tired from / were tired from / will 12. has been involved in

be tired from. [You may not use tired 13. have been so worried about

of.] 14. will be provided with

7. is engaged to / engaged with. 15. were acquainted with



Direct vs. Indirect Objects

1. story-P 4. brother-P

2. homework-P 5. suspect-P

3. fish-P, Jolene-A 6. team-P

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7. dogs-A 15. pencil-P

8. dogs-A, people-P 16. pencil-P

9. people-P, dogs-A 17. prices-P

10. people-A 18. They-A, prices-P

11. officials-A, number-P 19. Prices-P

12. Judy-A, I-A 20. classes-P

13. Rosa-A, job-P, I-A 21. Classes_P

14. I-A, pencil-P 22. Classes-P



1. Act 5. Pas 9. Pas 13. Act

2. Pas 6. Act 10. Act 14. Pas

3. Pas 7. Act 11. Act

4. Act 8. Act 12. Pas





Verb Categories in Active / Passive

Pre-test

1. I 8. C 15. I 22. C

2. I 9. I 16. I 23. C

3. C 10. C 17. C 24. C

4. I 11. C 18. C 25. C

5. I 12. C 19. I

6. C 13. C 20. I

7. I 14. C 21. C



Groups 1—Always Transitive

1. They announced something, and I 5. …,we were introduced…

listened. 6. We decided on the spaghetti…

2. We were introduced… 7. I want to be introduced…

3. Crissie was shown…, but… 8. …told me…me to help…

4. Who is made…



Group 2—Transitive and Intransitive

1. …something that is often forgotten. 4. …ball was thrown…

2. words that are known… 5. he…was knew…

3. suspect was seen running away 6. body is carefully studied



Group 3—Always Intransitive

1. …came to…

2. …talked about…

3. …appeared in…

4. …functions as…

5. …go to…

6. …stink up…

7. …explained it to me…

8. …look at…

9. …care for…



Transitive-Intransitive Cousins

1. came  was brought 5. were stood  stood

2. was functioned  was handled 6. can be shown  can be made more

3. decided  decided on visible / can be made to appear

4. was rised  was raised 7. has been sped  has been sped up

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8. been gone  been taken 9. was left  was evicted



Group 4—Transitive Verbs that Cannot be Made Passive

1. weighs 4. resemble

2. suits 5. did you get

3. slept / sleep



Group 5—Subjects May be Agents or Patients in Active

Sentences

1.



Intentionality

1. grow 12. was ringing

2. are grown 13. are rung

3. closed 14. drove [Of course, the Jaguar had a

4. was closed [Although closed could driver, but intention is not being

also be correct.] emphasized.]

5. concluded [Although were 15. was driven

concluded could also be correct.] 16. is printing [Again, a natural,

6. was concluded [Although concluded automatic process without explicit

could also be correct.] intention.]

7. cooked [Not was cooked since this 17. was printed

is just a natural, automatic process 18. broke

without any emphasis of intention.] 19. will be spread [This emphasizes the

8. were cooked intentions of the team. But will

9. was baked spread could also be correct.]

10. will gather 20. spread

11. were gathered



Intentional passive vs. Non-intentional Stative Passive

1. is spoiled

2. have been spoiled

3. has spoiled



Error Correction

1. have fallen 4. …owners decreased the prices.

2. …hid it 5. …spread it.

3. feet are sticking…



1. give / are given 6. has visited

2. was done / is being done 7. has been visited

3. have been seen / are seen 8. has been delivered

4. had been taken / was taken 9. had not been driven

5. took 10. was opened / opened



1. were gathered [Young kids seldom 6. drove [non-intentional]

gather of their own accord. 7. will freeze

Intention—specifically the 8. are cooked

teacher’s—is probably at work 9. concluded [Although intention is

here.] involved, native speakers would

2. were sold probably use the active form.]

3. I have aged 10. have prices increased

4. sold 11. gather [This is treated as a natural

5. are spread or habitual process.]

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12. close 25. was broken [Intentional, non-

13. spreads habitual]

14. are grown 26. is always ringing [This is active NOT

15. was driven [Clear intention; not passive. The progressive is used to

natural or habitual.] show repetition and complaint.]

16. ripen 27. was shrunk

17. has been closed [This is a stative 28. were ripened [The agent is clearly

passive not an intentional passive.] expressed with by. Therefore, use

18. shrank the passive.]

19. will be opened 29. will conclude / will be concluded

20. gathered [The first is more natural for a native

21. is cooking [Natural, automatic speaker.]

process seems more important than 30. have been frozen [Intentional]

intention.] 31. grow

22. are rung / were rung 32. is our classroom opened

23. will be increased 33. broke / was broken

24. is always matured [Intention seems 34. is aged

to be clear here.] 35. has matured



Group 6—Verbs with Idiomatic Meanings ONLY in the Passive

1. C 17. I 33. C 48. C

2. C 18. C 34. I 49. C

3. I 19. I 35. I 50. C

4. C 20. I 36. C 51. I

5. I 21. C 37. C 52. C

6. C 22. I 38. C 53. C [leave = put]

7. C 23. C 39. C 54. C [leave = put]

8. C 24. C 40. I 55. C [leave = go]

9. I 25. I 56. C

10. C 26. C 41. C 57. C

11. C 27. C 42. I 58. I

12. C 28. C 43. I 59. C

13. C 29. C 44. C 60. C

14. I 30. C 45. C

15. I 31. C 46. C

16. C 32. I 47. I



Supplemental Homework

49. are printed 61. was felt

50. are always taken 62. was constructed

51. are bred 63. weren’t broadcast

52. are laid out / have been laid 64. was copied

53. is being redecorated 65. was being fed

54. are being treated 66. was being dug

55. are being worn 67. was sent

56. Aren’t they being installed some 68. was being handled

57. are answered 69. will be ground…packed

58. is celebrated 70. will be met…driven

59. is broken 71. are going to be grown

60. is used…is not pronounced 72. is going to be read





Passive Quiz Preparation: Answers

Quiz 3

University Bridge, Winter 2002

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1. had already been sold / had already 11. fell

sold 12. must be completed

2. will already have forgiven 13. bored

3. was lit / was lighted 14. was met

4. didn’t have to be sent 15. is running / will be running / is going

5. should be answered / must be to run

answered 16. surprising

6. interested 17. had to read

7. is said 18. were torn

8. was spoken 19. will be given / is going to be given /

9. are being held is given

10. was felt / is felt 20. caused





Quiz 2

Summer 2001

1. are being taught / are taught 8. will be found

2. will tear / might tear 9. had been driven

3. are being sold / are selling 10. pass

4. had already been answered 11. was dug

5. had she already been given 12. had succeeded

6. will be brought 13. go

7. will you speak / would you mind 14. has happened / has been

speaking / could you speak / might happening

you speak 15. will be understood





Quiz 4

Spring 2001

1. dessert was brought 12. the sun will have set

2. many people assume 13. star is showing

3. her teeth are being cleaned 14. was being built

4. it was thought 15. the other questions will be answered

5. friction causes 16. he identified

6. who used 17. the walls had already been painted

7. Cairo is found 18. yesterday, it was reported

8. badges must be worn 19. information had already been

9. students are taught distributed / was already being

10. she was writing / is going to be distributed

writing / will be writing 20. you can locate

11. were they taken





Quiz 5

University Bridge, Fall 2000

1. we will have covered 11. doesn’t have to be given

2. were given 12. are students taking

3. are written 13. fell

4. had already been mailed 14. was being picked

5. may be driven / should be driven 15. is believed

6. bring 16. is going to be held / was held / will

7. must be shown / have to be shown be held

8. could have found them / might have 17. had to be polished

found them 18. were being taken

9. had already been made 19. was preparing

10. is said to be 20. should not have been shut

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Quiz 5

Grammar 4, Summer 2000

1. happened 11. don’t have to be told

2. are made 12. is being taken

3. had been announced 13. have been shown

4. must appear 14. are given

5. must be covered 15. told us

6. was placed 16. had fallen

7. were typed 17. will already have been bought

8. were killed 18. set

9. should have been written 19. should have been waiting

10. are going to be tested / will be 21. must have been left

tested









Modals

1. N 5. N 10. A

2. C 6. C 11. C

3. A 7. A

4. N / A [This is really 8. C

a request. Hence, 9. N [This is a

necessity.] request.]





1. should  is supposed to 5. may  is allowed to

2. would  used to play 6. shouldn’t  aren’t allowed to

3. can’t  aren’t able to 7. it can  there’s a possibility of

4. must not  aren’t allowed to





Modal Formation

1. Is he able to 6. Doesn’t everyone have to / Mustn’t

2. You don’t have to everyone [It’s not common to use

3. Is she supposed to be mustn’t in ordinary American

4. Fish can’t make English.]

5. They must bring



Preview of Tenses in Modals and Modal Phrases

1. must have been 4. is supposed to meet

2. should have been 5. Do we have to be

3. were able to catch / could catch



Primary and Secondary Meaning of Modals

Modals of Necessity

1. should ask…ought to give…had 3. shouldn’t chew

better go 4. must have

2. Could you tell…have to hurry…had

better

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1. should 6. ought

2. had 7. should

3. ought 8. might

4. should 9. must

5. should



Have vs. have got to

1. have / have got to 7. has / has got to [This probably isn’t

2. had strong necessity.]

3. have 8. have to pick up

4. have / have got to 9. have to / have got to

5. have 10. had to

6. have / have got to [This probably

isn’t strong necessity.]



Error Correction

1. will have to pay

2. should I use

3. ought to be

4. has to get up

5. Do you have to do

6. She might need

7. people had to own

8. Could he help

9. You might go…you should go for a ride…you also might visit



Prohibition vs. Absence of Necessity

1. won’t have to pay 6. don’t have to do 9. don’t have to call

2. don’t have to take 7. mustn’t 10. mustn’t give

3. mustn’t miss drink…eat…have 11. don’t have to

4. doesn’t have to be to leave attend

5. mustn’t put 8. mustn’t wait 12. mustn’t copy





Prohibition in Informal Language





Don’t have to vs. be allowed to

1. don’t have to feed 5. don’t have to stop

2. are allowed to touch 6. won’t be allowed to go…don’t have

3. don’t have to dance to be…won’t be allowed to enter

4. didn’t have to purify…weren’t 7. Are we allowed to smoke

allowed to make



1. mustn’t use / aren’t allowed to use 7. are allowed to invite

2. are allowed to bring 8. didn’t have to wear…weren’t

3. were allowed to enter…is allowed to allowed to come

enter [No one is a singular noun.] 9. don’t have to repeat

4. don’t have to take 10. mustn’t lean / aren’t allowed to

5. mustn’t forget lean…must be careful

6. had to use…weren’t allowed to 11. aren’t allowed…are allowed to

make mail…must clearly mark

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Differences in meaning among must, have to and need to

1. didn’t have to take 5. didn’t have to repaint…will have to

2. have to add / must add get

3. don’t have to answer 6. mustn’t ride…don’t have to worry

4. mustn’t sign



Don’t …have to…? vs. mustn’t…? vs. not allowed to…?

1. a. allowed to…are you 4. a. have to practice

b. have to return b. have to spend

2. a. remove…do they 5. a. Don’t

b. allowed…are they b. Allowed

3. a. have to …do I 6. a. Aren’t [we] allowed to

b. allowed to b. Have



Necessity with modal phrases in the past

1. was allowed to touch 6. was allowed to do

2. didn’t have to spend 7. didn’t have to tell

3. had to work 8. had to call

4. didn’t have to travel 9. don’t have to try

5. was allowed to drive 10. didn’t have to study



Progressive modals: must be verb-ing vs. should be

verb-ing

1. should be doing

2. must be speaking

3. must be having

4. shouldn’t be reading

5. should be hearing

6. should be coming

7. shouldn’t be blaming



1. C 3. C 5. C 7. N

2. N 4. N 6. C





8. should be 11. should be finishing

9. should be working / should 12. shouldn’t be playing

10. must be having 13. must be sitting

Polite Requests

Would you mind…

1. Would you mind lending

2. Would you mind if I borrowed

3. Would you mind repeating

4. Would you mind if I showed

5. Would you mind keeping

6. Would you mind if my sister sat in

7. Would you mind if I dropped off

8. Would you mind making

9. Would you mind if I looked at

10. Would you mind if I didn’t join

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Could you…please

Maybe you can…Can…? as requests and advice

Let’s…, why don’t…, shall I / we…?

You + will as a command

could vs. should vs. would



Modals of ability / permission

Ability / permission with modal phrases in the past

Certainty vs. truth

Remember that wherever you see might in the answers, may and could are also correct.

Wherever you see might not, may not is also correct (but not could not).

1. might be…might be

2. must study

3. must have

4. shouldn’t be wasting [This is necessity, not certainty.]

5. must love

6. must speak…might take

7. must give

8. might be [staying]…must be [going]…might [be]…can’t [be]…must be [leaving]…should

[visit]…must [be going]…might [have]…could [have]…can’t [be]…must [be]…might

[want]…could [speak]…must [be]…must [be going]

Progressive modals for certainty

Restrictions on should as a modal of certainty

Certainty with modal phrases in the past

Passive Modals—Present

1. must be worn

2. can be caught

3. will might be included

4. doesn’t have to be used

5. mustn’t be worn…might be understood

6. might not be sold

7. might be seated

8. don’t have to be spoken

9. can’t be opened / shouldn’t be opened

10. doesn’t have to be spelled





Modal Homework, Mixed Together

1. might / may / could change 8. used to be / was…is…has… might /

2. must be teaching / should be may / could / will pass

teaching 9. should be cleaning / must be

3. dint’ have to go / could go cleaning

4. might / may / could begin 10. will have to move / must move

5. must be getting / should be getting / [correct but it doesn’t emphasize the

shouldn’t be getting future]

6. mustn’t / can’t ride / aren’t allowed 11. mustn’t / had better not / shouldn’t

to ride talk / don’t have to talk

7. don’t have to buy / mustn’t buy 12. might / may / could be looking

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13. might be showing / must be showing 19. didn’t have to buy / could buy

[must is too strong for pretty certain] [absence of necessity needs to be

14. don’t have to do / can do / mustn’t expressed]

do 20. must / have to / had better arrive

15. wouldn’t be / might not be 21. Would you mind calling / Could you

16. doesn’t have to know call

17. Don’t you have to finish 22. must shave / have to shave

18. have to put / must put 23. aren’t allowed to sit / mustn’t sit

24. will have to do







Pre-test

1. B 4. B 7. A

2. C 5. A 8. A

3. A 6. C 9. B





1. C 5. A 9. D

2. A 6. A 10. C

3. D 7. B 11. C

4. A 8. A



Answers will vary.

1. must have been crowded 12. must not have been interested in

2. might have had trouble finding a traveling since her family will be in

place to sit. town

3. shouldn’t have waited so long to get 13. could have asked the bank for a

to the beach. loan

4. might not have been at all cold. 14. should have…shouldn’t have

5. weren’t allowed to swim alone 15. might / may / could have… might /

6. must have been lost may / could…should / ought to

7. should have made a back-up 16. shouldn’t have / shouldn’t / couldn’t

diskette have…couldn’t have…should have /

8. wasn’t able to open my file for ought to have / should ask / ought to

writing class. ask [must be past modal because

9. shouldn’t have been so careless. of asked him]…should have / ought

10. might not have had enough money. to have…couldn’t have

11. must have known about the tickets

since everyone knew.





Needed to, supposed to

1. R 5. R 9. R

2. U 6. U 10. R

3. R 7. R 11. U

4. U 8. U



should have + past participle, needed to + verb, was supposed

to + verb

1. was supposed to 4. was supposed to be / needed to

2. were supposed add laugh

3. needed to bring 5. was supposed to know

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supposed to—events contrary to expectations

1. was supposed to be 4. was supposed to turn out

2. weren’t supposed to be 5. was supposed to play

3. wasn’t supposed to do



Change of Tense

be able to vs. could

1. couldn’t’ come / wasn’t able to 6. couldn’t use / wasn’t able to use

come…was able to tell 7. was able to learn

2. was able to fall 8. was able to find / couldn’t converse /

3. were able to sleep wasn’t able to converse

4. was able to follow…couldn’t guess 9. could she touch..were able to

5. could you hear / were you able to stand…couldn’t tough

hear…could hear / were able to 10. could speak

hear…couldn’t see / wasn’t able to

see



Degrees of Certainty—must have pp vs might / may / could have

pp

1. might / may / could have been

2. might / may / could not have gone

3. might / may / couldn’t have gone

4. must have forgotten

5. might / may / could have sat

6. might / may / could have felt…might / may / could have been working…couldn’t have

been / can’t have been

7. must not have remembered…might / may / could not have been…might / may / could

have believed

8. might / may / could have read…might / may / could have told…might / may / could have

found out

9. might / may not have know…might / may / could have been confused

10. must have been



University Problems

1. should have studied / was supposed to study / …didn’t take

2. mustn’t have been

3. had to take

4. must have been

5. shouldn’t have enrolled / wasn’t supposed to enroll

6. didn’t have to take…didn’t take

7. wasn’t able to enroll / couldn’t enroll / wasn’t allowed to enroll [the last answer isn’t as

good since it implies prohibition rather than inability] / couldn’t have enrolled [wrong

because this is prediction and we need inability] / didn’t have to enroll

8. should have taken…couldn’t enroll





Passive Modals

5.

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

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10. 18. mustn’t have understood /

11. should have been shut / must shouldn’t have understood

have been shut 19. mustn’t have woken / mustn’t

12. must have been dealt have waked

13. must have been held 20. mustn’t have been

14. must have been flown done…should have been

15. should have been said / ought checked

to have been said 21. might / may / could have been

16. shouldn’t have been fed sung…might / may / could have

17. shouldn’t have been trusted been written







Past Modals Mixed Together

1. mustn’t have yet given 29. was able to talk / could talk

2. shouldn’t have paid 30. must have been late…couldn’t have

3. should have taken been / mustn’t have been…were

4. used to be working / must have been working

5. couldn’t have been 31. must not have brought

6. might / may / could have been 32. mustn’t have been wearing

talking…might / may / could have 33. must have complained / should

been broken…might / may / could have complained

have been 34. couldn’t have been

7. had to speak 35. must have thought

8. must have spoken / must have been 36. must not have been working /

speaking should not have been working

9. shouldn’t have put 37. shouldn’t have eaten

10. must have been working 38. Shouldn’t you have written

11. must have lived…might have 39. shouldn’t have told

lived…might have had / might have 40. must have stung / might have stung

12. Shouldn’t you have sung 41. should have woken / should have

13. must have slept waked

14. mustn’t have known 42. must have forgotten

15. might not have wanted 43. mustn’t have taken

16. shouldn’t have been talking 44. couldn’t have stolen / mustn’t have

17. was able to enter / could enter stolen / shouldn’t have stolen

18. wasn’t able to go…had to 45. might have felt

return…could have called 46. shouldn’t have left

19. did you have to speak 47. mustn’t have heard / might not have

20. used to have heard

21. must have been thinking 48. weren’t able to study / couldn’t

22. used to help study…might have turned away

23. should have written 49. couldn’t have been

24. didn’t have to go 50. didn’t used to lock

25. must not have written 51. should go / might go

26. should have told 52. Can’t they usually understand

27. should have asked 53. ha better finish

28. mustn’t have had





1. had to stay 6. might have felt / must have felt

2. must have left 7. had to choose

3. had to buy 8. shouldn’t have sat

4. had to go 9. must have felt

5. should have asked 10. will have to pay

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Double Modals

1. must be able to use 6. might have had to make / might

2. must be able to print have needed to make…might have

3. must be able to fall in love had to feed

4. must not be able to walk 7. might have had to belong

5. must be able to see / have to be 8. must not have been allowed to

able to see [the second choice is cooperate

necessity] 9. must have had to have [awkward

but correct]





1. might be able to call

2. might be able to put

3. might be able to write

4. might be able to answer



p.

1. should 4. should have 7. must

2. might…should 5. might 8. shouldn’t

3. shouldn’t 6. must not 9. must



Conditionals

Punctuation

1. music, 3. Ø 5. area,

2. Ø 4. cruelly, 6. chilis,







Future Real = Predictions, Inferences

1. arrive…class,…will mark 7. finish…section, …will already have

2. isn’t…long,…will read completed

3. will use…rains 8. don’t know…there,…will want

4. will pay…go 9. doesn’t have…Friday, will you go

5. buy…pass, ….will probably save 10. will be…spill

6. I’m sitting…house, …will go 11. continues,…will be

12. call…Sunday, …will be

Present Real = habits, general truths

1. rises…is 5. work…take…use…have

2. sit…class, usually hear 6. aren’t…take

3. spend…is 7. is lecturing…class, …want

4. contains…has



Present and Future Real Conditionals

1. will steal…bike 3. will be…visit 5. know…well, …will

…don’t lock 4. is…pale, …will love / love

2. steal…bikes add 6. know…well, ….will

….don’t lock love





Unreal

Past Real

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1. was…was…was…was 3. bought…was…purchased…was

2. had…left…had…forgot





Past Unreal

Present-Future Unreal

1. were…Brazil, …would be practicing 8. would be…were

2. knew…answer, …would tell 9. practiced more…would win

3. were…citizen, …would vote 10. were…zoologist, …would you

4. would sit…went like…would you prefer…do…would

5. didn’t offer…semester, …would you want…investigate

enroll 11. didn’t trust…you,…couldn’t tell /

6. owned…one, …would ride would be able to tell

7. led …spring, …would have have to 12. weren’t going to study…US,

start …wouldn’t be working



Were + infinitive

1. were to spring…her…she would 5. were to build…waves, …would last

surely jump 6. would use…were to live

2. were to dig…more, …would emerge 7. were to go…pond, …would get

3. were to drink…some, …would find 8. wouldn’t be …were to learn

4. would be able to complete…he were

to know



Should as (semi-)unreal



Past Unreal

1. had know…it…would have come 4. hadn’t brought…sweaters, …would

2. had spelled…wrong, …would have have felt

lost 5. had been born…China,…would

3. had not explained…clearly, have spoken

…wouldn’t have understood



Were to + infinitive not used in past

1. will be able to finish…isn’t

2. goes…tomorrow, …will have to show

3. brings…net, …will be able to play

4. will have to buy…Boston, …plans



Future Real with Passives

1. is promoted…week, …will celebrate

2. will need…is stuck

3. is displayed…beach, …is

4. will write…isn’t accepted



Present Real with Modals and Modal Phrases

1. doesn’t have…ID, …still can go…goes…library, will have to smoke

o

2. falls…32 , …will have to put



Present Real with Passives

1. are done…fast,…turn

2. isn’t closed,… runs

3. tastes…is made

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Past Real with Passives

1. was parked…neatly, …was parked…angle…was



Present-Future Unreal in Other Aspects

Present-Unreal, Progressive

1. would be sleeping…could do

2. weren’t sick, …would be singing

3. were working…now, …couldn’t go



Degrees of Uncertainty

Present-future Unreal with Modals and Modal Phrases

1. came…meetings,…could finish



Present-Future Unreal, Passive

1. hadn’t been given…meeting, …would need

2. would be…weren’t chosen

3. were cooked…well, ….could eat



1. She would write about Valentine’s Day if fewer people were going to write about it.

2. Gary would open his windows at night if the traffic weren’t noisy.

3. Lee would often read children’s stories if his daughter were older.

4. Kenneth wouldn’t be able to get a job at an insurance company if he were studying art history.

5. The dog would be calmer if he didn’t want to go outside and play.

6. We wouldn’t be going to James’ place first if he had his own car.

7. Joseph would speak Vietnamese if he were from Vietnam.

8. Because he always uses PowerPoint at work, Nathan wants to learn it better.

9. If Samantha’s leg weren’t broken, should could go skiing with her friends.



Present-Future unreal with Modals and Modal Phrases

1. came…meetings,….could finish

2. drove…week,…could go

3. couldn’t complete…chores, …didn’t stop

4. wouldn’t have to get…player,…repaired

5. wouldn’t be able…temple,…were wearing

6. would have to stay up…late, …wanted

7. could reach…shelf, …were



1. to give

2. spoke…slowly,

3. had known

4. would explain

5. have written…had had



Past Unreal with Modals and Modal Phrases



Past Unreal with Passives

1. Rosa would have answered the phone if it had been her own office.

2. Paul would have seen the Picasso exhibit if he were interested in his art.

3. If Jack’s girlfriend were a manicurist, he would let her cut his hair.

4. If Jared had been more careful with his copy of the New Yorker, he would have been able to read

its articles.

5. If Stanley had obeyed his parents, they wouldn’t have refused to take him to the zoo.

6. If Doug had been clumsy, he couldn’t have done all kinds of tricks on his bike.

7. If Brenda wouldn’t have had to destroy the lock on her door if she hadn’t forgotten her key.

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8. If Nicole hadn’t eaten all the fruit in her fridge, she would have stayed home.

9. If Sydney’s name weren’t the same as a city, people wouldn’t often ask is she’s Australian.

10. Dmitri would speak Russian and Byelorussian if he had grown up in Minsk.

11. Fatima wouldn’t have fasted during Ramadan if she weren’t Muslim.



Mixing Tenses

Mixing Real and Unreal

Unreality in the then-clause



Omitting if

1. unreal…real

2. invert

3. if…must not use a contraction

4. if…use a modal phrase



1. Rebecca would have been a good president, had we elected her.

2. Were Debbie to move to Baltimore, she’d miss all of her friends here.

3. Had Gene flown first class, he’d have slept better.

4. Carlos would go to Mexico for vacation were some of his friends to join him.

5. Ashley would have been able to put up the new pictures, had her bulletin board not already

been completely full. […hadn’t her bulletin board been…}

6. Had Jack not had his cell phone, we couldn’t have called the tow truck. [Hadn’t Jack had…]

7. Were we to stuff one more person in the taxi, it would be cheaper. [Stuffed we…….Did we

stuff…Had we stuffed…]

8. no change

9. Had one more mistake been made, our boss would have gotten angry.

10. no change

11. You’d find the sentences very difficult were you to try to read his novel Absalom! Absalom!

12. Megan couldn’t have used chopsticks had she not lived for a year in Taiwan. […hadn’t she

lived…]

13. Should Mark be at the lake, I’ll be sure to take his picture.

14. Those books wouldn’t have been seen had Harry not placed them on the table. […hadn’t Harry

placed…]

15. They wouldn’t have played Knock on Wood had it not been requested by Crissie. […hadn’t it

been requested…]

16. no change

17. Were Caleb to install a Jacuzzi we could all go and relax in it after work.

18. Jean-Paul would translate that for you were you to ask him. […asked you him…did you ask

him…]

19. no change

20. Kimberly would have had to work an extra shift, had she been at the hospital last Tuesday.

21. Noah would have had to take a Freshman writing course had he not scored well on the

placement test. […hadn’t he scored…]

22. Were Timothy to help out with the stage design, our play would be a lot better.

23. Lenny wouldn’t have lost his drivers license had he not been caught speeding 5 times. […hadn’t

he been caught…]

24. Bernard would be the person to ask about Togo were he only here. […were only he here…]



Hope and Wish—Present Tenses

This chart might show things more clearly than the two longer charts on in the book.

Hope Wish

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Future Use: future. Use would + verb.

Simple I hope you will finish tomorrow. I wish you would finish tomorrow.

Future— Use: /be/ going to. Use: were going to.

using present I hope you are going to finish I wish you were going to finish

progressive tomorrow. tomorrow.

Present Use: present. Use: past.

I hope you finish on time. I wish you finished on time.

Present Use: would + verb.

Unreal I wish you would usually finish on

time.



Past Use: past. Use: past perfect.

I hope you finished yesterday. I wish everyone had finished

yesterday.

Past Perfect Use: past perfect. Use: past perfect.

I hope you had already finished I wish everyone had finished

before the deadline. yesterday before the deadline.







Implied Conditions

Hope and Wish

Hope and Wish—present and future



Future tense

1. is

2. will be



Present Tense

1. is / will be…could study…will be 8. understood…realizes…wouldn’t

given worry

2. were…to treat 9. wrote…will be accepted / are

3. had…get / won’t get accepted…could make

4. will receive / receives…had…ran 10. will show / are going to show…don’t

5. finishes / will finish…would run confuse / won’t confuse…had

6. can hear / will be able to hear…sold

7. will meet / meet / are going to

meet…invited [had invited is also

OK, but conveys past meaning]



Past Tense

1. had been better 10. had gone

2. had been better 11. had kept

3. had been 12. had given

4. had been 13. was accepted [had been accepted]

5. had written 14. was

6. hadn’t crowded 15. had been

7. had studied 16. would be

8. reached 17. was going to be

9. had been fed

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Future in the Past

1. A

2. C

3. D

4. A



If not and unless

1. if 6. unless

2. unless 7. unless

3. If…instructions, 8. if…color,

4. unless 9. unless

5. if



1. they aren’t green 3. it isn’t scratched

2. it is clearly marked as higher 4. unless it’s low tide / if it isn’t low tide



1. …unless he’s too busy 8. …unless you have milk and sugar

2. Unless traffic is heavy, 9. …unless they’re plugged in

3. Unless Joe plays soccer…,

4. …unless he gets interrupted 1. …unless you don’t talk

5. …unless it’s too big 2. …unless we don’t have

6. Unless Yoko’s moved recently, 3. Unless you aren’t a citizen,

7. Unless Sarah has a pen, 4. …unless it’s not crowded



1. C, D 5. B, C

2. A, C 6. A, D

3. A, C 7. A, D

4. C, D



1. unless it’s 10. unless you turn

2. unless she comes 11. unless you turn the volume down / if

3. unless she knows you turn the volume up

4. unless he calls 12. if she has

5. unless he could use 13. unless we go

6. if he can find 14. unless he’s

7. unless some other students come 15. unless it’s

8. unless he has not 16. unless it’s not

9. if she has much time 17. if it’s



As if / As though

Like

Even if vs. even though

Only if

1. it is…may / can students register 7. finishes her homework can she

2. if it is watch TV. [no comma]

3. unless 8. if she doesn’t finish / unless she

4. If…can register finishes

5. is doing…can listen 9. she finishes her homework

6. can watch TV only if she finishes [no

comma] 10. after

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11. if she reaches 15. goes

12. Only if 16. if…goes…will Krista

17. doesn’t go,

13. doesn’t 18. goes…won’t go

14. goes





Quiz 4, Conditionals, Summer 2002

1. hadn’t been there,…would have had to 11. saw…Saturday,

do / must have done …were…saw…Sunday,…were

2. will answer…door, …ring 12. seen me, …would have said

3. get…company…do I have to respond 13. has…unless it is

4. could have met her, we would have felt 14. have to use…dictionary,…is / will be

5. had…city, …would take 15. agree…will we stay

6. had typed it,…could have read 16. don’t tell / tell

7. will be 17. can guess / could guess

8. didn’t have to work / hadn’t worked / 18. hadn’t made / didn’t make

mustn’t have worked / had to work 19. we use…special guests are invited

9. is fixed tomorrow,…will drive 20. mustn’t take…receive

10. say…want







Conditionals—From Midterm, Spring 2002

1. see 6. you made…mistake, you had to sing /

2. Jackson knows…answer, will he write you would sing

3. were we to have 7. people may / can buy ….their age is

4. he had raised…hand, the teacher would 8. Had he not been…time, the teacher

have called would have marked

5. you see…bird, it means 9. must get…apples, …plan

10. Won’t it be…hot, you go









Quiz Preparation

Quiz 4, Winter 2002

1. feels…does 11. is / will be. [This is a conditional of

2. Were Kent not…, would find future time. Therefore, we cannot

3. don’t plant…, ….won’t grow use a future tense verb to express

4. costs / hadn’t planted…wouldn’t future meaning.]

have grown / were you not to 12. ,…should go

plant….wouldn’t grow [If you make 13. hadn’t sold

the sentence real, then you can’t 14. could move / would be able to move

omit if. But if you make the sentence 15. logs on can she [no comma with

unreal, then, according to the quiz only if and inverted subject-verb]

directions, you must omit if.] 16. complains…make

5. aren’t 17. had worn / were

6. had been hurting, …would have wearing…[shoes],… certainly would

visited be dancing / would certainly be

7. would have made…hadn’t read dancing now

8. will celebrate…wants 18. had been seen, …would have told

9. unless / if you don’t have 19. had opened…, would have smelled /

10. took would have smelt

20. was…, was attending

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Grammar 3, Quiz 6

1. doesn’t understand…, asks sentence is future: she won’t be

2. would have been…had known able to…. Therefore, we must use

3. had bought…, would travel / would present-future unreal.]

be going to travel / would be 6. as if she knew

traveling 7. were

4. would have…were I to do 8. as if he were / as if he had been

5. Were Faye to visit,…she would love. [The former is better.]

Had Faye visited [The focus of the



Quiz 10

1. , can you give them / could you give summer, the second to show it’s

them [Both are real, but could is a unreal.]

little more polite.] 11. would travel

2. had sung / had not sung [The 12. had allowed

second answer implies that 13. had

Emmanuel and Eun-Jong were bad 14. talk

singers.] 15. were…,…would run / would be

3. were…, running

4. , …would have used 16. didn’t have

5. get 17. Had experts asked…, …would have

6. meets…,…speaks told

7. scores 18. were Megan…[teacher],

8. would be 19. will love

9. would have 20. had known,

10. snows / were it to snow [In winter,

you should use the first answer. In



Quiz 1

1. Even though [schools], …were 13. had passed [exam],…were we

2. If you want…[school], allowed [NOTE inverted subject-

3. Only if verb]

4. Even if [it] snows [today], …will 14. hadn’t recommended [it], …would

continue have read

5. had been…, would have been 15. unless…tells

6. don’t have 16. only if we go

7. wants…[mine], …will give 17. would have called…she had had

8. don’t have…, …can you find 18. if she watched {shows],…she would

9. unless you know have

10. unless 19. if he didn’t give / were he not to give

11. you have 20. unless

12. will make / make…type







Midterm—Names Sections ANSWERS ARE BELOW

University Bridge, Summer 2002

NOTE: On the real midterm, questions will NOT be grouped

in named sections as they are on this test.

Use the words in parentheses to BEST complete the following sentences. You may have to add

objects, negatives, prepositions and commas. Be careful with questions.

Tense and Aspect

1. A professor from our math department (prove) _______________________ an important

theorem last year.

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2. That notice (hang) _______________________ on the wall for more than a week by the time I

finally saw it.

3. Oh, I’m sorry. I didn’t realize you’re busy. I (return) _______________________ sometime later

in the day.

4. Next year, when I (feel) _______________________ more comfortable here I (probably be)

_______________________ happier.

5. What (injera, taste) _______________________ like?

6. Why (you, look) _______________________ now under the bed for your shoes?

7. Later on we (go) _______________________ to Pat’s house. Come with us!

8. This snow will never stop. By next Monday we (have) _______________________ more than

half a dozen snow storms.

9. Your apartment looks different. In the past, you (had / use to have / used to have / would have)

_______________________ the sofa by the window.

10. Newfoundland is beautiful. (you, already, chose) _______________________ it for your vacation

before they had that TV program about it?

11. That (bark) _______________________ dog is annoying.

12. Marilyn (work, since, 3 years / 1999) _______________________. [choose either 3 years or

1999]

13. This kitchen is a mess. Who (do / have / make) _______________________ the dishes in the

sink?

14. The school children now are in the playground (skip) _______________________ rope.

15. Your imported goods (already, tax) _______________________.

16. While the wind (blow) _______________________ yesterday lots of people (fly)

_______________________ kites.





Passive

17. This shirt (make) _______________________ in Oman.

18. Excuse me. (you, hear) _______________________ anything about the lecture so far?

19. Where (this car, buy) _______________________?

20. These shoes (fit) _______________________ really well.

21. Because he was afraid of the dog, Crissy (hide) _______________________ behind the door.

22. In an accident last week, a car (drive) _______________________ into the window of a bakery

near my house.

23. This butterfly is gorgeous. Who (catch) _______________________?

24. Those colors (be, pleasing) _______________________ my eye.

25. A skull was found a week ago in Chad. It (believe) _______________________ to be 7 million

years old.

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26. Local TV stations often (report) _______________________ stories about crime and fires but not

about national politics.

27. Engineers are trying to block off that river. So far, hundreds of rocks (sink)

_______________________ in the river, but they’re only half finished.

28. I (excite) _______________________ Mary’s plans to come visit me.

29. This is typical July. (you, annoy) _______________________ the hot weather?

30. My eyes (hurt) _______________________ a little because of too much computer work.

31. This special soup (cook) _______________________ with garlic, ginger, chili and some secret

spices that I can’t tell you about.

32. A bird (fly) _______________________ into our house last week. The kids loved it.





Modal

33. You (go) _______________________ _______________________ to the beach this morning.

I’m sure that’s what you did. When you came back to the house you had sand on your feet.

34. I thought my paper was good, but my teacher (like) _______________________

_______________________ it. I’m pretty sure that’s why she made a face when she read it.

35. Wesley (tell) _______________________ _______________________ that joke. It was a big

mistake because it offended many people.

36. Once last year I (listen) _______________________ _______________________ to a radio

station from half way across the US. That was the only time that was possible.

37. There goes Sharon. Would (give) _______________________ _______________________ her

this message?

38. For this term, we (purchase) _______________________ _______________________ a text for

this class. Our teacher told us it wasn’t necessary.

39. Scotland (ought, be) _______________________ _______________________ cool this time of

year.

40. Be sure to bring your ID with you tomorrow. You (enter) _______________________

_______________________ the bar without it. It won’t be permitted.

41. When the officials at the exam yelled “Time!” all the students (stop) _______________________

_______________________ writing. This was a very strict rule.

42. When Scott lived in Wyoming he (can see, could see, was able to see, would be able to see)

_______________________ _______________________ for 30 miles on a clear day.

43. Gordon’s not here now. He (take) _______________________ _______________________

pictures outside. I’m sure of that. He left just a few minutes ago with his camera and said he’d be

back in an hour.

44. Kids, stop that noise. You (fight) _______________________ _______________________

when I’m trying to have a conversation with your mother.

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45. Are they boyfriend and girlfriend? They (be) _______________________

_______________________ but I really don’t know for sure.

46. This cell phone (work) _______________________ _______________________. However, I’m

really not very certain of that.

47. This blouse looks perfect. (would, I, try it on) _______________________

_______________________?

48. Trish plays the piano really well. I don’t know when she first started to study it, but she (begin)

_______________________ _______________________ just last month. I’m sure that’s not

possible.

49. One hundred years ago, many college students (must, can, read) _______________________

_______________________ Latin in order to graduate.

50. It’s a bit of a mystery why James left dinner early. He (make) _______________________

_______________________ a personal call but I really don’t know for sure. [double modal]

Midterm—Names Sections QUESTIONS ARE ABOVE

University Bridge, Summer 2002

1. proved 24. are pleasing to [you need the

2. had been hanging preposition]

3. will return 25. is believed / was believed

4. feel…here, …will probably be 26. report

5. does injera taste 27. have been sunk / have sunk [This is

6. are you looking intentional, so the passive must be

7. are going / will go [are going is used with this Group 5 verb.]

better] 28. am excited about

8. will have had / will have been having 29. Are you annoyed with

[half a dozen snow storms is 30. hurt / are hurting / have been hurting

quantity NOT duration] 31. is cooked / cooks [intentional]

9. had / used to have 32. flew

10. Had you already chosen it

11. barking 33. must have gone

12. has been working her since 1999 / 34. might not have liked / must not have

has been working her since three liked it

years 35. shouldn’t have told

13. is going to do 36. was able to listen / could listen

14. skipping [Don’t use could for single events in

15. have already been taxed / had the past unless they are negative,

already been taxed / will already connected with sensory verbs, short

have been taxed answers or express success after

16. was blowing…yesterday, …were many attempts.]

flying 37. you mind giving

38. didn’t have to purchase / could

17. was made purchase / shouldn’t have

18. have you heard purchased [absence of necessity]

19. was this car bought 39. ought to be

20. fit 40. won’t be allowed to enter

21. hid 41. had to stop / have to stop

22. drove / was driven [This wasn’t 42. could see / was able to see

intentional, so don’t use the passive [Because this is a past habit, it’s

with this Group 5 verb] possible to use can but in its past

23. caught tense form of could. Because see is

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not a behavior in this sentence, it 45. might be,

can’t be used with would.] 46. might work / might be working

43. must be taking / should be taking 47. Would you mind if I try it on

[Should be + progrossive 48. couldn’t have begun

communicates necessity.] 49. had to be able to read / must have

44. shouldn’t be fighting / mustn’t be been able to read [Must have + pp

fighting [Must + progressive does not communicate necessity.]

communicates certainty not 50. might have had to make.

necessity, except when sequencing

is clearly involved.]



Midterm—Tense & Aspect, Passives, Modals, Conditionals

Fall 2002

1. Do you see 26. fell / used to fall / would fall

2. is considered (to be) 27. are the newspapers found [Passive,

3. I got confused / was getting Stative Passive] / can the

confused newspapers be found / can I find the

4. we didn’t have to give / didn’t give newspapers

5. had to show / they showed / had 28. wanted…, could walk / was able to

shown walk

6. was …, had already written 29. had been afraid, she wouldn’t have

7. will be sent / is sent become  if had she been afraid,

8. has seen 30. will have been put / will be put / will

9. was / used to be / would be… ago put

10. Aren’t you finished yet? Haven’t you 31. weren’t / wouldn’t be

finished yet? [Mayyyyyyyyybe]

11. must have had 32. had been made,….would have

12. have been given / were being given broken / would have gotten broken /

13. had already been told…., was not would have been broken

surprised 33. know / am knowing / don’t know /

14. might / may / could have left should know

15. should have been helping / were 34. had not told us  if had you not told

supposed to be helping / could have 35. frightened…terrified

been helping / must have been 36. should have been cooked

helping 37. treats…,

16. exciting…disappointing 38. must have gone home / should have

17. starts…, will have been playing gone home / might have gone home

18. Is the spaghetti done yet? [Passive, 39. is hearing

Group 6 verb with idiomatic 40. hadn’t asked / had not asked

meanings.] 41. should have been brought

19. might / may / could have been 42. are made of

cleaned 43. would have played / could have

20. Have you been called / Did they call played /

you / Did you call them 44. have been seeing

21. Aren’t you [Tense and Aspect, 45. have been working …since

Degrees of Certainty] 46. understood

22. were…, Were Sharon …, / Were 47. exciting

Sharon to be…, 48. shouldn’t have forgotten

23. , …will turn / turn 49. will love

24. ,…would have read 50. might be able to go

25. tease…., it will bite / it can bite





Midterm Answers Summer 2000

1. Do you see 3. I got confused / was getting

2. is considered (to be) confused

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4. we didn’t have to give / didn’t give 27. are the newspapers found [Passive,

5. had to show / they showed / had Stative Passive] / can the

shown newspapers be found / can I find the

6. was …, had already written newspapers

7. will be sent / is sent 28. wanted…, could walk / was able to

8. has seen walk

9. was / used to be / would be… ago 29. had been afraid, she wouldn’t have

10. Aren’t you finished yet? Haven’t you become  if had she been afraid,

finished yet? 30. will have been put / will be put / will

11. must have had put

12. have been given / were being given 31. weren’t / wouldn’t be

13. had already been told…., was not [Mayyyyyyyyybe]

surprised 32. had been made,….would have

14. might / may / could have left broken / would have gotten broken /

15. should have been helping / were would have been broken

supposed to be helping / could have 33. know / am knowing / don’t know /

been helping / must have been should know

helping 34. had not told us  if had you not told

16. exciting…disappointing 35. frightened…terrified

17. starts…, will have been playing 36. should have been cooked

18. Is the spaghetti done yet? [Passive, 37. treats…,

Group 6 verb with idiomatic 38. must have gone home / should have

meanings.] gone home / might have gone home

19. might / may / could have been 39. is hearing

cleaned 40. hadn’t asked / had not asked

20. Have you been called / Did they call 41. should have been brought

you / Did you call them 42. are made of

21. Aren’t you [Tense and Aspect, 43. would have played / could have

Degrees of Certainty] played /

22. were…, Were Sharon …, / Were 44. have been seeing

Sharon to be…, 45. have been working …since

23. , …will turn / turn 46. understood

24. ,…would have read 47. exciting

25. tease…., it will bite / it can bite 48. shouldn’t have forgotten

26. fell / used to fall / would fall 49. will love

50. might be able to go





Gerunds and Infinitives

Parts of Speech

1. Adj 5. Adv 9. Adj

2. N 6. Adj (from a noun) 10. V

3. Adj 7. N 11. Adj

4. V 8. V 12. N





Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects

Although in many cases either a gerund or an infinitive would be correct, here are the BEST answers.

1. to know 4. Baking

2. Flying 5. Scoring…to get

3. Reading 6. opening…sitting







Possessives + Gerunds

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1. Edwin postponed his 6. Cassandra finished 5. his chatting…

going… her listening… 6. your you’re

2. I understand your 7. Do your parents giving…

getting… dislike your you’re 7. their they’re

3. Do you mind my spending… arriving…

drinking… 8. her starring…

4. Laura is going to 1. her talking 9. their they’re

discuss Dave’s 2. your being in danger making…

looking… 3. her solving… 10. his scoring…

5. I miss my being 4. your you’re not loving

me.



Impersonal Constructions with verb + infinitive structures

1. Turning off these lights will save electricity.

2. Making lace involves working hundreds of hours.

3. This vacation means sitting on the beach and swimming in the warm sea.

4. Taking the subway will save you from spending an hour in traffic.



Simple Gerunds

1. listening 5. playing 8. going

2. visiting 6. speaking / not 9. dining

3. not showing speaking 10. not having / having

4. taking 7. Steve for calling



Using and Eliminating the Possessive before a Gerund

1. Rudolfo’s bringing [Although correct, …Fiona’s explanations…is more

most native speakers would use a idiomatic.]

noun clause instead of a gerund: I 4. your cooking

heard that Rudolfo brought…] 5. cooking

2. doing 6. cooking

3. Fiona’s explaining [Again, correct 7. taking

but …that Fiona explains… or 8. her taking



Passive Gerunds

1. being made 9. being misunderstood

2. writing 10. being sent…receiving

3. being overcharged 11. aging

4. waking 12. the milk’s being aged

5. being woken / being waked 13. being sunk

6. being recognized 14. not being called

7. not being supervised 15. doing well

8. being asked



Perfect Gerunds

1. finishing 6. having heard

2. never having seeing 7. not having seen

3. speaking 8. having had

4. having heard 9. driving

5. students’ making



Passive Perfect Gerunds

1. having been chosen 6. having opened

2. being chosen 7. being hurt [The time of couldn’t

3. ever having been caught avoid and hurt are the same: the

4. being asked past. Therefore do NOT use the

5. having been given perfect gerund.]

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8. complaining…looking 10. having been fired

9. touching



With modal phrases

1. We will discuss your being able to 6. Would you enjoy being able to

send… speak…

2. You will continue being able to 7. I’d prefer not having to wear….

pay…

3. We will resist having to arrive… 1. not being able to play

4. Can you imagine having to work 2. being able to do

5. We anticipate having to pay… / We 3. having to study

anticipate consumers’ having to 4. typing

pay… 5. having to call

6. being supposed to try



Mixed Exercises

Start + object + gerund

Groups 1b exercises

1. burning 5. playing

2. wearing 6. buzzing / it buzzing

3. them fighting 7. myself giving

4. us dancing 8. them playing



Groups 1c—appreciate

1. …you risk of you’re your getting… 3. …your telling…

2. …you risking a check’s bouncing 4. …enjoyed his telling…a





Group 2a

1. about not telling / about not having 8. on coming

told 9. to hearing

2. about finding 10. your treating…sharing

3. of taking 11. of reaching

4. his making 12. in not losing

5. to lengthening 13. was tired of listening

6. to becoming 14. got accustomed to eating

7. your giving



Used to + noun, used to + gerund, used for + gerund

1. used to ride…probably were used to seeing…didn’t used to be…were used to smelling

2. ‘ve never gotten used to sleeping

3. used to be…will have to get used to

4. used to use…had to get used to typing…am so used to doing…using

5. wasn’t used to living



Used to + noun vs. used to + verb

1. is used to taking…got used to taking 4. got used to it

2. is used to wak 5. will be used to inform

3. was used to tell…were used to 6. is used to the complicated rules

looking



Used to + verb or /be/ used to + gerund

1. used to write

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2. am used to wearing….used to 8. am not used to going…used to

do…isn’t used to wearing…didn’t go…was used to sleeping

used to do 9. ‘m not used to meeting

3. are used to seeing…not be used to 10. will soon get used to using…are

seeing used to using

4. used to write…was used to writing 11. used to used…am used

5. used to garden…is used to using…could get used to carrying

working…has never gotten used to 12. aren’t used to seeing…are used to

buying having…are used to going

6. is used to speaking…used to get 13. am not used to taking…used to take

7. used to read…used to 14. used to be…were used to

complain…got used to doing traveling…were used to dining



Error Correction

1. studying 6. Daren used

2. to eating 7. used

3. studying 8. is used

4. OK 9. OK

5. OK 10. used



Agree, used to, complain, dream, talk, think

1. about not being 8. to working

2. to memorize 9. used to work…used to

3. on scheduling / to schedule dealing…about meeting…of going /

4. with Julian on harvesting about going…about quitting…was

5. to reduce / for reducing used to making…with me on

6. of having / about having continuing

7. with us on giving



Prepositions + passive gerunds

1. about being treated 8. about having

2. of being driven 9. in being made

3. to citizens being given / citizens’ 10. on being allowed

being given 11. in being noticed

4. to giving their children 12. about being forgotten

5. to being asked 13. to being put

6. to asking 14. of being tickled

7. of being introduced



Modal Phrases

1. She dreams of being able to visit me…

2. Most of us are worried about having to give…

3. Women are exempt from having to serve…

4. Can we talk about my being supposed to improve [MUCH BETTER: Can we talk about my

wanting to improve…]

5. I apologize for your having to wait…

6. We took advantage of not having to work…

7. I look forward to my son’s being able to speak.



Modal Phrase: preposition + modal phrase + passive gerund



Group 3

1. you for preparing 5. you for not being

2. them from entering 6. me for making

3. anyone from smoking 7. me from getting

4. me from falling 8. people from criticizing

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9. them from serving 10. with Reba on not making



Mixed

1. in playing 17. filing

2. will take care of making 18. believes in working

3. smiling 19. worried about ignoring

4. complain about receiving 20. to his employees about being asked

5. for arriving 21. of being accepted

6. to teaching 22. hearing

7. look forward to celebrating 23. apologized for not understanding

8. taking / having to take 24. were prohibited from entering

9. committed to practicing / commited 25. to reason for not telling

10. to helping 26. in playing

11. cleaning 27. getting

12. paying 28. blamed for leaving

13. to keeping 29. not playing

14. to being fed 30. your not wanting

15. complaining…searching…not 31. responsible for handling

waiting…making

16. insist on our typing



INFINITIVES

1. to have already varnished



Group 4—learn

1. to buy 4. to arrive

2. to show 5. to meet

3. to tell 6. to join





Error Correction

1. not to have 1. struggled to finish

2. not to get wet 2. need to hear / will need to hear

3. to learn soon 3. claims to be / claimed to be

4. to be very tired 4. will continue to watch / will continue

5. To go boldly [here the split infinitive watching

is better than the unsplit] 5. beg not to watch

6. to leave tomorrow 6. expected to enter







Modals with Infinitives

1. want to have to endure 4. needed to be able to reach

2. claimed to be able to see 5. upset to have to go

3. hope to be able to speak





Passive Infinitives

1. to be chosen 4. to be served

2. to be given 5. to be used

3. to be treated 6. to be taught





Passive Perfect Infinitives

1. to have finished

2. to have rained / to have been raining [this latter is an infinitive NOT a gerund]

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3. to have been met

4. to have been given

5. to have been told…seem to have been forgotten

6. to have been convinced…to have been visited…to have been bitten



Infinitives: Passive, Perfect, Passive Perfect

1. appears to have been told 4. prepare to be shocked

2. wish to be informed 5. claims to have spotted

3. seemed to be have been pleased 6. seems to have finished / seems to

[seemed to be pleased requires have been finished

with]…seemed to have been 7. meant to have called

annoyed 8. consented to be painted





Group 5a

1. us to use 4. our team to play

2. her to talk 5. us to shorten

3. us from bringing 6. our lips to burn





Recommend and Agree

1. to behave their parents

2. [this is OK]

3. prohibited from damaging



Group 5b—ask

1. to study 6. someone to baby sit

2. myself to study 7. to use

3. me to give 8. to graduate…me to graduate

4. him to take care of 9. meet / to be met

5. him to give me





Group 5 verbs in passive + infinitive constructions

1. Sierra is going to be hired… 2. was told to let the students leave

2. How much was Jody paid to do… 3. was needed to direct

3. Kenny has been taught to always 4. needed someone to bring

try… 5. warned everyone to be

4. Ruben was forced to change…/ 6. were warned not to print

Ruben was caused to change 7. will ask us to relax and make

5. We were challenged to play 8. will be asked to relax and make

9. were told to head

1. Taylor was warned not to give…

2. Isaiah was expected to ask… 1. to choose

3. Gene was challenged to swim… 2. to give

4. Michael was told to pick up… 3. to increase

5. Sam was hired to refigure… 4. was taught not to enter

5. not to throw…to use

1. us to learn 6. to ride





Group 5c--advise

1. speaking 5. against smoking

2. skiing 6. parking

3. drinking…possessing 7. against opening

4. bringing

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8. encourages recycling 12. advise starting individual [if you omit

9. allow using [some native speakers the object, you need to change the

don’t accept allow + gerund] pronoun their]

10. permit hunting 13. eating

11. warned against arriving





Group 5d—arrange

1. for me to eat 2. doesn’t care for people to throw…

2. for you to score 3. Harry hates to forget…

3. for the kids to finish 4. Barry hates for Harry to forget…

4. for hundreds of thousands to 5. I made plans to fix…

converge 6. Silene made plans for her guests to

5. for us to meet sit

6. for them to come…for a friend to 7. Gretchen waited for her boyfriend to

meet make

8. Valerie didn’t wait to eat

1. I prepared to have…





Infinitives—Mixed

1. was encouraged…to be 15. will urge us to introduce

2. to have won 16. to be paid back

3. wasn’t forced to miss 17. to call

4. us to spend 18. to be looked at

5. to understand 19. to sit us [object required]

6. is permitted to run 20. to be sent…to tell

7. will be asked to bring 21. picnicking [NOTE spelling] …people

8. students from leaving / to to clean up

leave…them to eat…them to 22. to rain

go…dine 23. people to evaluate

9. was required to tell 24. to earn

10. won’t have managed to memorize 25. students to live…them to learn

11. us to handle 26. to recommend

12. me to drive 27. weren’t allowed…to stand

13. against leaving / us not to leave 28. us how to fold

14. to be kissed and hugged 29. never to leave





Group 6a—like

1. to walk / walking 4. to drive / driving

2. to listen / listening 5. to spend / spending

3. to prepare / preparing 6. to eat / eating





Group 6b—remember

1. closing 11. spending / to spend…to spend

2. to close 12. to forget…hearing…to

3. seeing / having seen remember…remembering…rememb

4. to go on ering…asking…remembering / to

5. not having seen remember…seeing

6. talking 13. opening…to turn…taking…to call

7. to talk 14. to do…to meet…to

8. smoking get…watching…to

9. to remember…meeting / having met return…going…seeing…being

10. to smoke scolded

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Make, have, get

1. sit 9. sing…play

2. to paint 10. introduce…to mingle

3. to buy 11. do

4. to consider 12. demonstrate

5. to tune 13. to eat

6. cut 14. to regularly use [splitting the

7. to shave infinitive is OK]

8. to go





Infinitives in the Passive Voice

15. developed 20. explained

16. reviewed 21. tuned

17. confused 22. checked…examined

18. made 23. excited

19. rented





Error Correction

24. child taught 28. everyone tell

25. got his stereo fixed 29. store give

26. had an agent sell 30. get her baby baptized

27. planted





Main Verbs in the Passive Voice

31. to run

32. to study

33. to listen

34. are made to learn

35. are made to wear



Error Correction

36. was made to sing

37. were made to dress



Gerunds and Infinitives—mixed

1. refuses to act 17. to call

2. cared to attend 18. to continue

3. to stay 19. on being taken / to be taken

4. had learned to play 20. to meet / on meeting

5. not to eat 21. to serve

6. to stay 22. feeding

7. managed not to make 23. understood she would be

8. denied being given interviewed

9. not to win [to lose might be better] 24. to reveal

10. to get 25. giving

11. spending 26. to get / on getting married…to wait /

12. not to let on waiting

13. not to tell 27. ‘ll volunteer to give

14. can’t risk being hurt 28. working

15. to pronounce 29. not to be disappointed…to try

16. to finish 30. not to mind

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31. to work 35. had asked to go

32. to see 36. to bring…to be told

33. not to be seated 37. to have / having

34. to speak 38. learn not to leave



1. prepared to take 4. avoided listening

2. will enjoy going 5. disliked speaking

3. refuses to tell / is refusing to tell 6. quit smoking



Gerunds and Infinitives from Past Quizzes

Winter 2002

1. for running 9. in organizing 16. people to open /

2. being given 10. watching (opening)

3. us to use 11. for me to get 17. to have been

4. to go 12. from bringing 18. anyone to buy

5. getting 13. her for going 19. to help / us to help

6. sitting 14. making 20. to go / going

7. from looking 15. going / to go

8. to being taxed





Summer 2001

1. people to work 10. to tell 18. on speaking

2. to be photographed 11. to talk 19. of stealing

3. waiting 12. me to sign 20. to living

4. to pump 13. to have already 21. about hearing / of

5. to finish reached hearing

6. us to maintain 14. me to stop 22. someone from trying

7. being given 15. taking 23. in reading

8. not to tell 16. having met 24. of understanding

9. having already studied 17. for doing





Quiz 10

1. about taking 7. for not coming 13. to try

2. from changing 8. to being treated 14. of being given

3. to attend 9. on studying 15. for showing

4. delivered 10. prepare

5. printed 11. to be driven

6. to bring 12. in helping



Adjective Clauses

Double function of relative pronouns

Error Correction

1. Here is the book which you need.

2. In Montana we saw many mountains that looked blue in the distance.

3. A book which you may want to read is …

4. There are two states which are called Dakota.



1. The book which/that was mine fell to the floor.

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2. Niagara Falls, which is a natural wonder that is in both the US and Canada, attracts millions of

visitors each year.

3. He brought a Korean dish which/that I think you’d like called bulgogi. / He brought a Korean dish

call bulgogi, which I think you’d like.

4. The door which/that isn’t working properly is the third on the left.

5. Nigeria’s capital, which used to be Lagos, is not Abuja.

6. Winters which/that have more snow are more beautiful.



Relative clause position

1. He politely answered the phone(,) which was ringing.

2. He studied Canonese, which is spoken in SE China, at the U of W.

3. O.P., who wrote The Labyrinth of Solitude in the 60s, was Mexico’s ambassador to India.

4. For the exam, I need a pen which works, or I need to borrow a pencil/

5. I studied in a country language school which had 200 students.

6. I studied in China in a language school which had 200 students.



Subject vs. object relative pronouns

1. experts who know

2. whom we called earlier

3. friend who loves

4. teams who won

5. who were given

6. upholsterer to whom you gave… / whom you gave your sofa to… / who you gave your sofa to

[informal]



Who, whom, who’s

1. who 4. whom 7. who 10. who

2. who 5. who 8. who

3. whom 6. who 9. Whom



Whose for human and non-human nouns

1. window whose view is… 9. someone whose battery…

2. children whose teacher’s from… 10. president who was elected

3. children whose teachers are 11. status which is…

4. children who have… 12. Puerto Rico, whose status grants

5. children whom someone from… it…[this is non-restrictive]

6. Employees who want to talk 13. Anyone who resides in Puerto

7. phone whose batter… Rico…

8. phone which has… 14. Any Puerto Rican who leaves…



Who, whom, who’s, whose, which / that

1. whose 4. which

2. who…whom 5. whose

3. whose 6. who





Which with prepositions

Degree of formality with prepositions + relative adjective pronoun

1. I need to find the box which the boom box came in.

2. Here’s the name of the museum which your hotel is near. [Near is an adverb, not a preposition,

so even in formal sentences it may be separated from the relative pronoun.]

3. Cotton is a natural fabric from which summer clothing can be made.

4. Can you give me some ideas which we can talk about?

5. Hey everyone. There are some chairs which we can sit on.

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Whom with prepositions

1. Here’s the number of the upholsterer to whom you gave your sofa last week. (object)



Degree of formality with preposition + who(m)

1. the man from whom I got



Formal

1. to whom I gave my first kiss [to must be added here]





1. who

2. whom

3. with whom



Informal

1. with whom / under whom



Who, whom, who’s with prepositions.

1. with whom 3. with whom

2. to whom 4. from whom





Formal or Informal?

1. F, whom 7. who

2. who 8. F, whom

3. M, to whom 9. whom

4. who 10. M, to whom

5. F, whom 11. F, whom

6. M, with whom 12. For Whom…who…whom





Whom with indirect object



Problems with possessive (pro)nouns modified by relative clauses

th

1. The image of Benjamin Franklin, who was an important 18 century statesman, used to be on the

fifty-cent coin.



Error Correction

1. The cars of taxi drivers who are licensed will have…



Whose with prepositions

1. about whose

2. whose…in

3. whose…with

4. about whose





Expressions of quantity + which / who / whom / that

1. clients, most of whom



Which to modify a preceding entire clause or idea

1. finished, which might take

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What to modify a following entire clause or idea





Clauses, Non-Restrictive

Referents



# of noun alone # of noun + clause

1. 1 1

2. 1 1

3. 1 1

4. 1 1

5. Many, maybe a dozen Fewer than that since some won’t be convenient

for both of use

6. millions (although the noun is Probably just one, but certainly many fewer than

singular, its referents are many) with the noun alone

7. millions Millions, in fact the same number as with the

noun alone

8. one (the pronoun this make it clear) One





Adjective Clauses

Joining Sentences

1. Tess, with whom 3. Chlöe, who’s having

2. uncle whom he will visit [if he has 4. Tony, who’s taking

more than one uncle and hasn’t 5. Bob, who has

written each of them] / uncle, whom 6. Daniel, whom

he will visit [if he has only one uncle 7. Amber, who loves

OR if he has more than one but has 8. Noom, who’s the student

written each of them] 9. , Greeley who’s the priest





Who, whom, who’s. Use commas correctly.

1. who’s 4. Felipe, who’s

2. Megan, who 5. Theodore, who’s

3. Choi, whom



Who, whom, who’s with prepositions. Use commas correctly.

1. Megan , with whom we study writing,

2. Isaac, with whom you’re going camping next weekend,

3. vendor from whom…the vendor from whom

4. Lynn, against whom Jackson ran in the class election,

5. , with whom I worked for many years,



Whichever, wherever, whomever, whenever, however

1. Chicago is a city which has tall 5. which

skyscrapers 6. which

2. wherever 7. where

3. whom 8. which

4. who 9. whichever



Whose for people and things

1. , whose office is next to William’s,

2. , whose office is on Wells…

3. whose Lakefront is very popular.

4. , whose name means “strong breath,”

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5. , whose population had grown to 300,000,

6. , whose sisters have already finished law school,

7. , whose name sounds so romantic

Use which, that, who or whose. Use commas correctly.

1. Tofu is a food which/that is made from soy beans.

2. Soy is a word whose origins are Chinese.

3. My computer, which is an Apple, works extremely well. …with friends whose computers are IBM-

compatible PCs.

4. …invented Mickey Mouse, whose face is famous on every continent. Although Chicago was, in

fact, the city in which Disney was born, he was actually raised in California, to which his family

moved when he was still a boy.

5. People who/that want to buy fresh tofu can go to Argyle Street, which is the main Vietnamese

commercial area in Chicago. Of course, they can also go to Chinatown, whose businesses

include many groceries.

6. We’re looking for a chair which/that isn’t too expensive and whose design would be suitable…

No, I’m not the person whose back hurts, but thank you… a great present for my father, whose

birthday is next month.

7. …a weather phenomenon which/that brings rain…In India, which lies north of the equator but

whose location is certainly subtropical, two annual monsoons usually reach the country. The

smaller, whose period of maximum rain is Sept. to Dec., strikes the SW… The regularity of this

monsoon, upon whose rain hundreds of millions of farmers depend, is of the greatest importance.



Mixed: who, which, that

1. , who lives in Florida, 7. , who returned to Korea,

th

2. , which is on the 13 floor, 8. who/that has curly red hair

th

3. which/that are on the 14 floor 9. , who is missing some hair,

4. , which I use to write with, 10. , which is in the South Loop,

5. , who has lived in Nigeria, 11. which / that is called Jackson

6. who returned to Korea





Preposition + Relative Pronoun

1. building, in which there will be high- 6. Hannah, from whom

speed Internet, will be contructed 7. vineyard in which

2. vocabulary, from which 8. Oscar, between whom

3. cottage near which 9. holiday on which

4. Jose, to whom…this paper, 10. Karen, near whom

5. Portugal, near which 11. wave because of which



Preposition + which

1. from which  where

2. the way  how

3. at which time  when

4. on which  when

5. during which  when

6. the way in which  how

7. on which  when

8. for which  which

9. in which  which

10. over which no reduction

11. in which  where

12. no reduction

13. the way in which  how

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Adverb clauses

1. when

2. when

3. where

4. Monday, when we will have our Noun Quiz,

5. weekend, when many stores are closed in German cities, [commas are needed since this

happens every weekend]

6. weekend when [no commas since this is restrictive]

7. Wednesdays when…Wednesday when

8. Box where

9. Box, where



Matching: where

1. D. Istanbul is where you can see…

2. F. Boston is where there are…

3. E. Shanghai is where China has…

4. B. Venice is where there are…

5. A. Lagos is where many Nigerians live.

6. C. Grant Park is where Chicago has music…



Matching: when

1. D. Christmas is when people celebrate…

2. F. New Year’s Eve is when people go…

3. B. Chusok is when Koreans try to go…

4. C. April 15 is when Americans have to pay…

5. E. September 15 is when Mexicans celebrate…

6. A. Diwali is when people in India…



Matching: why

1. B. To save time is why people

2. A. To wake up is why people drink coffee.

3. E. To say “I love you” is why people send flowers.

4. C. To be together forever is why people get married.

5. F. To see old movies is why people watch TV.

6. D. To get stronger is why people life weights.



Matching: why

1. E. The # 6 bus is how you can get…

2. F. Daily practice is how you can improve…

3. D. Listening closing is how you can learn…

4. C. Getting back on is how you overcome…

5. A. An election every 4 years is how we elect…

6. B. Going with friends form that country is how you can…







Reducing Relative Pronouns

Identifying subject and object relative pronouns

1. O, you = subject

2. S, you = object

3. S, three sisters = object

4. O, you = subject

5. S

6. S

7. S

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8. O, most of us = subject

9. O, everyone = subject

10. O, everyone = subject



1. restaurant that

2. letter which

3. course which

4. courses which

5. park that

6. note that

7. carpets that

8. issues that

9. person who

10. Kentucky which



Deleting subject relative pronouns with to be

In passive and progressive

1. friends who were going

2. candidates who have been nominated

3. carpets which will be woven

4. interviews which were being conducted

5. Beef Eater who was standing

6. buses which were coming

7. students who already have been given…Students who haven’t been  not given

8. points which were scored

9. workers who aren’t  not wearing

10. man who’s directing



in prepositional phrases

1. hotel which was near

2. legs that were not

3. cop who was on

4. child who was sitting

5. valley which was beyond



in adjective phrases

1. clothes which are great

2. person who was next

3. spots which are dirty

4. vegetables that are great

5. colors which are like

6. adults who were giddy

7. movie that will be too

8. students who were not prepared

9. stories that have been popular



articles

1. room which is larger  a larger room

2. typewrite which is old  an old typewriter

3. lawyer who was sharp  a sharp lawyer

4. shirts which are blue  blue shirts



subject relative pronouns

1. no reduction

2. school which is on

3. stores that’s on

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4. boots that are leather  leather boots

5. pants that are made

6. issues that weren’t not discussed

7. brother who’s a policeman [difficult to reduce]

8. book which is over

9. books which are published

10. people who were engineers  engineers / people engineers

11. students who aren’t punctual  unpunctual students

12. students who aren’t in class  not in class



Complications

1. 3

2. 7

3. 3



p. 318

1. city with the world’s

2. thing we’ve been talking

3. one with my initials

4. no reduction

5. Indonesia with students

6. building without an elevator

7. an interested person

8. tourist with no idea

9. camera without any film

10. box with more than a dozen

11. no reduction [if you reduce this to Bernardo with a scholarship the meaning is confused]

12. now with just / with now just



1. no reduction

2. Border’s his girlfriend

3. Olivia, who has a new baby daughter, [no reduction but add commas]

4. Olivia, the mother with the new baby,

5. an unordinary name / a not ordinary name

6. tourist without any idea

7. Houston, [no reduction]

8. city with a population

9. an interested person

10. person washing the windows

11. someone interested / an interested someone

12. someone washing the windows



1. store with many

2. store near

3. a large store

4. a large store

5. Ø

6. store with a [this might be confusing since went is past but the sale is in the future]

7. store you told us / store you had told us

8. Ø

9. Ø

10. store with

11. Ø

12. store where Dan

13. Ø

14. Ø

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15. with

16. Ø

17. with





18. , who is…teachers

19. , which was made…O’Keeffe,

20. , which with…population,

21. , which is near…Halsted,

22. , which…underground, or the Brown Line, which has

23. which are being repaired

24. which / that you received….instructions which you gave

25. someone who is from…bus, which runs

26. , who has been told…times, [can’t reduce]

27. who

28. that / which was installed…which / that is designed

29. that / which was held

30. which / that attracted…who

31. paper that / which I left

32. which / that has an interesting article [this is non-restrictive so 1) don’t use that and 2) don’t

reduce]



1. Ellen knows Cubans, some of whom she met

2. many tall buildings, some of which

3. six students, all of whose parents

4. the play, some of which was really

5. verbs, some of which are different

6. floors, about one third of which

7. actor, some of whose movies

8. languages, eighteen of which

9. today, few of which

10. students, none of whom



11. cities, none of which…subway,

12. movies, few of which…recently,

13. desk, most of which is covered with books,

14. classes, none of which…floor,

15. teachers, almost all of whom…languages,

16. police, most of whom…heavy

17. words, most of which

18. people, about 40% of whom [people is human, hence whom]

19. population, more than half of which [population is an abstract noun, hence non-humna]



Quiz Preparation

1. which is usually …warm / that

2. which / that

3. who / that / which  who / that have with

4. , with whom…Grammar,

5. , where / in which…study,

6. which / that  which / that are on

7. , who ….Manager,

8. who / that  who / that didn’t have without

9. where

10. whom  whom I told

11. , where ….are, / ,in which…are,

12. , who…Ethiopia,

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13. , to whom…pen,

14. , where / on which…located,

15. whose / that’s / who’s which’s

16. in which / where

17. , whose name…Washington, [This is non-restrictive because the adjective main functions like a

pointing adjective.]

18. where / in which

19. who

20. , who



Quiz 3

1. m which…summer,

2. , whose…Pilsen, [The adjective largest identifies this neighborhood and makes the adjective

clause non-restrictive.]

3. where she lives / in which she lives [This is restrictive, so no commas.]

4. , whose job…Istanbul, [This is non-restrictive. Oldest functions like a pointing adjective.]

5. , which / that…Day,

6. who

7. , which [According to the rules in this chapter, do NOT reduce. In fact, it is possible to do this.]

8. which / that  which / that you recommended

9. whom / that  whom / that you don’t know

10. , which…US,

11. how / the way how

12. , from which rum is made,

13. , which has been called….Building,

14. which / that

15. which / that / whose

16. ,whose…Argyle, [This is a pointing adjective.]

17. , which / that

18. why / reasons why

19. , who [This is most likely non-restrictive. It’s clear from context that the speaker and listener can

both see the person (or, perhaps, people) in the blue sweater.]

20. a day when



Quiz 6, Fall 2002

1. kids, some of whom…class,

2. whom

3. whose

4. from which [this cannot be changed to where]

5. when

6. , whose [non-restrictive]

7. in which / where / in that [That, when it’s used as a relative clause, can’t be used after a

preposition.]

8. , who [We presume that this is just one wife. Therefore, the clause is non-restrictive.]

9. with whom

10. why

11. , whom…pictures, [Youngest identifies the son. The clause is non-restrictive.]

12. which  which [This should be reduced.]

13. on which / where

14. when [The clause modifies time not Thanksgiving. Therefore, the clause is restrictive. Notice the

difference with Thanksgiving is when we all get to see our families and eat a huge meal.]

15. of which

16. , in which…words, / [This is a pointing adverb. The clause is non-restrictive.]

17. who  who was recommended [Reduce the relative pronoun. The clause is restrictive. Although

the grammatical number of guide is singular, the referent number is many. Not all guides were

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recommended. It’s not possible to us in that for two reasons: 1) the clause is non-restrictive, 2)

you can’t use a preposition with that when it’s a relative pronoun.]

18. who

19. , which [Non-restrictive]

20. , in whose



Quiz 6, Summer 2002

1. who [Restrictive. Not all historians were interviewed yesterday.]

2. which / that [Restrictive. Not all web sites have sports scores.]

3. , whom…knows, [Don’t delete as this is a non-restrictive clause.]

4. in which / where [The clause modifies state and is restrictive. Compare with Hawaii, in which /

where you can see volcanoes and pineapples, is a state. In this sentence, the clause modifies

Hawaii and is non-restrictive.]

5. , with which / , with that [This is non-restrictive. The Here’s works as a pointing verb. Also, you

can write with all pens, so it’s non-restrictive. That, when it’s used as a relative clause, can’t be

used after a preposition.]

6. , both of which [Remember, we always use a comma before expressions of quantity with a

relative pronoun. That, when it’s used as a relative clause, can’t be used after a preposition.]

7. , not all of whom…Iran, [Remember, we always use a comma before expressions of quantity with

a relative pronoun.]

8. from whom / about whom [The clause modifies person, not Jessie, and is restrictive.]

9. , who [We presume that the speaker and listening both know which Andrea and Jacques we’re

talking about.]

10. why

11. , which…Brazil, [Non-restrictive. That is not possible.]

12. , none of which

13. USE THIS SENTENCE I admired the roses ________________________ Maria grew in her

garden. [delete]. which / that [Restrictive]

14. whom / , whom [This can be either restrictive or non-restrictive.]

15. how

16. from which  where [It’s not possible to change from which to where.]

17. some time when / when [

18. which  which didn’t have without

19. which  an exciting novel

20. whom [Restrictive because the clause modifies teacher not William.]



Connectives

Connectives—meaning

1. C 3. C 5. A 7. CE

2. C/E 4. C 6. C 8. C/E



Connectives—grammar

9. chemistry, but

10. right, and

11. Korean but [no comma since not that one is not a S-V clause]

12. countries, but

13. You’ve done a lot to help me today, so I



Error Correction—coordinators

1. c 3. b 5. c

2. b 4. b





Error Correction—subordinators

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1. c 3. a 5. b

2. a 4. b 6. c



1. I 3. D 5. I

2. D 4. I 6. D



Error Correction—transitions



Errors

a) Rebecca likes sports, moreover she Sentence a) is incorrect because a transition

likes movies. has been used to join two sentences.



b) Rebecca, moreover, likes sports. She Sentence b) is incorrect because the transition

likes movies. has been placed in the first sentence.



c) Rebecca likes sports. She moreover Sentence c) is incorrect because the transition

likes movies. has not been separated from the second

sentence by commas





1. A 3. A, C 5. B

2. B 4. B





1. Although 3. therefore 5. so

2. and 4. Despite





Error Correction—cause and effect

1. harder, 4. Because of Latvia…countries,

2. itching, 5. traffic,

3. due to the bad pollution 6. due to their sweetness





Style—because of and due to

1. due to the

2. due to its length

3. because of its height



Style—because of and since

1.



Style—for and since

1. shaved…moustache,

2. engine problems

3. his forgetting

4. so

5. therefore

6. his American accent,

7. the traffic

8. her headache,

9. her personality,

10. the warm weather,

11. her having studied / having studied [Because the subject of the sentence, movie, is different from

the subject of the gerund, Lorena, it’s necessary to use the possessive pronoun.]

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As long as as subordinator and adverb

1. c 4. c/e [maybe c and 6. c

2. adv adv, but these are 7. c/e

3. c less likely] 8. adv

5. adv 9. c/e



Direction of cause and effect

1. I can’t buy that because it’s too expensive.

2. It’s too expensive, so I can’t buy it.

3. Christopher wanted to know the day’s news. Thus, he read the paper.

4. Because Steve’s CD player didn’t work, he listened to the radio.

5. Steve’s CD player didn’t work. Therefore, he listened to the radio.

6. As most of Eileen’s neighbors are friendly, she likes living on her street.

7. Martin’s uses new and improved SuperWhite toothpaste, so his teeth are shiny white.

8. Since, in her law class, Ellen graduated near the top, tt has been easy for her to find a job.

9. As Ellen graduated near the top in her law class, it has been easy for her to find a job.

10. Bob counted sheep. Therefore, he had trouble sleeping.

11. Due to the carpet’s discoloration, / Due to the carpet’s being discolored, we need to clean it.

12. The carpet is discolored. Consequently, we can’t have the wedding reception in that room.



So, so that, so…that, such…that

1. so (that) 5. , so that 9. , so that

2. , so that 6. so (that) 10. so that

3. , so that 7. so (that) 11. so (that)

4. so (that) 8. so (that)





1. so that he could 6. , so we closed 10. , so the grass was

see 7. so that mosquitoes cut

2. so that she could couldn’t enter / 11. , so we need to

continue would enter practice

3. , so they tasted 8. so that he could 12. , so all the trees

4. so that we can receive / would were covered

look receive

5. , so they taste 9. so that they taste



1. therefore / 3. Therefore / 6. Because

consequently / Consequently / 7. because…Becaus

thus Thus e

2. Due to 4. Due to 8. Because of

5. so



So…(that) and Such…(that)

1. noun so 3. noun so 5. such

2. such 4. such 6. noun so



1. such a good 4. so spicy 7. such a beautiful

student 5. so few view

2. so many 6. so long 8. so little

3. so much



1. so much rain that 4. such a big 7. so little

2. be so shy that apartment that imagination that

3. so many cousins 5. so cheerful that 8. Jerry has so much

that 6. such an important energy that

company that

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9. Dirk has so many 10. so bored in her

shoes that statistics class that



In such a way that



Because and just because in sentences with negative meaning

1. Just because

2. Because…[today],

3. (just) because

4. Just because

5. Just because

6. Because



Contrast

1. in spite of having 3. , while 6. Despite the high

eaten 4. . Nonetheless, price

2. . However, 5. although



7. because 10. but 13. although

8. However, 11. despite 14. however

9. but 12. but



no matter + adverb, as much as

1. However

2. but

3. despite

4. Although

5. , however,

6. although

7. but



8. Melody has a cavity, but…

9. In spite of having a name connected with boats, Noah…

10. …morning. Nonetheless, the laces…./ The laces, nonetheless,…/ The laces keep coming

undone, nonetheless.

11. Whereas Marcy…payments,…/ Marcy…payments, where she pays…

12. Despite being from a small town, …

13. Although Tamara….well,…/ Tamara…well although

14. Taipei. However,



Though as subordinator and transition

1. Despite being friendly…, he has / He’s actually friendly despite having a reputation…

2. late. We, nonetheless, finished…

3.

4. Many…comedies, but Sheila…

5. Whereas…planning, …the chief…/ The president…., whereas the chief…

6. Istanbul. It lives in Portland now, however.

7. Even though…delicious, …/ These apples…delicious even though…

8. In spite of having only one child, they…



Contrast—on the other hand and on the contrary

1. . On the other hand,

2. . On the contrary,

3. . On the contrary,

4. . On the other hand,

5. . On the contrary,

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6. . On the other hand,

7. . ON the other hand,

8. . On the contrary,

9. . On the contrary,



However vs. nonetheless

1. 3 In fact, …/ On the contrary,…

2. 2 On the other hand,…

3. 1 However,

4. 2 On the other hand,

5. 3 On the contrary,

6. 2 On the other hand,

7. 2 On the other hand,

8. 3 On the contrary,



Condition

1. Otherwise,

2. even if

3. if

4. Whether or not….ready,

5. Whether or not



Even though vs. even if

1. even though

2. Even though

3. Even if

4. Even if

5. Even if

6. Even though

7. even if

8. even though

9. even if



Inverted word order—only if and not unless as sentence openers

1. you have…can you cash

2. you have oolong tea, I will drink

3. Only if Sheldon turns up the heat will he stay warm.

4. Benny will send you a card only if you give…

5. aren’t

6. you speak

7. you speak…will my father understand / can my father understand

8. you wear…should you drive

9. we find…will we take



Whether or not…

1. …carrots whether they’re cooked or not. /…whether or not they’re cooked.

2. Charles tells his wife, “I love you,” whether he’s busy or not. / whether or not he’s busy.

3. Mithali celebrate Diwali whether she’s in India or not. /…whether or not she’s in India.

4. Whether or not you speak German…/ Whether you speak German or not…

5. …whether the children are noisy or not. / …whether or not the children are noisy.



Time

1. Little Jasmine wanted to smell a jasmine flower after she…

2. Before…recipe,…

3. After…notebooks,…

4. Toby…hair after he played…

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5. Before…sunbathe,…

6. Before…desert, …

7. Thailand before he…

8. After…guitar,

9. After…Lima,



As soon as and No sooner…than

1. As soon as Candice got to the bank teller, the teller immediately greeted…

No sooner had Candice gotten to the bank teller than he immediately greeted…

2. As soon as Sonya heard the dogs barking, she immediately looked out the window.

No sooner had Sonya heard the dogs barking than she immediately looked out the window.

3. As soon as Jim gets home every night, he immediately turns on the TV.

No sooner does Jim get home every night than he immediately turns on the TV.

4. As soon as Theodore got jelly on his term paper, he immediately cleaned it off.

No sooner had Theodore gotten jelly on his term paper than he immediately cleaned it off.

5. As soon as Mark told us a joke, we immediately began to laugh.

No sooner had Mark told us a joke than we immediately began to laugh.

6. As soon as autumn arrives, you will hear the sound of migrating Canadian geese.

No sooner has autumn arrived than you will hear the sound of migrating Canadian geese.



1. you figure out…, tell me.

2. had Jason seen…than he called…

3. had Leon opened…than all his friends shouted

4. Mindy puts…, we will give

5. has Kevin started…he felt



Hardly…when, scarcely…when and no sooner…than [For winter 2003]

1.

As soon as vs. as early as vs. would sooner…than

1.



How to Invert Subject and Verb

1. Never was I in Miami.

2. Not only do I know the answer, but I will tell you.

3. Unless the phone rings, don’t use it.

4. It’s easy to read here only if the window is open.

5. Seldom have so many people come for the Fourth of July.

6. Not once has he been late.

7. Not unless the door is open can we get inside.

8. Seldom does he have to drive.

9. Rarely does he have to use a dictionary. / Rarely must he use a dictionary.

10. Only if you sign your name will this document be legal.



Inversion in Dependent or Independent Clause?

1. Seldom does it rain in Los Angeles.

2. Almost never is Indian food made with beef.

3. Rarely does our class make too much noise.

4. No sooner had Betti found out than she told us.

5. Not only did he win the middle-distance race, but he also won the long-distance race.

6. Only once have we gone to Las Vegas.

7. Not one interesting person did I see there. [Winter 2003. The sentence My baby daughter…

should be ignored in Fall 2002]

8. Not a single time have I locked myself out of the house. [correct but very stilted]

9. Not only does this house have a swimming pool, it also has a green house.

10. Never will most of us have another chance to meet the Dalai Lama.

11. Glen didn’t drive to work. Nor did Steve.

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12. Little did we know about Venice before we went there.

13. So delicious was the food that everyone had seconds.

14. More difficult than improving one’s grammar is changing one’s accent.

15. Little did we know there was going to be a sandstorm.

16. So rapidly have you learned English that I find it hard to believe.

17. Little did I know that he’d get angry so easily.



Inversion of Subject and Verb with Negative Openings [Use these exercises instead of in the Fall

2002 Book] Use fronted structures with only or only after to rewrite these sentences.

EXAMPLE

Things will cool down later in the day

Only later in the day will things cool down .



The director gave me the cue. Then, I was able start speaking.

Only after the director gave me the cue was I able to start speaking.



1. First, we sign in. Then, we go work out.

_____________________________________________________________

2. First, you mix the eggs and flour. Then, you can add the milk and sugar.

_____________________________________________________________

3. First, I washed our hands, feet and face. I could then go in the mosque to pray.

_____________________________________________________________

4. Most Korean male college students do their military service. Then, they can finish their college.

_____________________________________________________________

5. Eric carefully read the chapter on the American Civil war. Then he wrote some questions to ask

the professor.

_____________________________________________________________

1. Only after we sign in do we go work out.

2. Only after you mix the eggs and flour can you add the milk and sugar.

3. Only after I washed our hands, feet and face could I go in the mosque to pray.

4. Only after they have done their military service can most Korean students finish their college.

5. Only after Eric carefully read the chapter on the American Civil War did he write some questions

to ask the professor.



[Use these exercises instead of in the Fall 2002 Book]

....not.... verb Neither / nor (inversion)

Ingrid know the answer Anges

Alisa have free time today Alisa have free time tomorrow

Jessie have a car Hector

Noom did homework George

Hee Jung have seen that movie Hiroko

David will visit Hyde Park Pawel

Ahmed brought his friends Joseph

Reynaldo knows Russian Seok Joon knows Italian

Seok Joon wore blue jeans Sabrina wore boots

Sabrina went home for Christmas Sang Jin went to New York

Sang Jin

1. Jessie ___________________ a car. ___________________ Hector.

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2. Noom ___________________ his homework. ___________________ George.

3. Hee Jung ___________________ that movie. ___________________ Hiroko.

4. David ___________________ Hyde Park. ___________________ Pawel.

5. Ahmed ___________________ his friends. ___________________ Joseph.

6. Reynaldo ___________________ Russian. ___________________ Seok Joon

___________________ Italian.

7. Sabrina ___________________ home for Christmas. ___________________ Sang Jin

___________________ to New York.





1. doesn’t have…Nor does

2. didn’t do…Nor did

3. hasn’t seen…Nor has

4. won’t visit…Nor will

5. didn’t bring…Nor did

6. doesn’t know…Nor does…know

7. didn’t go…Nor did…go



Error Correction

1. OK

2. …because it’s warm

3. Despite not having her dictionary,

4. Arabic, but

5. Spanish, he

6. 75% can you get [no comma]

7. Today is Wednesday. Therefore, we will finish at 12”15.

8. Due to his being a teacher, [sounds more natural as Because he is a teacher…]

9. due to his being a teacher. [sounds more natural as…because he is a teacher.]

10. They didn’t tell us the answer although they knew what it was.

11. classroom. Otherwise,

Quiz Preparation

Quiz 7

Fall 2002

1. Be careful with this painting because of its great value. [You must use a noun, not a subject +

verb, with because of.] [You might also have …because of its being very valuable, which,

although technically correct, is very awkward.]

2. Some people can whistle. However, others can’t. [Remember, we can’t use a transition to join

two sentences. Therefore, the following is incorrect: Some people can whistle, however, others

can’t.]

3. Only if I wear glasses can I read clearly.

4. Even if he were the last man in the world, I wouldn’t date him. [You must change these to unreal

because the situation clearly isn’t possible, real or likely.]

5. No sooner had we walked in the room than we smelled fresh bread.

6. Although Ben talk yet, he can walk.

7. Because pearls are beautiful and rare, they’re expensive. [Be careful with direction of cause and

effect.]

8. He’d be a great basketball player due to his height. [You must use a noun, not a subject + verb,

with due to.]

9. She was able to finish the crossword in spite of its difficulty / in spite of its being difficult. [You

must use a noun, not a subject + verb, with in spite of. The possessive pronoun its is necessary.

You can’t write in spite of being difficult. Without the possessive pronoun, the meaning would

become that she is difficult.]

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10. Rome is surprisingly small, but it’s magnificent.

11. Whether or not it rains, the fair will happen. Whether it rains or not …

12. Unless your feet are size 12, these shoes won’t fit. [No inversion.]

13. On the other hand,…However,

14. In fact

15. we could see [No comma]

16. such a large enrollment / such large enrollments…so many students…so small…so few people

17. Even though…night,

18. No unless you learn a lot of vocabulary can you easily read a novel.

19. do you see

20. has Shelly heard [This is not a sentence about negative habits but about the absence of an

experience. Therefore, we must use the perfect not the simple. Cf Quiz, Fall 2000, # 20.]



Quiz 7

Summer 2002

1. you agree will I call

2. being

3. you have…can you leave

4. such a beautiful day

5. so many adventures

6. so read (that)

7. whether they’re your friends or not/ whether or not they’re your friends

8. so (that) [A different sentence with so as a coordinator and with a comma would be We bought a

guide book, so we understood the geology of the Grand Canyon.]

9. Although

10. Moreover [In addition to is a subordinator. In addition is a transition.]

11. Because of

12. _____ unless

13. Not unless

14. however / on the other hand / nonetheless

15. Due to / Because of

16. despite / in spite of

17. Otherwise

18. but / , but it / although it

19. Due to / Because of

20. , and



Quiz 6, Fronted Structures

Summer 2001

1. No sooner had Ashley sat down than the phone rang.

2. Not only do we study writing, but we also study speaking. [If the second clause does not have a

subject, we don’t use a comma: Not only do we study writing but also study speaking.]

3. If the elevator’s not working, we can take the stairs. [No inversion.]

4. Only if we buy tickets early can we go see a Red Sox game.

5. Even if won’t go, I’ll still go to church. [No inversion.]

6. Little did I know it would be so foggy today.

7. Unless we know people well, in my country we don’t call them by their first names. [No

inversion.]

8. Because he had a lot of homework, it took him a long time to do it. [No inversion.]

9. In order to play tennis better, she took tennis classes. [No inversion.]

10. Never has William been to California.

11. Seldom do grammar classes take field trips.

12. So excited were the children that they couldn’t sit still. [cf Adjectives section Adjectives That Take

Inversion When Fronted]

13. Three nights a week, he goes to computer class. [No inversion.]

14. Rarely does she get angry.

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15. So far, Gordon ahs made three pieces of furniture. [No inversion.]

16. This morning not even once have I been able to check my email.

17. Until August 24, we’ll stay in Chicago. [No inversion.]

18. Never has there been a basketball player like Michael Jordan.

19. Since she was in Iran, Tina hasn’t written me. [No inversion.]

20. Nowhere in Chicago will you find banana trees.



Quiz 8, Connectives

Fall 2000

1. Because they ran 20 miles,

2. Because of…Pumpkins

3. , but

4. Surely,

5. her explanation about / on…history,

6. because / since / when

7. Only if [no comma]

8. agree. However,

9. , while [With while or whereas as contrast connectives, we generally use the comma whether its

clause comes before or after the main clause. If you use when, you won’t use a comma.]

10. you don’t have…number,

11. Because / Since

12. nor is William. [Inversion with fronted nor.]

13. unless

14. although

15. On the other hand, [This accepts the truth of the statement about Friday. Therefore, you can’t use

on the contrary.]

16. you have permission, you may not enter

17. have a passport, you can’t visit / don’t have a passport, you can [Be careful with the negative

meaning of unless.]

18. Whereas / While / Although Chinese is written entirely in characters, Japanese and Korean are

written… OR Chinese is written entirely in characters although / , while , whereas Japanese and

Korean are written…[NOTE: While and whereas, when they are used with the contrast connective

meaning (not a temporal meaning), will generally take a comma even when they come in front of

the second clause. However, although will only take a comma when it comes in front of the first

clause.]

19. should write…they are [No inversion because only if isn’t fronted.]

20. have I tasted [This is not a sentence about negative habits but about the absence of an

experience. Therefore, we must use the perfect not the simple. Cf Quiz, Fall 2002, # 20.]









Articles

1. jobs 6. Furniture / Chairs 8. the…Ø…the…the

2. people live [the verb is …a...

3. traffic singular] 9. a…Ø

4. dollars / money 7. population 10. a little gasoline left

5. work





Non-count  Countable Expressions: Counters

1. advice, P 3. clothing: A, I, also 5. football: F

2. cabbage, H article. 6. furniture: P

4. food: N, O, P 7. glass: M, N, P

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8. lightning: A 13. poetry: R 18. water: C

9. malaria: C 14. sand: G 19. wheat: C, G

10. meat: P 15. snow: E 20. wine: C, D

11. money: P, Q 16. Spanish: J, R

12. news: I 17. thunder: A





Collective Nouns for Animals

1. horses: B 4. ducks: E 7. fish: A

2. lions: C 5. bees: swarm. 8. kittens: D

3. geese: E 6. ants: colony 9. wolves: F





Noun-count  Count Noun: One of a Variety



Noun-count  Count Noun: Particular



Mass or Bounded

1. Ø 4. A 7. Ø 10. a

2. A 5. an 8. a…a

3. Ø 6. Ø 9. Ø





Much / (a) little vs. many / (a) few

1. Many doctors 3. many pesos 5. much…a few

2. much sand 4. a few earthquakes pairs…many times





Default and Over-ride Rules on Articles



Indefinite

Eliminate Rule # 5 ‘ “dates of the type “month date” ‘ Add meals when preceded by an adjective.

1. 6 3. 4 5. 2 7. 4

2. 3 4. 8 6. 7





Definite

1. 4 4. 8 7. 9 10. 2

2. 3 5. 7 8. 1, 7 11. 7

3. 7 6. 7 9. 3





1. B 3. A 5. A 7. B

2. A 4. B 6. B 8. A





Zero Article Ø

1. 15 3. 16 5. 18 7. 20

2. 19 4. 18 6. 17 8. 16





1. a (plumber)

2. the (plumber)

3. Ø (six hours)

4. the (six hours)

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Over-ride

1. 9

2. 10

3. definite over-rides zero to show a definite work or example

4. ???.



One right answer

1. an

2. a

3. Ø…the…the

4. Ø……a…a…Ø…Ø

5. a…the

6. a…the…Ø

7. Ø…a…The…Ø…Ø

8. a…the…the…the

9. the…the

10. the…the…؅؅the

11. Ø…the…؅؅the…Ø

12. a…the…a…Ø…the…the…the…Ø…a…the…Ø





Noun Clauses

What vs. that

1. what

2. what

3. that

4. what

5. that

6. what

7. that…what...what

8. that…what

9. what…that…that…what…that



Final, Part 1, Spring 2002 / Answers /

Final, Part 2, Spring 2002 / Answers /



Final, Part 1, Winter 2002 / Answers /

Final, Part 2, Winter 2002 / Answers /



Final, Part 1: Tense and Aspect, Passive, Modal, Conditional,

Article. BY SECTIONS.

University Bridge, Spring 2002



Use words in parentheses to BEST complete the following sentences. Be careful with verb

tense and aspect, active and passive voice, modals, conditionals and interrogatives

(=questions). You may sometimes have to add negatives, prepositions, nouns or commas.



The directions “[delete if]” mean you should form the sentence without if (if that is

correct).



Tense and Aspect

1. By the time spring arrived we (clean) ______________________ our house and lawn.

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2. Last semester we got a new teacher in the middle of the semester. By the time the first

teacher left, we (study) ______________________ with her for more than five weeks.

3. Sharon moved to the US last year. Her husband moved here more recently. (she, live)

______________________ in the US for a long time before her husband came her to join

her?

4. Dr. Schultz is our family physician. When he retires next year, we (see)

______________________ for more than 20 years.

5. The first week, these new shoes were too small, but now they (feel)

______________________ perfect on my feet.

6. A I can’t figure out what’s wrong with this paper.

B Show it to me later in the day, and I (try) ______________________ to help you.

A Thanks, but I don’t want to bother you.

B That’s OK. I (not do) ______________________ anything special this afternoon, so

it’s not a problem. (½ point each)

7. Many years ago people (wore, use to wear, used to wear, would wear)

______________________ heavy clothes when they went to the beach.

8. The US capital (be, used to be, was, would be) ______________________ in

Philadelphia.

9. History class meets from 10:00 to 12:30. Art class meets from 11:00 to 12:00. When

some students (listen) ______________________ to a history lecture at 11:30, others

(attend) ______________________ an art class.

10. History class meets from 10:00 to 12:30. Art class meets from 11:00 to 12:00. Tomorrow,

the history class (meet) ______________________ when the art class (start)

______________________ at 11:00.



Passives

11. This book on gladiator games in ancient Rome (originally, write)

______________________ in French.

12. When my paper (finish) ______________________ I handed it into the teacher.

13. (people, believe) ______________________ in unlucky numbers in your country? In my

country, the number 4 (consider) ______________________ bad luck.

14. Look at this. (this glass, fill) ______________________ with warm tea?

15. When I heard the (upset) ______________________ news I called my friends for

support. After talking with them, I felt more (relax) ______________________.

16. Because Steven had too many absences, he (drop) ______________________ from the

class. The director sent him a letter about this decision.

17. So far, temperatures (increase) ______________________ steadily for the past three

weeks. Right now, it really feels like summer.

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18. In Peru last year, a team of scientists (discover) ______________________.

19. Last Friday, Linda (present) ______________________ with a special award by the

university.



Modals

20. It’s true that many Americans have guns, but they (own) ______________________

them. It’s completely optional.

21. The concert won’t be very crowded, so we (arrive) ______________________ there

early. If you want to, that’s OK, but it’s not necessary.

22. Before the 1960’s, students (attend) ______________________ classes wearing shorts

and t-shirts. There were strict rules against that.

23. I don’t know the name of the movie, but my roommate (watch)

______________________ a comedy last night when I came home at 8:00. I heard him

laughing a lot, so I’m sure it was a funny movie.

24. Because we arrived at the restaurant a little late when it was almost empty, we (get)

______________________ a table without waiting. [modal of ability]

25. I got so sunburned at the beach yesterday. I (apply) ______________________ sun

block to my skin. Not doing that was a big mistake.

26. I don’t know what that animal we saw in the lake was, but it (be)

______________________ a penguin. There’s no way penguins could live in Lake

Michigan.

27. This chapter (teach) ______________________ last semester, but I really don’t know for

certain. I wasn’t here last semester.

28. Each country has different rules for tourists. (you, get) ______________________ a visa

before you went to Norway?



Conditionals

29. Only if (you, use) ______________________ oil-based paint (this picture, look)

______________________ right. [delete if]

30. If this painting (paint) ______________________ by Michelangelo the museum would

have paid millions for it. [delete if]

31. Don’t open a door if you (see) ______________________ the sign “Emergency Exit

Only.”

32. I wish I (pay) ______________________ attention during last week’s lecture.

33. Al hopes all his friends (remember) ______________________ him next year when he’s

in Tennessee.

34. That’s too bad you didn’t know any English last year. If you (know)

______________________ English really well last year (you, find)

______________________ a good job in your country?

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35. No, of course that ring wasn’t gold. If it (make) ______________________ of gold I (can

buy) ______________________ it. I didn’t have enough money to buy a real gold ring.

36. If (you, visit) ______________________ my country next year (you, travel)

______________________ for the whole summer?



Articles

Fill in the blanks with the, a(n) or Ø so as to make the sentences correct.

37. You need to bring ________ number 2 pencil to ________ TOEFL exam that we’re

having on ________ Thursday. ________ pencil should be sharp.

38. Matthew flew from ________ England to ________ US by himself. ________ friend met

him at ________ airport.

39. ________ Candlestick Park is a famous part of San Francisco. In Los Angeles, ________

Rodeo Drive is famous for shopping. In Thailand, many people like to go to ________

Pipi Island. ________ Nile River attracts millions of tourists to Egypt every year.

40. People aren’t sure what is ________ largest city in the world. Certainly, Shanghai is

________ very large city which impresses ________ visitors with its energy. In ________

article you’ll read for next week, you’ll learn more about this economic dynamo of China.



Final Part 1, University Bridge Grammar, Spring 2002. By SECTIONS.

1. arrived, we had cleaned

2. had been studying (duration emphasized)

3. had she been living

4. will have been seeing (duration emphasized, also idiom of seeing for professional

relationships)

5. feel (stative, non-behavioral)

6. will try (willingness)…am not doing / won’t be doing (prior plan)

7. wore / used to wear / would wear

8. used to be, was, would be (not a behavior)

9. are listening …are attending

10. will be meeting…starts

11. was originally written

12. was finished / got finished

13. do people believe…is considered

14. Is this glass filled

15. upsetting news,…relaxed

16. was dropped / dropped (intentional)

17. have been increasing (non-intentional, duration emphasized/ have been increased (not

intentional)

18. discovered something / were discovered (patient is required)

19. was presented

20. don’t have to own (absence of necessity)

21. wont’ have to arrive (future absence of necessity)

22. weren’t allowed to attend / couldn’t attend

23. must have been watching (strong prediction)

24. were able to get / could get (single event in past)

25. should have applied (unreal past necessity)

26. couldn’t have been / must not have been

27. might have been taught (past weak certainty)

28. did you have to get

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29. you use…[no comma] will this picture look right

30. had been painted by Michelangelo, had this painting been painted

31. see

32. had paid

33. will remember

34. had known…year, would you have found

35. were made of gold, …couldn’t have bought

36. visit my country next year, will you travel

37. a, the, Ø, the

38. Ø, the, a, the

39. Ø, Ø, Ø, the

40. the, a, Ø, the



Final Part 2— Name _____________________

Gerunds, Infinitives, Clauses, Connectives

Spring 2002, University Bridge



Use the words in parentheses to BEST complete the following sentences. You may have to

add negatives, nouns, prepositions or commas.



If there is only a blank, but no word in parentheses, then choose the BEST relative clause

to complete the sentence. You may have to add prepositions, quantifiers or negatives. If

both which and that are correct, you must write which / that. If it says [delete relative

clause], you should delete the relative clause if possible.



1. A full moon night is ____________________________ the ocean is most romantic.



2. A man ____________________________ I didn’t know came here to give you a



message.



3. Asking a computer science major is ____________________________ you can fix your



PC.



4. At the reception, the guests (invite, try) ____________________________ new kinds of



food.



5. Can we meet some place ____________________________ has an Internet



connection? [delete relative clause]



6. Come join our team members half ____________________________ are women.



7. Deigo ____________________________ our office manager speaks English, French,



Swedish and some Spanish.



8. Do you mind (must, do) ____________________________ so much homework?



9. Don’t keep your vacation plans a secret. Your boss needs (tell)



____________________________ about your vacation plans.

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10. During practice, Billy (get / have / make, sing) ____________________________ louder



than before. He didn’t like this, but the director required it.



11. During the meeting, reporters were forbidden (take) ____________________________



notes.



12. He’s from a city ____________________________ main export is coffee.



13. Her job involves (arrange) ____________________________ meetings with dozens of



people.



14. I appreciate (come) ____________________________ to my party. Thank you so much.



15. I chose to live with an American host family. I wanted (can, talk)



____________________________ in English every day with native speakers.



16. I look forward (paint) ____________________________ by a famous artist.



17. In addition (chose) ____________________________ as the team’s Most Valued Player,



Cindi also helped win the game.



18. Let’s talk with Stan ____________________________ was given all the information.



[delete relative clause]



19. Liz is so excited about her stage premier. Next week, for the first time in her life, she’ll act



professionally. She knows she will remember (hear) ____________________________



the applause of that day for many years to come.



20. Maybe we’ll visit aunt Shirley ____________________________ lives in Daytona, Beach



Florida. [delete relative clause]



21. Mom, don’t you remember (meet) ____________________________ Sheel in India? We



met him and his family, and then went to their village



22. My landlord ____________________________ I had an argument now never says hello



to me.



23. My neighbors all ____________________________ I know are generally friendly.



24. My sister blamed (leave) ____________________________ the window open.



25. No, I didn’t know about the party. Someone forgot (tell)



____________________________.

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26. No, I don’t think this charge of $173 is correct. I remember (already, bill)



____________________________ by your company for this amount.



27. Nothing can remove that stain! I tried soap, gasoline, special cleaners. I even tried (use)



____________________________ bleach. I tried them all. Nothing worked.



28. Often when you’re a in a foreign country, you have to get used to (stare at)



____________________________.



29. Randy ____________________________ you talked to last week wants to meet you



again.



30. Sean convinced (play) ____________________________ soccer.



31. Stockholm, Sweden is ____________________________ the Nobel Prizes are awarded.



32. That was the suggestion ____________________________ we were opposed.



33. The candidate ____________________________ has been interviewed three times is



certainly the best. [delete relative clause]



34. The management prohibits (make) ____________________________ photocopies for



personal use.



35. Their team seems (already / win) ____________________________ the game.



36. There are two Jenny’s in our class. The Jenny ____________________________ is a bit



shy sits in the front.



37. This is a letter for the postman. When I’m on vacation, I usually (get / have / make, my



mail, leave) ____________________________ my mail with a friend.



38. This is the book ____________________________ I’m interested.



39. To see the stage better was ____________________________ we moved to the front.



40. We really liked the magic tricks ____________________________ you did. [delete



relative clause]



41. We were exempt (attend) ____________________________ statistics.





Connectives

Use the words in parentheses to BEST complete the following sentences. Sometimes you

will have to provide connectives or negatives.

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42. At that store (they, accept) ____________________________ returns only if (you, have)



____________________________ the receipt.



43. Despite (get) ____________________________ wet at the picnic we all loved it.



44. I brought my camera so that I (take) ____________________________ a picture of



Queen Elizabeth.



45. In our school, (so / such, few) ____________________________ students speak



Albanian that Eralda has to talk with everyone in English.



46. Inches, pounds, and degrees Fahrenheit aren’t common all over the world. (moreover, on



the contrary, on the other hand) ____________________________ they are only used in



the US.



47. Kent traveled from Arizona to Montana last December so that his kids (see)



____________________________ snow.



48. Later today, (we, play) ____________________________ soccer unless (it, rain)



____________________________.



49. No sooner (she, start) ____________________________ to read (the phone, ring)



____________________________.



50. Not once (she, miss) ____________________________ class.



51. Not unless (these apples, be) ____________________________ ripe (I, use)



____________________________ them in my pie.



52. Ryan’s shy. (he, seldom, bring) ____________________________ friends to his house.



53. Seldom (it, snow) ____________________________ in Florida.



54. She lives outside the city. (nonetheless, it, take) ____________________________ her a



long time long to drive downtown.



55. These kittens are (so / such, small) ____________________________ that I’m afraid to



pick them up.



56. Yesterday was (so / such, rainy) ____________________________ day we didn’t do



anything outside.

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For these sentences, choose a connective that is correct. Do NOT change any

punctuation.

57. ____________________________ lots of people came, there were still enough chairs for



everyone.



58. This was a great book. I, ____________________________, want to read it a second



time.



59. We spoke very quietly, ____________________________ no one could hear us.



60. We’ll have our final today, ____________________________ we’ll have the TOEFL test



tomorrow.







Final Part 2—Spring 2002. ALPHABETICAL

1. when 30. us to play

2. whom (restrictive) 31. where

3. how 32. to which

4. were invited to try 33. who has been interviewed

5. some place with an 34. us from making / our making

6. , half of whom 35. already to have won

7. , who’s our office manager, 36. who (restrictive because there are 2

8. having to do Jenny’s)

9. to be told / you to tell him (tell needs 37. get my mail left

a patient) 38. in which

10. was made to sing / had to sing / was 39. why

gotten to sing 40. which / that

11. to take / to taking / from take (don’t 41. from attending

confuse with prohibited from taking) 42. they accept…you have

12. whose / where 43. getting wet at the picnic,

13. arranging 44. could take / took (so that generally

14. your coming requires a modal)

15. to be able to talk 45. so few

16. to being painted 46. on the contrary,

17. to being chosen 47. could see / would see

18. , who (non-restrictive) 48. we will play…it rains

19. hearing 49. had she started…than the phone

20. , who (non-restrictive) rang

21. meeting 50. has she missed / did she miss / she

22. , with whom I had an argument, miss

(non-restrictive since my limits the 51. these apples are…will I use

landlord to one person) 52. seldom does he bring / he seldom

23. , all of whom, I know, brings

24. me for leaving (object required for 53. does it snow

blame) 54. Nonetheless, it doesn’t take (the

25. to tell me meaning requires a negative)

26. already being billed / already having 55. so small

been billed 56. such a rainy

27. using / to use (to use not correct 57. Although

since the speaker did try this) 58. therefore / moreover

28. being stared at 59. so

29. , whom you talked to last week, 60. and / so / but

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Finals

Final 1, Tenses, Modals, Passives, Articles Name_________________________

University Bridge Winter 2002

Use words in parentheses to BEST complete the following sentences. If there is only a

blank, without any word(s) in parentheses, then use an article or Ø.



1. ______________________________ fire frightens most animals.

2. All of the candidates (interview) ______________________________ tomorrow for 5

hours from 9 AM until 2 PM.

3. All of the documents (sign) ______________________________ in front of a witness.

That’s the rule.

4. Archaeologists don’t know who this mummy was, but they know it (be)

______________________________ King Tut. X-rays have shown that the mummy was

almost certainly female, not male.

5. By the time St Patrick’s Day Parade was over, everyone (drink)

______________________________ several glasses of green beer.

6. Come join us. Everyone is in ______________________________ backyard. We’re

having ______________________________ barbecue. If you want

______________________________ drink, you’ll find one in

______________________________ kitchen. [1/4 point each]

7. Did you hear ______________________________ news last night? There was

______________________________ good story about

______________________________ old French woman who lived to be 120. She talked

about some of ______________________________ experiences she had in her life.

[1/4 point each]

8. Do you hear that howling noise? What is it? Ah, the wind (blow)

______________________________ very hard. I’m sure that’s the explanation.

9. Evelyn (see) ______________________________ a doctor for her back pain.

10. Everyone, please look at ______________________________ page 56. Look at

______________________________ third paragraph on

______________________________ page. What ______________________________

words are new for you? [1/4 point each]

11. For his vacation, Ben is going to drive to ______________________________ Kennedy

Airport on ______________________________ Long Island and then fly to

______________________________ Virgin Islands. He’s going to stay in

______________________________ same hotel I stayed in last year. [1/4 point each]

12. Here’s a suggestion. Shy students (give) ______________________________ extra

opportunities to build their confidence.

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13. I saw Nathan wearing ______________________________ orange hat.

______________________________ hat was so big it looked like

______________________________ pumpkin. It seemed strange until I remembered it

was ______________________________ Halloween. [1/4 point each]

14. A I wanted to give this letter to Linda, but she left. What can I do?

B Well, I (see) ______________________________ her this afternoon at 3. Yesterday

we (agree) ______________________________ to meet today. We (have)

______________________________ coffee together. I (give)

______________________________ the letter to her. (1/4 point each]

15. I’m going ______________________________ home soon.

16. In grade school, Antonio (use to know, used to know, used to knew, would know, would

knew, knew, know, was knowing) ______________________________ the names of all

the US presidents. [circle all that are correct]

17. In Robert’s primary school, there was no requirement that students study a foreign

language. He (take) ______________________________ Spanish, but he chose to

anyway.

18. In Venice, Dad and I (stay) ______________________________ near the train station.

19. It (know) ______________________________ for more than 40 years that smoking is

hazardous to your health.

20. Listen here you kids! This room (clean) ______________________________ up

completely by the time I get back from the store! Understand?

21. Look, Colin got just 35% on the quiz. He (do) ______________________________ much

preparation for the quiz. I’m convinced of that.

22. No one knows for certain, but Ann (elect) ______________________________ class

president next week.

23. Quito, Ecuador has stunning views of ______________________________ Andes

Mountains. Did you know that some people say ______________________________

Mount Chimborazo is ______________________________ tallest in the world? Here’s a

picture of it in ______________________________ morning. [1/4 point each]

24. Someone’s books (leave) ______________________________ in the classroom

yesterday afternoon.

25. That was a mistake to come to class yesterday if you were sick. You (stay)

______________________________ home instead of coming here.

26. The CD player was OK, but now it (sound) ______________________________ wrong.

27. The weather (get) ______________________________ much warmer by the time the

spring quarter ends in June.

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28. The world’s first Ferris wheel (build) ______________________________ in Chicago in

1893.

29. There will be an optional lecture next Monday. Students (attend)

______________________________ this lecture. But if you’re having troubles in class,

you will benefit from it.

30. This (excite) ______________________________ book appealed even to the students

who felt (bore) ______________________________.

31. This is not a group exercise. Students (help) ______________________________ each

other on the final. That’s strictly forbidden.

32. This picture (take) ______________________________ in front of the John Hancock

Center.

33. This tom yum soup has a great smell. (it, bring) ______________________________ for

me to eat?

34. Very often ______________________________ Kennedy Expressway is slow due to

______________________________ traffic problems. It’s probably faster to take

______________________________ subway. Just go to

______________________________ Dearborn Street and you’ll be able to use it. [1/4

point each]

35. What (you, do) ______________________________ at this exact time yesterday?

36. When Erin lived in Wisconsin, she (played, use to play, plays, was playing, used to play,

would play, used to played, had played) ______________________________ her guitar

all the time. [circle all that are correct]

37. When I saw all ______________________________ people who were in

______________________________ Grant Park for

______________________________ Fourth of July fireworks, I couldn’t believe it. It was

______________________________ largest crowd I’d even seen. [1/4 point each]

38. Why are you going to see Ben-Hur? (you, already, not, see)

______________________________ it before?

39. You and Deana will start to study at 9 and won’t stop until noon. She will go for a break at

9:30. When Deana goes for a break, you (study) ______________________________

for just half an hour.

40. You didn’t inform Professor Simons about your late paper until today? That was a

mistake. He (know) ______________________________ yesterday about your late

paper.

Final Part 1, Tenses, Modals, Passives, Articles—ALHPABETICAL

University Bridge Winter 2002

1. Ø 4. couldn’t have been

2. are going to be interviewed 5. had drunk

3. must be signed / have to be signed 6. the…a…a…the

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7. the…a…an…the 24. were left

8. must be blowing 25. should have stayed

9. has been seeing / is seeing / was 26. sounds

seeing 27. will have gotten

10. Ø…the…the …Ø 28. was built

11. Ø… Ø…the…the 29. don’t have to attend

12. should be given 30. exciting…bored

13. an…The…a… Ø 31. must not help

14. am going to see…agreed…are 32. was taken

going to have / are having…will give 33. Was it brought

15. Ø 34. the… Ø…the… Ø

16. used to know, knew 35. were you doing

17. didn’t have to 36. played / used to play / would play /

18. stayed was playing

19. has been known 37. the… Ø…the…the

20. had better be cleaned 38. Haven’t you already seen

21. should have done 39. will have been studying

22. might / may could be elected 40. should have known

23. the… Ø…the…the





Final Review Name _______________________

Winter 2003

Answers



Tense and Aspect

1. Excuse me. _________________________ an extra pen?

A have you B are you having

C do you have D have you had



2. Last year, by the time I _________________________ on vacation

_________________________ here for three months.

A go B went

C was gone D had gone



A , I had already been studying B I was already studying

C , I was already studying D I had already been studying



3. Probably next year when I _________________________ to my country

_________________________ for a job in international business.

A am going to return B will return

C return D am returning



A , I look B , I will look

C I am going to look D , I am looking



4. What _________________________ now with that car?

A do they do B are they doing

C do they D have they been doing



5. Next year, by the time your husband (join) _________________________ you here in

Sacramento (you, live) _________________________ many months alone?

A joins B is joined

C is going to join D join

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A , will you be living B , will you have been lived

C , are you living D , will you have been living



6. When I _________________________ something burning I ran into the kitchen and found

something on fire in the oven.

A smelled B was smelling

C smelt D was smelled



7. I’m sorry. I _________________________ you because I _________________________ to the

radio.

A am not hear B don’t hear

C cannot hear D not hearing



A am listening B listen

C was listening D do listen



8. _________________________ to the cafeteria for lunch.

A Jeremy seldom goes B Jeremy goes seldom

C Seldom does Jeremy goes D Jeremy has gone seldom



9. Suzie _________________________ tall and often very friendly, but right now she

_________________________ quite shy.

A is B has been

C be D was



A is B is being

C had been D has been being



10. Mahmud has class from 9 to 10:30. Melissa has class from 9:30 to 11:00. When Mahmud

_________________________ in the classroom at 9:30 Melissa (enter)

_________________________ her classroom.

A sits B sat

C is sitting D had sat



A , Melissa was entering B , Melissa is entering

C , Melissa enters D , Melissa is enterring



11. When I was a child in Poland, I _________________________ a few hours outside of Warsaw.

A used to live B was living

C lived D would live



12. We _________________________ to music while we _________________________. It was

great to have music there the whole time.

A are listening B were listening

C did listen D had been listening



A , were chatting B , did chat

C were chatting D chat



Passives

13. Several questions _________________________ at the meeting by the time I arrived.

A already had been asked B already were being asked

C already asked D had already been asked

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14. Clark gave me a great present for my birthday. Sarah _________________________ one for her

birthday too.

A was giving B was given

C gave D had given



15. Weren’t you a little _________________________ with that movie? I was less

_________________________ than I’d expected.

A boring / interesting B boring / interested

C bored / interesting D bored / interested



16. Miami _________________________ its beaches and night life.

A is known for B is known

C is known by D knows



17. We went to an outdoor market in Honduras and _________________________.

A were bought B , …bought

C bought something D bought



18. Before we _________________________ tomorrow, we should check to see if anything

_________________________.

A are left B will leave

C are going to be left D leave



A , forgets B , is going to be forgotten

C , will have been forgotten D , has been forgotten



19. The firefighters tried to stop the fire _________________________ from one house to the next.

A but it spread B , but it spread

C but it was spread D , but it had been spread



20. During next Christmas vacation, the entire building _________________________ down in order

to save money on electricity.

A will be shut B is shut

C has been shut D shuts



21. Randall, when you _________________________ my camera, please put in back in its case.

A are finished with B finish

C finish with D are finished



22. Carnaval _________________________ with special feeling in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

A celebrates B does celebrate

C has celebrated D is celebrated



23. Those illustrated books _________________________ for young children.

A were bought B was bought

C buy D have bought



Modals

24. On the test last week we _________________________ our dictionaries. That would have been

considered cheating. [prohibition]

A weren't allowed to use B weren’t not allowed to used

C didn't have to use D mustn't have used



25. You _________________________ with us if you don’t want to. [absence of necessity]

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A don’t have to come B haven’t to come

C mustn’t come D haven’t need to come



26. You (travel) _________________________ in that tropical jungle last year without a mosquito

net. It was stupid not to bring one. [advice]

A might not have travelled B should have traveled

C shouldn’t have traveled D shouldn’t travel



27. Why did they give Nathan a name tag that says “Nancy”? He _________________________ with

some one else. That’s the most likely explanation.

A shouldn't have confused B must have been confused

C had to be confused D had to have been confused



28. I forgot my cell phone. Do you mind _________________________ yours.

A if I use B my using

C if I used D I use



29. No, I didn’t go see Thomas. I _________________________ my mom with some things around

the house.

A must have helped B was supposed to help

C had to helped D had to help



30. Karla wanted to go water skiing yesterday but just stayed on the beach. I guess she

_________________________ someone to drive the boat.

A didn’t find B must not have been able to find

C might have not could find D couldn’t have had to find



31. Boris isn’t in his office but he _________________________ home now. I’m not sure, though.

A must be driving B might be driving

C must drive D might drive



32. That song was beautiful. I don’t know what language it was in but it

_________________________ in Russian. I’m sure Russian doesn’t sound anything like that.

A couldn’t have been B shouldn’t have been

C wouldn’t have been D wouldn’t be in



33. Many years ago I _________________________ all night but I lost that ability when I got older.

A would dance B could dance

C used to be able to dance D should have danced



Conditionals

34. They wouldn’t have understood _________________________ to explain quantum physics.

A if had you tried B had you tried

C you had tried D if you had tried



35. Kimiyo will accompany you _________________________ how to get there by yourself.

A if you don’t know B don’t you know

C weren’t you to know D if you didn’t know



36. Wesley _________________________ for that job if her application hadn’t been really good.

A wasn’t hired B wouldn’t have hired

C were not to have been hired D wouldn't have been hired



37. My cat Fluffy _________________________ such soft, silky fur if I didn’t brush her every day.

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A hadn’t B wouldn’t have

C doesn’t have D wouldn’t had



38. If things don’t work out for _________________________ with me at my place.

A you would stay B would you stay

C , you may stay D , you are staying



39. If you see a red alarm light on this panel _________________________ the following number.

This is absolutely necessary.

A you might call B you must call

C you call D you must be called



40. We _________________________ a cab _________________________.

A had to have had to take B would have had to take

C must have had to take D must took



A if we’d been late B if we were to have been

C had we been late D if had been we



41. If Filip _________________________ he would be better informed.

A checks his email more often B checked his email more often

C were to check his email more often D had checked his email more often



42. Heather hopes Codie _________________________ her photos tomorrow.

A would bring B will bring

C is going to bring D Brings



43. Alex wishes Austin _________________________ more clearly when she left her number.

A spoke B would have spoken

C were to speak D had spoken



44. Things like this wouldn’t happen _________________________ king!

A if I am B am I

C if I were D were I



Gerunds and Infinitives

45. Instead of _________________________ you should feel excited about these changes in your

life.

A being bored, B boring,

C your boring, D to bore,



46. I miss _________________________ my favorite dishes by my mother.

A cooking B to be cooked

C being cooked D having been cooked



47. The travel agent recommends _________________________ all the forms before we go to the

embassy.

A us to already have completed B we already complete

C already having been completed D already having completed



48. I don’t mind _________________________ a suit and tie to work.

A I must wear B must wear

C having to wear D to have to wear

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49. We heard _________________________ the cello and it was wonderful.

A you play B you playing

C you to play D your playing



50. We consider _________________________ three articles a major strength in your application

for this job.

A you already have published B you to already have published

C your already having published D you’re already having published



51. In high school, teachers insist _________________________ physical exercise. They need a

doctor’s letter _________________________ physical education class. [gerund and / or

infinitive]

A on students’ getting B on students getting

C students to get D on students to get



A to be excused from B to excuse from

C for excusing from D to be excused by



52. After so many months in the US, now I _________________________ English regularly. It was

hard in the beginning, though.

A have gotten used to speak B am used to speaking

C used to speak D used to speaking



53. She’s excited _________________________ Phil and Crystal next weekend. She clearly

remembers _________________________ lots of fun with them last year.

A about she can see B can to see

C to seeing D about being able to see



A having B to have had

C to have D her having



54. For some reason, that guy refused _________________________ an answer.

A to give me B to give

C giving me D to have been given me



55. He deserved _________________________ a promotion by his company.

A having been given B his giving

C to have been given D he has been given



56. Moore claims _________________________ by an angry bull many years ago

A having been attacked B to have been attacked

C to attack D to be attacked



57. Hanna got her car _________________________ last week.

A to be fixed B fixed

C to fix D be fixed



58. During the hurricane, we _________________________ our homes for three days.

A must to have left B were made to leave

C were made to have left D made to leave



Adjective Clauses

59. Let’s ask someone _________________________ knows the answer.

A who B whom

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C , who D , whom



60. Franklin Roosevelt _________________________ was elected president four different times.

A , about whom we just saw in that video B , who we just saw in that video clip,

clip,

C whom we just saw in that video clip D , whom we just saw in that video clip,



61. Penny is the person _________________________ I studied in 1987. We were classmates for

one semester.

A , with whom B who

C whom D with whom



62. What’s the name of a European city _________________________ streets you can see sidewalk

cafes?

A on whose B , where

C , whose D where



63. Jose Alfredo Jimenez _________________________ sang about love and its failures.

A who was a great mariachi B , about whom was a great mariachi,

C , who was a great mariachi, D was a great mariachi



64. Can you recommend an accountant _________________________ can help me with my taxes.

A whom B , with whom

C who D , who



65. In our hotel we have a dozen rooms _________________________ have excellent views.

A , all of which B all of them

C all of which D , all of them



66. Please write down the names of people _________________________.

A whom call B who call me

C , who call me D call me



67. I’d like to know _________________________ you met.

A how B the way how

C of how D the way



68. People _________________________ can take them on airplanes.

A who have small dogs B , with small dogs,

C with small dogs D whose small dogs



69. Let’s interview all the people _________________________ have used our website.

A , have they used B who have used

C , who have used D with used



70. Using please and thank you is _________________________ you can make your requests more

polite.

A what B Ø

C the way how D how



71. To show our love is _________________________ we give gifts on birthdays or Valentine’s Day.

A how B the reason why

C why D the reason

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72. Antarctica is _________________________ you can see penguins.

A how B who

C where D what



73. The Fourth of July is _________________________ most cities have fireworks displays.

A , the time when B when

C the time when D Ø



74. I read a great book _________________________ name I just can’t remember right now.

A its B it’s

C whose D of whose



Connectives

75. Sarah is in third grade _________________________ she loves her teacher.

A so B , and

C , in addition D and



76. The movie was average length_________________________ it seemed really long and dull.

A but B , although

C although D , however,



77. _________________________ I’m wearing sunglasses, the sun still bothers my eyes.

A However B But

C In spite of D Although



78. Be sure to close the windows when you leave your apartment. _________________________

the cat might jump out when you’re gone.

A Otherwise B Unless

C On the other hand, D Otherwise,



79. Only if _________________________ lectures _________________________ the material in

this course.

A attend you B you attend

C do you attend D you will attend



A will you understand B you will understand

C can you understand D you do understand





80. Not unless _________________________ (I, accept) _________________________ them.

A your papers aren’t typed B your papers are typed

C aren’t your papers typed D your papers typed



A , will I accept B I will accept

C will I accept D , I won’t accept



81. Some people love swimming in a pool. _________________________ swimming

_________________________ at the beach.

A Sophie likes B Does Sophie like

C Likes Sophie D Sophie does like



A only if is she B only if were she

C only if she’s D , only if she is

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82. No sooner _________________________ _________________________ very loudly.

A the concert hadn’t started B had the concert started

C the concert started D did the concert start



A , sneezed someone B than had someone sneezed

C someone sneezed D than someone sneezed



83. Rarely _________________________ major complaints about my job.

A do I have B I have had

C I do have D I don’t have



84. No, Derrick and I didn’t get married soon after we met. _________________________ we had

been dating each other for years.

A However B On the contrary

C On the other hand D Yet



85. Here’s something to remember about home repairs. They always take longer than you expect.

_________________________ than you hope.

A Although they cost more, B Moreover, they cost more

C Because they cost more D Seldom they cost more,



86. You can get a snack out of that machine _________________________ you put in the correct

amount of money.

A only if B if only

C even though D even if



87. _________________________ it was dangerous to drive this morning.

A Because the foggy weather, B In spite of the foggy weather,

C Due to the foggy weather, D Due the foggy weather,



88. _________________________ not having done much preparation Greg did very well on his test.

A Although B Despite

C In spite D In spite of



89. Last week _________________________ people came they cancelled the lecture.

A so few B such little

C so little D such few



90. That note is _________________________ only a soprano could sing it.

A such a high B so high

C such high D high



91. You’ve got _________________________ smile.

A such beautiful B so beautiful

C such a beautiful D so beautiful a



92. He spoke slowly _________________________ we understood almost everything.

A such B , so

C , such D so



93. We took a map _________________________.

A so that we didn’t get lost B , so that we wouldn’t get lost

C so we wouldn’t get lost D , so we didn’t get lost

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Articles

94. I can’t understand some of_________________________ words in this article. Do you

have_________________________ dictionary? I forgot_________________________ mine.

_________________________ teacher said we could use dictionaries.

A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



95. Last night, I was with_________________________ friend. We’d just

seen_________________________ movie and were walking along Massachusetts Avenue. We

saw_________________________ moon and it was beautiful.

A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



96. You can take _________________________ taxi to _________________________ O’Hare

Airport. They stop in front of _________________________ Grant Park. It’ll be easy. Just get in,

tell _________________________ driver you what you want, and he’ll take you there.

A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



97. Do you like_________________________ chicken? I had_________________________ pet

chicken when I was little and can’t eat it now. I always think of how cute

_________________________ pet chicken was. _________________________ memory of that

pet won’t let me eat poultry at all.

A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

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C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



98. Gold costs hundreds of dollars _________________________ ounce. I learned that when I went

to _________________________ jewelry store last week to ask about prices for

_________________________ engagement ring. _________________________ jewelry store

had great rings but all of them were very expensive.

A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



99. I was at _________________________ party last year and learned something new from Patricia.

She’s_________________________ person who told me that _________________________

tallest waterfall in_________________________ world is in Venezuela.

A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



100. You can get there by _________________________ car. A friend of mine

who’s_________________________ native Chicagoan here said it’s easy to drive. Just

take_________________________ Dan Ryan Expressway for about

_________________________ hour.

A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø



A a B the

C an D Ø

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Final Review Answers

1. D / A is correct in British English but not American.

2. B…D [C is not the best answer for a test since it doesn’t emphasize duration.]

3. C…D.

4. B

5. A. D [B doesn’t emphasize duration and is, therefore, not as good as D.]

6. A

7. C / B…A

8. B. C is incorrect because of goes.

9. A…A / B [The progressive may be used for temporary, in-progress behaviors.]

10. C…C

11. A / B / C [D is incorrect. Would + verb is only used for past habitual behaviors.]

12. B…C [While is a subordinator and doesn’t take a comma when its clause follows the main clause

and it has the meaning of time-while. When it has the meaning of contrast-while, it always needs

a comma.]

13. A. B would be OK if the sentence said when I arrived.

14. B

15. D

16. A

17. C [Buy is an always-transitive verb. It needs a patient.]

18. D…D [Both answers need to be in the present tense to refer to future grammar. The first is an

adverb clause of time; the second is an adverb clause of condition.]

19. B [Spread is a Group 5 middle verb and can have a patient as a subject in either active or passive

sentences. But in a passive sentence, it carries the meaning of intentionality. Here, there is no

intentionality, so we must use the active.]

20. A [Intentionality is present, so we need to use the passive of close, another Group 5 middle verb.]

21. A / C [Finish is a Group 6 verb with special idiomatic uses in the passive.]

22. D

23. A

24. A

25. A

26. C [In British English, travel has an irregular spelling. Even though the stress is on the first

syllable, the final l is doubled. In American English, we don’t double the l. However, worship is

irregular in American English, which doubles the final p although this doesn’t happen in British

English.]

27. B, D [Had to + verb is used for real past necessity and differs from must have + past participle.

However, had to have + verb is identical in meaning to must have + past participle.]

28. C [A is correct in ordinary speech and informal writing but is not the BEST answer on a test. B,

although grammatically correct, is awkward and has a slightly different meaning. It is not a

request for permission but instead asks, in the abstract, if my using your cell phone is a problem.]

29. D [B is usually unreal past necessity, and therefore not as good an answer as D.] Remember,

the default meaning of BE supposed to + verb is unreal; the default meaning of needed to + verb

is real. However, depending on context, either may be real or unreal.]

30. B [This is a double modal. Might/may not have been able to find is another possible answer.]

31. B

32. A

33. B, C [Could + verb generally can’t be used for single, positive events in the past, but his is a past

habit. A isn’t about ability. It would be acceptable in a sentence like Many years ago I would

dance all night, but I don’t do that anymore.]

34. B / D [Unreal conditionals may be reduced.]

35. A

36. D

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37. B

38. C

39. B

40. B…A / C [Unreal conditionals may be reduced.]

41. B / C [Would be tells us this is present-future unreal.]

42. B / C / D [It’s OK to use future grammar for future meaning here. This is not an adverb of time or

condition.]

43. B/D

44. C / D [Although D is rare in ordinary speech, it’s grammatically correct.]

45. A

46. C

47. A / B / D [B is covered under Noun Clauses. We use the subjunctive for verbs of persuasion,

recommendation or urging. D is used for a general recommendation; A for a recommendation

directly made to us.]

48. C

49. A / B [D is wrong because with verbs of perception (see, hear, notice, etc. ) we generally don’t

use possessive + gerund.]

50. C

51. A [B is common in informal writing, but it should be possessive students’ in careful writing]…A

52. B [I have gotten used to speaking would probably be the best of all possible answers. A,

however, is not correct since it doesn’t have a gerund.]

53. D…A [Having had would also be a possible answer.]

54. A/B

55. C [Students might be tempted to answer his being given, but that doesn’t work.]

56. B [D doesn’t work because the attack clearly happened before the claim, and the perfect infinitive

is needed to communicate this meaning.]

57. B [In an active causative, we need Hannah got someone to fix her car, but when the infinitive is

made passive we eliminate the to and we omit the BE: Hannah got her car to be fixed.]

58. B [Had to leave would also be correct.]

59. A

60. D

61. D

62. A [Break the sentence in two to analyze it. What’s the name of a European city? You can see

sidewalk cafés on its streets. We need a possessive relative adjective (whose) to substitute for

its; we also need the preposition on.]

63. C

64. C

65. A [Expressions of quantity with relative adjectives always use a comma whether they’re restrictive

or not.]

66. B

67. A / D [How is different from other relative adverbs: we cannot use it together with the head noun.

Its how or the way, not the way how. The other relative adverbs (when, why, where) can be head

noun + adverb OR adverb OR head noun: the time when OR when OR the time; the reason why

OR why OR the reason; the place where OR the place OR where.]

68. A/C

69. B [D can’t be used. We can reduce the adjective clause and change have to with ONLY when

have is the main verb. Here have perfect auxiliary.]

70. D

71. B/C/D

72. C [Other possible answers would be a place where or a place.]

73. B/C

74. C

75. B

76. C

77. D

78. A

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79. B…A / C [Do you understand might be another possible answer, but it’s not as good as will you

understand or can you understand. Remember that we tend to only use modals or the future in

the main clause when only if fronts a sentence.]

80. B…C

81. A…C [Because the only if is not fronted, it’s not necessary to use a modal or future tense in the

main clause.]

82. B…D

83. A [Another possible answer would be do I not have.]

84. B

85. B

86. A

87. C

87._________________________ it was dangerous to drive this morning.

A Because the foggy weather, B In spite of the foggy weather,

C Due to the foggy weather, D Due the foggy weather,

88. B / D

89. A

90. B [Such a high one is also possible.]

91. C

92. B [This is result-so. With purpose-so, the sentence would be He spoke slowly so (that) we would

understand almost everything without a comma.]

93. C / D

93. We took a map _________________________.

A so that we didn’t get lost B , so that we wouldn’t get lost

C so we wouldn’t get lost D , so we didn’t get lost



94. B…A…D…B

95. A…A…B

96. A…D…D…B

97. D…A…B…B

98. C…A…C…B

99. A…B…B…B

100. D…A…B…C

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Final 2: Conditionals, Clauses, Name__________________

Gerunds and Infinitives, Connectives. BY SECTIONS

University Bridge, Winter 2002



Fill in the blanks to BEST complete the following sentences. Add commas, and make any

other punctuation changes, as necessary. You may also need to add negatives,

prepositions and objects.



Deletion. Several times you will be asked to make deletions, if possible. You should cross

out the words to be deleted and make any other necessary changes.



Conditionals.

1. Everyone came to the wedding. This made us happy. But if someone (attend)

____________________________ we (feel) ____________________________

disappointed.

2. If (Chicago, have) ____________________________ wild animals like elephants and

tigers on the streets (I, like) ____________________________ that a lot. [delete if if

possible]

3. If (it, be) ____________________________ Friday (we, have)

____________________________ spoken class. [delete if if possible]

4. It’s not possible to study in most US colleges ____________________________ (you,

score) ____________________________ at least 550 on the TOEFL.

5. If (Adan, travel) ____________________________ to Mexico next year (he, take)

____________________________ many photos?

6. You can smoke in a restaurant only if (you, see) ____________________________ a

Smoking Area sign. [delete if if possible]

7. (even if, if, not unless, only if, unless, unless not) ____________________________ you

are not a citizen or permanent resident do you need a visa to study here.

8. Not unless that (big dog, be) ____________________________ friendly (I, pet)

____________________________ it.

9. Right now if (Irving, be) ____________________________ busy (I, come back)

____________________________ later.

10. This music is terrible and way too loud. If (we, listen) ____________________________

right now to something more peaceful (we, chat) ____________________________

more easily.

11. Honey, you complain too much. If (you, complain) ____________________________

less (you, make) ____________________________ more friends.

12. This floor is a mess. Hey! You kids! My floor (be) ____________________________ so

dirty if you (clean) ____________________________ your shoes before coming inside.

[delete if if possible]

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Relative clauses.

13. Queztalcastenango is a city ____________________________ name many foreigners

can’t pronounce.

14. Deniz ____________________________ hometown is Istanbul will teach us how to

make the Turkish food called imam bayildi.

15. Sharon ____________________________ everyone likes is our class president. [delete

relative pronoun if possible]

16. Why don’t we call Tricia ____________________________ will certainly know the

answer?

17. We have about 150 students about 20% ____________________________ are from

Thailand.

18. A dictionary ____________________________ has 1,000 pages is too big to travel with.

[delete relative pronoun if possible]

19. The University of Chicago is a college ____________________________ many Nobel

Prize winners work.

20. Jamaica Plain is the neighborhood ____________________________ Chester lives in.

21. A dictionary is ____________________________ you can use to find unknown words.

[Only use a relative pronoun. Don’t add any nouns.]

22. Vatican City in Rome is ____________________________ the Pope lives.

23. Daily practice is ____________________________ you can improve your English.

24. Bermuda is a place ____________________________ many college students go on

spring break.



Gerunds.

25. Instead (go) ____________________________ to Michigan they will just stay here in

Cincinnati.

26. Do you enjoy (try) ____________________________ new foods?

27. Warren is in charge (receive) ____________________________ these applications.

28. Now, I’m used (speak) ____________________________ English regularly.

29. Our company was worried about a possible fire. The new smoke detectors and water

sprinklers are designed to stop (spread) ____________________________ to the whole

building.

30. Harry regrets (have) ____________________________ so little fun last year.

31. Will you continue (live) ____________________________ in the US after you finish this

course?

32. The angry client demanded (give) ____________________________ a discount.

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33. Although Peter hadn’t read the chapter he pretended (already finish)

____________________________ it. He didn’t want the teacher to know he wasn’t

prepared.

34. The music company insisted many students were guilty (copy)

____________________________ songs from the Internet.

35. Look at this. It’s a paper I wrote way back in third grade. It’s strange. The paper is in my

handwriting and has my name on it. I must have written it. But I’ve forgetten (write)

____________________________ this paper.

36. The airline companies now recommend (reach) ____________________________ the

airport two hours before departure.



Infinitives.

37. Let’s promise (get) ____________________________ together next weekend.

38. Everyone was challenged (play) ____________________________ one more game of

basketball.

39. My neighbors went on vacation. She got (take care) ____________________________

of her birds.

40. My wife can’t stand (wait) ____________________________ in line.

41. I’m very sorry I didn’t call. I tried (call) ____________________________ you by phone,

but I couldn’t find a phone anywhere.

42. The treasure map (tell, look) ____________________________ on a desert island.

43. Jenny is a travel agent. She talked with Brad about his parents. He wanted his parents to

go to Argentina. She arranged (travel) ____________________________ to Argentina.

44. My father worked until he was 62. He then quit (have) ____________________________

more time with my mom.

45. The kids seemed (already, see) ____________________________ that movie. They

knew all the jokes.

46. Larry knows nothing about San Diego. He plans (show)

____________________________ around the city by some friends there.

47. Fatima really wanted (tell) ____________________________ the secret.

48. Gina hesitated (ask) ____________________________ her boss for a raise.







Connectives.

49. Seldom (people, remember) ____________________________ events from the first two

years of life.

50. When he worked as a gardener, Hunter (rarely, have) ____________________________

much stress.

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51. (however) ____________________________ Most people like ice cream.

____________________________ I love chocolate. I ____________________________

don’t like other flavors.

52. (but) ____________________________ I checked the math three times

____________________________ It still isn’t right.

53. (on the other hand / on the contrary) ____________________________ Ostriches can’t

fly. ____________________________ They are the most famous flightless bird in the

world.

54. (despite, live) ____________________________ in Chicago he’s a native of Belgium.

55. (no sooner, teacher, enter) ____________________________ the classroom (he, drop)

____________________________ his books.

56. (because) ____________________________ You need to get a visa

____________________________ you’re going to a foreign country.

57. (so) ____________________________ The park was romantic

____________________________ I was able to ask my fiancée to marry me.

58. (so that) ____________________________ Please speak more slowly

____________________________ I can understand you better.

59. (so that / such that) This is (easy) ____________________________ I can read it in one

day.

60. (whereas / therefore / only if) ____________________________ popcorn is salty

____________________________ candy is sweet.



Final Part 2: Conditionals, Clauses, Gerunds and

Infinitives, Connectives

Winter 2002, By Sections

1. had not attended,…would have felt 18. which [no commas]  with

2. Were Chicago to have.., I would like 19. in which / where / at which / in that /

3. Were today…, we would not have at that. [You can’t use a preposition

4. unless you score with relative clause that.]

5. travels…will he take 20. which

6. you see 21. what / how [Using a dictionary is

7. Only if how you can find unknown words.]

8. big dog is…, will I pet 22. where

9. Irving is…, I will come back / I’m 23. how

going to come back 24. where

10. were listening…, we could chat 25. of going

11. you complained…, you would make 26. trying / to try

/ you could make 27. of receiving

12. wouldn’t be,…were you to clean 28. to speaking

13. whose 29. fire from spreading [you must add

14. , whose…Istanbul, an object like fire]

15. , whom…likes, 30. having

16. , who 31. living / to live

17. , about 20% of whom… 32. to be given

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33. chapter, he pretended to have 48. to ask

already finished 49. do people remember

34. of copying 50. rarely had

35. writing / having written 51. I, however, like

36. reaching 52. time, but

37. to get 53. fly. On the contrary, they

38. to play 54. Despite living in Chicago,

39. someone to take care of 55. No sooner had the teacher entered

40. waiting / having to wait the room than he dropped

41. to call / calling 56. visa because

42. tell us to look 57. romantic, so

43. for them to travel 58. slowly so (that) I [no comma]

44. to have / having 59. so easy that [no comma]

45. already to have seen 60. Whereas [it may go in either blank

46. to be shown and a comma is required whether in

47. to tell / to be told the first or second blank]









Overview

Tense & Aspect / Passives / Modals / Conditionals / Gerunds & Infinitives / Adjective Clauses /

Connectives / Noun Clauses / Articles /



Tense & Aspect

1. We ___ English grammar now.

A Practice B have been practicing

C are practicing D do practice



2. He ___ blue ink.

A never uses B never has used

C never does use D is used



3. You just got back from a 30-hour trip on four different airplanes! ___

A Are you tired? B You’re not tired, are you?

C Aren’t you tired? D You’re tired, aren’t you?



4. When you ___ the news tomorrow, you ___ about the weather.

A are hearing B ‘re going to hear

C will hear D Hear



A are knowing B ‘re going to know

C will know D know



5. Because you ___ the news tomorrow, you ___ about the weather.

A are hearing B ‘re going to hear

C will hear D hear



A are knowing B ‘re going to know

C will know D know



6. Farrah ___ in Raleigh, North Carolina, but she moved quite some time ago.

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A lived B would live

C used to live D has lived



7. In my college days, I ___ to discos and dance clubs all the time.

A went B would go

C used to go D have gone



8. When you are camping in the wild, you should only drink ___ water.

A boil B boiling

C been boiled D boiled



9. Danny’s a little lazy. He arrived yesterday at 10:00 when we ___. We started on time at 9:00.

A had already been working B already worked

C already had worked D were already working



10. They ___ a meeting in room 147 tomorrow from 2:00 till 4:00.

A will have B are having

C will be having D have



11. You don’t know what flagrant means? No, don’t get up. I __ the dictionary for you.

A will get B am getting

C am going to get D get



12. Hey, I ___ to the store. Should I bring anything back for you?

A will go B am going

C am going to go D go



13. Mr. Kelly, your flight ___ at 7:45 PM next Saturday. You should arrive at the airport at least two

hours earlier, at 5:45 PM.

A leaves B will have left

C is going to leave D will leave



14. Tomorrow is the first day of classes. Lots of students ___ books.

A buy B are going to be buying

C are being bought D will be buying



15. I ___ your pen.

A don’t have B am not having

C haven’t D am not have



16. I ___ your pen.

A don’t have seen B haven’t been seen

C haven’t seen D haven’t saw



17. She ___ Kansas. She ___ last year.

A has visited B had visited

C visited D was visiting



A has gone B had gone

C went D was going



18. My grandparents immigrated to America ___

A seventy years ago B since seventy years

C for seventy years D since seventy years ago

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19. I’ve been studying English ___

A for about ten years B about ten years

C since about ten years D about ten years ago



20. When I arrived at my house, I found out my parents ___ there. They were playing with my two

kids.

A had been B have been

C were D were being



21. When I arrived at my house, I found out my parents ___ there. My husband told me they left after

just an hour.

A had been B have been

C were D were being



22. I see you’ve got a gold ring on your left hand.

A Are you married? B Did you marry?

C Have you been married? D Are you marrying?









Passive

1. This statue ___ of marble.

A made B is made

C makes D is make



2. Lots of people ___ awards right now.

A are given B are been given

C are being given D are being giving



3. ___ about the intra-mural volleyball match?

A Haven’t you been tell B Have not you been told

C Haven’t you been told D Haven’t you be told



4. The room ___ when we arrived.

A was be cleaned B was being cleaned

C was being clean D was been cleaned



5. The scores ___ by the time Dave left.

A have being announced B had being announced

C had been announce D had been announced



6. Don’t worry. Everything ___ by then.

A will have been taken care of B will being taken care of

C will been taken care of D have being been taken care of



7. When I gave you my camera it was working fine. It ___ when you were using it.

A got broken B was getting broken

C was broken D broke



8. Pandas ___ the most popular animals in the zoo.

A are considered to be B are considered

C consider D is consider

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9. ___ you acted improperly in handing the Smithson case.

A It feels B We feel

C Is felt D It is felt



10. This book ___ Judy.

A was given to B was gave

C was given D has given



11. ___ this book.

A Jake gave B To Jake was given

C Jake was given D Jake given



12. Questions ___ the material that the speaker mentioned in his lecture.

A will limit with B limit from

C are limited D will be limited to



13. The invaders ___ their bases.

A were expelled from B were expelled by

C expel D were expelling



14. Ice cream is made ___ milk.

A from B by

C of D with



15. Glass is made ___ sand.

A from B out of

C of D with



16. Plastic is made ___ petroleum.

A from B by

C of D with



17. This little white cube is made ___ sugar.

A from B by

C of D with



18. These scarves were made ___ peasants.

A from B by

C of D with



19. Deanna is engaged ___ Glen. They’ll get married next month.

A in B with

C to D by



20. Both Deanna and Glen are engaged ___ their wedding plans.

A in B with

C to D by



21. We ___.

A found something. B were found something.

C were found. D found.



22. Millicent and Graciela ___

A sang something. B were sung something.

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C were sung. D sang.



23. The kids ___ happy.

A appeared something B were appeared something

C were appeared D appeared



24. Something weird ___ by the freeway.

A happened something B was happened something

C was happened D happened



25. My pen ___ from my book bag.

A dropped B fell

C was dropped D was fallen



26. Alex ___ for shoes.

A shopped B bought

C was shopped D was bought



27. That’s a heavy book. ___

A It is weighed ten pounds. B Ten pounds weigh it.

C It weighs ten pounds. D Ten pounds are weighed by it.



28. Ice cream ___ well in the summer.

A sells something B is sold something

C is sold D sells



29. Hey! The door ___ by itself.

A open something B was opened something

C was opened D opened



30. The temperatures ___ lately.

A have increased B have been increased

C have been increasing D have been being increased



31. You ___ my feelings when you said that. To be honest, it still ___ when I think about it.

A hurt something B were hurt something

C were hurt D hurt



A does hurt B is being hurt

C is hurt D hurts



32. Weeds ___ along the railroad tracks.

A grow something B are grown something

C are grown D grow



33. Kent ___ in his garden every summer.

A grows something B is grown something

C is grown D grows



34. Roses for export ___ in Columbia and Holland.

A grow something B are grown something

C are grown D grow



35. Rice tastes great when it ___ with garlic and olive oil.

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A cooked something B is cooked something

C is cooked D cooks



36. The chef’s friends ___ when they came to her restaurant. She wanted to dazzle them with some

of her new dishes.

A cooked something B is cooked something

C is cooked D cooks



37. Now that our work ___, we can relax.

A does B has done

C is done D has been



38. We ___ without you. You’re the only one with a good sense of direction.

A lost B totally lose

C were totally lost D have lost



Quiz Prep

1. This candy (was made by / was made of) my mom.

2. It (was made out of / was made for) her grandkids.

3. It (‘s made of / ‘s made with) sugar. There’s some other stuff in it, but I don’t remember what.

4. Ah, now this candy I know better. It (is made of / is made with) maple syrup, pecans and vanilla.

It’s more complicated, so she didn’t make it alone. It (was made with / was made by) the

grandkids.

5.

6. I (didn’t recognize / wasn’t recognized) Steve.

7. Did you recognize (it / ø)?

8. This truck can carry (heavy loads / ø).

9. We went hiking on the Inca Trail in Peru. (Our porters carried about 20 pounds or stuff. / About 20

pounds of stuff was carried by our porters.)

10. We’ve known each other a few months. (We were introduced / Someone introduced us) at a party

at the beginning of the semester.

11. This box should (be handled / handle) with care.

12. This fish (caught / was caught) near that rock.

13. This statue is worn away where it (had been touched / touched).

14. Debbie forgot (her book / ø).

15. His band can sing (the blues / ø) well.

16. This horse (has never ridden / has never been ridden).

17. Some parts of the chapter (didn’t clearly understand / weren’t clearly understood).

18. Most painters carefully (are drawn / draw) lines on their canvases before they (apply paint / are

applied paint).

19. We (sat / were set) at a very good table in the restaurant.

20. Everyone (appeared / was appeared) very sad when they heard the bad news.

21. Your cell phone (didn’t function / wasn’t functioned) well by the mountain. It only (was worked /

worked) when it (rose / was raised) high into the air.

22. What (caused / happened) you to do that?

23. Tens of millions of people (are arrived / are reached) by messages on the Internet.

24. You need to be less shy. (Confidence is lacked by you. / You lack confidence.)

25. You throw the best parties. (We had a good time. / A good time was had.)

26. Food packages (dropped / were dropped) into the disaster area.

27. Food packages (dropped / were dropped) from my shopping bag.

28. My shoes are so old. Look! They (have split / have been split) along the sides.

29. Seniors, welcome to your graduation day. The torch (is being passed / is passing) to a new

generation. We have the greatest hope that you (will handle / will be handled) your future

challenges with dignity and cheer.

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30. This chicken (didn’t cook / wasn’t cooked) enough. I think the chef (hasn’t been cooked / hasn’t

cooked) enough in his career!

31. Stores (are closed / close) at 6:30 most evenings. They (are closed / close) on Sundays.

32. My car only (started / was started) with the help of a friend.

33. Alligators (are grown / grow) in Florida. Several (have found / have been found) in swimming

pools in my parents’ town. Their numbers (have been increasing / are being increased) steadily

the past decades.

34. Alligators (are grown / grow) in two zoos in Chicago.

35. We went west instead of east and really (got lost / someone lost us).

36. What a pain. (I’m fed up with this weather. / This weather feeds me up.)

37. (The lamb’s done. / Someone did the lamb.) We can eat now.





Modals

Modals

132-159

HOTSPOTS

prohibition vs. absence of necessity

must be verb-ing vs. should be verb-ing

would you mind if I past-tense-verb [formal]



159-174

HOTSPOTS

must have pp vs. should have pp

prohibition (weren’t allowed to) vs. absence of necessity (didn’t have to)

use of modal phrases (had to verb) instead of modals (must have pp) for past meaning

could have pp. vs. couldn’t have pp [difference in strength]



were supposed to vs. needed to

1. She ___ her car her.

A can park B able to park

C cans park D is able to park



2. Yesterday, Simon ___ his letter.

A had better mail B should have mailed

C must mailed D could mail



3. They ___ a lot of homework.

A don’t must do B mustn’t do

C don’t have to do D might not to do



4. James ___ a stew.

A is supposing to make B could make

C could be making D is being able to make



5. Did you read the rules? Everyone ___ the kitchen after they use it. No exceptions.

A might clean up B must clean up

C can clean up D should clean up



6. Let’s see. You want to read some books about the American West? You ___ Grapes of Wrath by

John Steinbeck. I guess that’s one possible novel.

A should be reading B must read

C might read D don’t have to read



7. That would be a very stupid thing to do. You ___ nothing. That’s the only safe thing.

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A had better B have better

C had best D better



8. We ___ careful with these wires. They’re high voltage and very dangerous.

A have got to be B might be

C got to be D can be



9. Here’s some information on the art show. You ___ now. Just look it over whenever you have the

chance, now or later.

A mustn’t read it B don’t have to read it

C can’t read it D haven’t to read



10. You ___ a pencil on this form. Only pens are allowed.

A mustn’t use B aren’t to use

C don’t have to use D shouldn’t to use



11. We ___ with other students on this paper. Our teacher was very clear that these are individual

projects.

A don’t have to work B aren’t allowed to work

C mustn’t work D mayn’t work



12. In high school, I ___ about money. Everything was free. That changed when I went to college.

A B

C D



13. When I was in the Korean army, I ___ lots of hard things: run here, clean that, fix this. I’m glad

that phase of my life is over.

A had to do B should have done

C must have done D needed to do



14. When I was in the Korean army, I ___ lots of hard things: run here, clean that, fix this. I’m glad

that phase of my life is over.

A had to do B should have done

C must have done D needed to do



15. On our trip we ___ inside the museum. We were pleased since there we lots of things we wanted

to remember.

A shouldn’t have taken B were allowed to take

C needed to take D allowed to take



16. Dan ___ that book. He always has it with him.

A should enjoy B must enjoy

C should be enjoying D must be enjoying



17. This TV show is so stupid. We ___ better.

A should do B must do

C should be doing D must be doing



18. When I hand out these quizzes, all students ___ down. I can’t give you these quizzes until you’re

all in your places.

A should sit B must sit

C should be sitting D must be sitting



19. ___ another song?

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A Would you mind if I played B Would you mind if I play

C Would you mind playing D Would you mind play



20. They’re looking for some extras to be in a movie they’re filming here. I’ve got a crazy idea! ___

the casting office to see if can get a part.

A We must call B Let us to call

C Call we D Let’s call



21. That’s the end of the discussion! I’m fed up with your rude and selfish behavior! You ___ take any

of my things without permission!

A may not B must not

C will not D have better not



22. Where’s Jenny from? She ___ from Korea, but you should ask to make sure.

A must be B could be

C might be D had better be



23. Your papers are due next Friday. Of course, you ___ then. You can give them to me earlier if you

like.

A don’t have to be handed in B must hand in

C can be handed in D can hand in



24. ___ at the top of your paper.

A You should be write B Your name should be written

C You should write D Your name should be writen



25. My wallet’s not here! I ___ it at the gym. That’s the only place I’ve been this afternoon.

A had to leave B should have left

C had to have left D must have left



26. Where’s Paul’s number? I don’t see it on this piece of paper. I ___ it on a different piece of paper.

A should have written B had to write

C must have written D had to have written



27. He ___ psychology. I’m sure he’s majoring in the natural sciences.

A couldn’t be studying B shouldn’t be studying

C could be studying D can’t be studying



28. He ___ chemistry. I’m sure he’s majoring in the natural sciences.

A should be studying B could be studying

C shouldn’t be studying D must be studying



29. Chicago ___ the capital of Illinois. It’s the largest and most important city by far. But, let’s look in

an atlas to be sure.

A had better be B might be

C is D could be



30. Matt___ an opera fan. He loves music. But then again, lots of music fans don’t like opera.

A might be B could be

C might not be D could not be



31. That coffee was $2, and I gave him a $5. But look, I’ve got $8 in my hand. How did that happen? I

___ change for a $10 bill.

A should have been given B had to have been given

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C must have given D shouldn’t have given



32. I don’t know where you saw those comics, but I know it wasn’t in the New York Times. They ___

there because the Times doesn’t have a comics section.

A shouldn’t have been seen B couldn’t have been seen

C hadn’t to have been seen D might not have been seen



33. I can’t believe Christina ate raw octopus when she went with you to that Korean restaurant. She

___ it because she wanted to be polite.

A might have had to try B might have must have tried

C must have had to try D must have had to been try



34. Some of my friends worked as musicians in London in the early 60s. Isn’t that wild! They ___ with

the Beatles when they weren’t even famous yet.

A could have might sung B might have could sing

C should have been could sing D might have been able to sing



35. Before you can become a life guard, you ___ very well.

A have must to swim B have to be able to swim

C must can swim D could have been able to swim



36. Your papers are due next Friday. Of course, you ___ then. You can give them to me earlier if you

like.

A don’t have to be handed in B must hand in

C can be handed in D can hand in



37. ___ at the top of your paper.

A You should be write B Your name should be written

C You should write D Your name should be writen



38. Blah. These pancakes taste dreadful. They ___ with too much salt.

A must have cooked B may to have been cooked

C might have been cooked D could have being cooked



39. Karen’s always so punctual. I wonder where she is. Something ___.

A must have happened B shouldn’t have happened

C might have been happened D couldn’t have happened



40. The waves were too high. You___ swimming. You need to be more careful in the future.

A shouldn’t have gone B had to go

C must have gone D had to have gone



41. What a fool I am! Look at the coffee all over my keyboard. I ___ while working.

A must have been drinking B mustn’t have been drinking

C should have been drinking D shouldn’t have been drinking



42. Before I handed my paper in, I ___ some corrections. That way I got a better grade.

A had to make B must have made

C had to have made D should have made



43. That’s odd. Stephan ___ here an hour ago. I hope he doesn’t keep me waiting any longer.

A needed to be B must have been

C was supposed to be D had better be

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44.

A B

C D



45.

A B

C D



46.

A B

C D



47.

A B

C D



48.

A B

C D



49.

A B

C D





50. .

A B

C D



Conditionals

1. This will work ___.

A if you try harder. B if will try harder

C if you were to try harder. D if tried harder



2. If you don’t have time ___.

A we can meet later B , we can meet later

C would be able to meet later D will be able to meet later



3. No one can enter ___

A if they have an ID B , if they have an ID.

C unless they have an ID D , unless they had an ID.



4. Prices were a lot lower in the 1960s. When I was little if you ___ five cents you ___ buy a candy

bar.

A used to have B had had

C had D have



A would have bought B could buy

C were able to buy D could have bought



5. This filter ___ if it’s dirty.

A will change B is need to be changed

C will have to be changed D will change,

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6. If ___ this mess then let’s get it down now.

A we must clean up, B would have to clean up

C we have to clean up, D we must clean up



7. Please speak a little more loudly ___.

A if you can B if you could be able to

C , if you’re able to D Could



8. If these figurines ___ you should clearly label the package.

A have to handle with care B have to be handled with care,

C should be handled with care D to be have handled with care,



9. If we ___, we would be hungry soon.

A don’t eat now B wouldn’t eat now

C didn’t eat now D not ate now



10. You ___ if you went outside without an umbrella.

A would get wet B get wet,

C will get wet, D ‘d get wet



11. If I ___ I’d plant the tulips here.

A am B are

C was D were



12. If my shirt ___ of cotton, it wouldn’t feel so comfortable.

A isn’t made from B wasn’t made by

C don’t make from D weren’t made of



13. We’d have a lot more free time if we ___ so much grammar homework.

A mustn’t do B doesn’t have to do

C didn’t have to do D wouldn’t have to do



14. We’re glad you can meet with the hiring committee tomorrow. If you ___ tomorrow, we’d have

trouble finding some other time.

A aren’t able to be interviewed B didn’t able to be interviewed

C weren’t able to interview D weren’t able to be interviewed



15. ___ down a little, you ___ fewer errors.

A If you slowed down B If you slow down

C Slowed you down D If you were to slow down



A ‘d make B do make

C ‘ll make D will make





16. The weather report for tomorrow is good. However, if ___, we will move the picnic inside.

A it rains B it were to rain

C it rained D it should rain



17. The weather report for tomorrow is good. However, if ___, we would move the picnic inside.

A it rains B it were to rain

C it rained D it should rain



18. I could have taken some great pictures of the parade if ___ my camera.

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A I were to bring B I had brought

C I would have brought D I brought



19. I wouldn’t have made so much noise if the baby ___ when I entered the room.

A was sleeping B would have slept

C had slept D had been sleeping



20. If I had paid more attention ___ this paper a second time.

A , I wouldn’t have had to do B I didn’t have to do

C , I wouldn’t have to do D I wouldn’t do



21. We only wear these costumes for traditional dances. If yesterday’s performance hadn’t been

special, ___.

A these costumes don’t have to wear B wouldn’t have been worn

C these costumes wouldn’t have had to be D we don’t have to wear these

worn costumes



22. Luckily we caught a few errors on the rough draft of the pamphlet. If ___ we ___ to the public at

tomorrow’s job fair.

A we hadn’t found them, B they hadn’t been found,

C we haven’t found them, D they weren’t found



A couldn’t distribute B wouldn’t be able to distribute

C couldn’t be able to be distributed D don’t distribute



23. All students ___ their homework next Tuesday.

A must to hand in B must have handed in

C are to hand in D will hand in



24. ___ to page 143, you’ll see an important diagram.

A If you turned to B If you turn

C Were you to turn to D Turn you



25. ___ everything, you would want to ask questions.

A If you didn’t understand B Didn’t you understand

C If you don’t understand D Were you not to understand



26. ___ your ID, you wouldn’t be able to check out any books.

A If you didn’t have B Didn’t you have

C If you weren’t to have D Were you not to have



27. You’d have to buy me a new book ___ this one.

A ruined you B if you ruined

C if you had ruined D were you to ruin



28. Roger wouldn’t have minded ___ him early in the morning.

A if you had called B if you called

C had you called him D were you to call



29. The conference room would have been quieter ___ the door.

A had Brad shut B if Brad shuts the door

C were Brad to shut D if Brad had shut



30. ___ in physics, would you have like it?

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A Could you have majored B Had you been able to major

C If you could have majored D If you had been able to major



31. It would have been better ___ with Trisha last week.

A if you went B had we gone

C if we had gone D were you to have gone



32. Jorge hopes everything ____ OK today.

A work out B worked out

C would work out D has worked out



33. I wish you ___ that last week.

A don’t do B hadn’t done

C didn’t do D haven’t done



34. I hope you ___ that last week.

A don’t do B hadn’t done

C didn’t do D haven’t done



35. I hope you ___ that last week before you got all the information.

A don’t do B hadn’t done

C didn’t do D haven’t done



36. I wish the traffic ___ so heavy in the city.

A were B isn’t

C weren’t D is



37. When she was a little girl, Gigi hoped she ___ a dentist.

A was B had been

C would become D were



38. Triana hopes we ___ a party this weekend.

A are going to have B were going to have

C are having D have



39. Tab wished he ___ his camera yesterday.

A wouldn’t forget B doesn’t forget

C didn’t forget D hadn’t forgotten



40. Tab wished he ___ his camera every time he left the hotel to go to the museums.

A wouldn’t forget B doesn’t forget

C didn’t forget D hadn’t forgotten



41. At the concert, we hoped they ___ some of their greatest hits.

A played B play

C would play D were going to play



42. At the concert, we wished they ___ some of their greatest hits.

A would have played B played

C would play D were going to play



43. At the concert, we wish they ___ some of their greatest hits.

A would have played B played

C would play D were going to play

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44. When you get to France, you’ll wish you ___ French harder in college.

A studied B had studied

C had been studied D have studied



45. Don’t you wish this dish ___ with less garlic?

A is made B makes

C made D had been made



46. Are you ready for the boat trip out to the water fall? I hope you all ___ your raincoats. It’s going to

be wet out there.

A brought B had brought

C bring D have been brought



47. We talked about your tendency to overwork. I hope you ___ more lately.

A had been sleeping B have been sleeping

C sleep D would have been sleeping



48. My mom wishes you ___ her before the family reunion next June.

A visit B will have visited

C visited D would have visited



49. My mom hopes you ___ her before the family reunion next June.

A visit B will have visited

C visited D would have visited



Gerunds & Infinitives



What’s hard in this chapter?

 Passive causatives: passive in main verbGroup 5 infinitives

 Passive G & I

 Perfect G & I

 Use of pronouns: obligatory when subj of main verb and gerund are different



1. ___ the championship would be great.

A Win B To win

C Winning D Won



2. ___ English was why I joined this ESL program.

A Study B To study

C Studying D Studied



3. I like ___ food from your country to class.

A your bringing B you’re bringing

C you bringing D how you bring



4. My neighbors complained about ___ too much noise.

A we making B our making

C we make D us making



5. I appreciate ___ time out of your busy day for me.

A that you’ve taken B your taking

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C you taking D you take



6. We’re a little concerned ___ late to class so often.

A that you come B about your coming

C about the fact that you come late D about you’re coming



7. I can’t imagine ___ alone across Europe. You’re afraid to even go across town!

A you to travel B traveling

C your traveling D you traveling



8. I can’t imagine ___ alone across Europe. I’m afraid to even go across town!

A you to travel B traveling

C your traveling D you traveling



9. If pick up your groceries on the way home, ___ a special trip to the store.

A it will save you from making B it will save from making

C you save making D it will save your making



10. He mentioned ___ someone interesting at the party.

A his meeting B him meeting

C meeting D that he met



11. Thanks. I appreciate ___ around your campus.

A to show B showing

C having shown D being shown



12. I really dislike ___ my neighbors argue.

A hearing B to be hearing

C to hear D to being heard



13. Our economics professor strongly recommended ___ two semesters of statistics before our junior

year.

A us already have to complete B already completing

C having been completed D having already completed



14. Please slow down! You risk ___ that wall a second time.

A having to paint B to have be painted

C have to be painted D to having painted



15. Gee, I’m sorry I didn’t fill out that form. I recall ___ something a few weeks ago, but didn’t realize I

needed to complete it and give it back to you.

A giving B having been given

C to have to give D being given



16. You know, it’s great to be fluent in English. I enjoy ___ with people about everything under the

sun.

A being able to talk B canning to talk

C I can talk D to have been able



17. Instead of ___ your bills with a check, you can use an automatic deduction from your bank

account.

A must pay B must be paid

C having to pay D you have to pay

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18. My mom heard ___ home.

A me come B me coming

C my coming D mine coming



19. Your encouragement kept ___ strong. Without it, I would have given up.

A me going B that I went

C my going D going



20. It won’t be easy to see Fran. It involves ___ an appointment with her business agent.

A making B your making

C you to make D you’re to make



21. I want my grandson to have fun. That means ___ some toys for him to play with.

A bringing B to bring

C I bring D my bringing



22. Miyuki disliked ___ all afternoon on her biology project.

A working B to work

C worked D to worked



23. At the training seminar we practiced ___ weird questions by customers.

A asking B been asked

C being asked D to ask



24. With my boss, I discussed ___ to new position.

A to be promoted B being promoted

C my being promoted D promoting



25. Denise understood ___. After all, her company had lost half of our luggage.

A us being upset B our upsetting

C being upset D our being upset



26. He denied ___ on his exam.

A having cheated B to cheat

C cheating D to have been cheated



27. You risk ___ in a traffic jam if you leave after four.

A being gotten B having gotten

C to have been gotten D getting



28. Pam will never forget ___ class president twice before her sixteenth birthday.

A to have been elected B having been elected

C being elected D her electing



29. I love ___ on the beach without shoes in the summer.

A being able to walk B to can walk

C be able to walk D to be able to walk



30. Some of us objected ___ our IDs three times yesterday.

A having to show B to have to show

C to having to show D must having to show



31. Some of us will object ___ our IDs three times under the new rules for next year.

A having to show B to have to show

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C to having to show D must having to show



32. We appreciated ___ any extra homework the night before the final exam.

A not being allowed to do B having not to must do

C not having to do D must not doing



33. She will avoid ___ a ticket if she puts another quarter in the meter.

A receiving B having received

C to receive D to have been received



34. My dad believes ___ less fortunate people.

A help B in helping

C helping D to helping



35. The fence kept ___ out of the pasture.

A from the cows escaping B the cows from escaping

C the cows escape D the cows from escape



36. Kim ___ a lot of time in cafés.

A used to spend B used spending

C used to spending D used for spending



37. This espresso machine ___ coffee.

A used making B use for making

C is used to make D uses to make



38. I ___ a coffee every morning. I hate it when I don’t have one.

A use to have B am used to having

C am use to having D use having



39. When Lee was younger, he ___ in front of large crowds. Now, though, that makes him nervous.

A used to speak B was use to speak

C was used to speaking D used speaking



40. Jorge ___

A was agree with us. B agreed.

C agreed with us. D agreed us.



41. Hyun dreams ___ fluently in English.

A to be able to speak B can speak

C to being able to speak D of being able to speak



42. Our director believes ___ the truth. He wants to know if any students have complaints about the

program.

A in telling B telling

C being told D in being told



43. In addition ___ music, your child will also learn a little about art.

A being taught B to teach

C teaching D to being taught



44. Chet talked ___ his cause-effect essay in writing class.

A about having to rewrite B about having been rewritten

C about must rewrite D must rewrite

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45. Can you forgive ___ late?

A me for having arrive B for me arrive

C me for arriving D me arrive



46. That extension in my passport kept ___ for a new visa.

A from having to apply B me to have been applied

C me having to apply D me from having to apply



47. Let’s go. We can’t afford ___ the first band.

A to miss B our missing

C missing D us to miss



48. My parents want ___ their house next weekend. I think I’ll be able to do that.

A coming to their house B to come to

C my coming to their house D me to come to



49. It’s a little bit up in the air about Lars. He seems ___ something tomorrow and won’t be able to

join us.

A doing B he has to do

C having to do D to have to do



Adjective Clauses

1. I read the letter ___.

A which you gave to me B to me which you gave

C which you gave it to me D you gave to me



2. Something ___ would be best.

A it isn’t too expensive B that isn’t too expensive

C not too expensive D that it isn’t too expensive



3. We talked with this guy ___ knew all about the ruins.

A whom he B whom

C who D who he



4. The students ___ might make good teammates.

A whom play sports well B those play sports well

C that play sports well D who play sports well



5. Be prepared to talk a little about all the people ___ your study group.

A whom were in B they were in

C who were in D whom they were in



6. The people ___ this software must have been nuts.

A which designed B that designed

C what designed D who designed



7. Someone ___ I don’t remember dropped by to give you this package.

A which name B whose name

C that’s name D who’s name



8. Penny is the woman ___ mother you met last week.

A whom’s B who

C whose D who’s

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9. The magazine ___ that article is probably available in the library.

A in that you read B which you read that

C where you read D in which you read



10. The magazine ___ is probably available in the library.

A that you read that article in B which you read that article in

C where you read that article D you read that article in



11. The phone book ___ was old and out of date.

A which you got that number from B from which you got that number

C from that you got that number D that you got that number from



12. I know a person ___.

A whom you should work with B who you should work with

C with whom you should work D with who you should work



13. I want to know the name of the professor ___ last semester.

A whose class you studied in B in his class you studied

C in whose class you studied D whose in his class you studied



14. This Saturday I’ve got a lots of things to do ___ will be boring.

A . None of them B none of that

C , none of them D , none of which



15. My ten classmates ___ are having a party.

A most of them are really funny B most are really funny

C , most of whom are really funny, D of whom most are really funny



16. Georgia O’Keeffe is a famous American painter ___ are in the Art Institute of Chicago.

A many of whose paintings B many of her paintings

C . Many of her paintings D , many of whose paintings



17. The buffet had many kinds of food ___ I didn’t like very much

A , some of which B . Some of which

C some of that D , some of it



18. They got paid $17 an hour. We only got paid $12 an hour ___ doesn’t seem fair.

A . That B , that

C which D , which



Connectives

Connectives

1. We wanted to drive ___.

A , but couldn’t B but we couldn’t

C , but we couldn’t D , although we couldn’t



2. ___ there were some icy parts.

A Although the ski course had good snow B But the ski course had good snow

cover, cover,

C Although the ski course had good snow D The ski course had good snow cover.

cover But

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3. Arabic has θ and ð sounds ___ pronounce this, math, and together correctly.

A . So it wasn’t hard for Amina to B . Therefore, it wasn’t hard for Amina to

C , so it wasn’t hard for Amina to D so it wasn’t hard for Amina to



4. ___ he can’t swim.

A Although he’s a sailor B He’s a sailor although

C Although he’s a sailor, D He’s a sailor. However,



5. You’ll find orange and mango trees in Hawaii and California ___ in Wisconsin.

A . However, you won’t find any B , however, you won’t find any

C . You won’t find, however, any D . You won’t find any, however,



6. We’ll have a picnic on Saturday ___ we’re going to Sam’s on Sunday.

A , if B , or

C , and D because



7. I gave you accurate directions ___ get lost.

A so you wouldn’t B so you didn’t

C , so you wouldn’t D so that you didn’t



What is x? Co-ordinator, subordinator, transition.

1. _____________. X, _____________

2. _____________. X _____________.

3. _____________; _____, x, ________.

4. _____________, x _____________.

5. _____________ x _____________.

6. X _____________, _____________.

7. _____________. _____, x, ________.



8. You’ve got ___ sense of humor.

A a such strange B so strange a

C such a strange D a so strange



9. He’s only got two dollars in his pocket. ___ he does have a credit card.

A But, B On the other hand,

C In fact, D On the contrary,



10. Mexico City’s a really populous city. ___, many think it’s the biggest city in the world.

A In fact, B In addition,

C On the other hand, D On the contrary,



11. Freddie isn’t my boss. ___ he doesn’t even work for the same company as I do.

A On the contrary, B On the other hand,

C In fact, D As a result,



12.

A B

C D



Contrast Cause - effect Addition

Co-ordinator but so and

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Subordinator although because

despite

while

whereas

in spite of because of in addition to

in spite of

due to



Transition however therefore in addition

on the other hand moreover

on the contrary in fact







Condition Time

Co-ordinator ___

Subordinator if before

even if after

even though when

unless while

not unless

provided that







Transition before that

after that

at the same time

meanwhile

in the meantime

first

second

next

finally









Noun Clauses

1. I like ___.

A what you wrote B you wrote

C that you wrote D that you wrote something



2. Please tell us a little more about ___ at your previous job.

A that you did B you did

C the things that you did D what you did



3. Do you now ___?

A that she read B what books she read

C what she read D that books she read



4. Please pay attention. This is ___ a fish.

A fry B the way how to fry

C how to fry D the way to fry

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5. Someone asked ___ a dentist.

A if he recommend B if he could recommend

C him recommend D whether he would recommend



6. It appears ___ damaged this old photo album.

A what mold and damp B mold and damp

C what D that mold and damp



7. I’ve got no idea ___ all of my things.

A where I put B the place where I put

C where I’m going to put D where the putting



8. Brent is ___ can tell us the answer.

A the person that B the person

C that D the person who



9. This is so boring. We don’t have___ we can go.

A anywhere B a place where

C where D any place



10. This is so boring. I don’t know ___.

A anywhere B a place where

C where D any place



11. Paola has ___ can drive her to the lake.

A who B that

C someone who D someone that



12. Paola met ___ can drive her to the lake.

A who B that

C someone who D someone that



13. Paola knows ___ can drive her to the lake.

A who B that

C someone who D someone that



14. ___ in winter won’t surprise many people.

A That Moscow is snowy B What Moscow is snowy

C Moscow is snowy D Moscow’s being snowy



15. ___ a speech in front of a large audience is hard.

A That I give B Giving

C For me to give D My giving



16. Sergio is ready ___ in deep water.

A to swim B that he’ll swim

C for swimming D to swim himself



17. I’m eager ___ the winner!

A for you to learn B to learn

C for myself to learn D that I learn



18. It’s essential ___ our vocabulary.

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A improving B improve

C that we improve D to improve



19. ___ is unimportant. The meeting will start promptly at nine.

A If you are late B If or not you are late,

C Whether you are late D Whether you are late or not,



20. ___ is crucial in pronouncing sounds correctly.

A Placing your tongue B The way you place your tongue

C How you place your tongue D The way how you place your tongue



21. ___ will be written on your receipt.

A The amount you pay B The amount you pay,

C How much you pay D The amount how much you pay



22. ___ worked perfectly!

A That you did B What you did

C That ever you did D Whatever you did



23. That poor puppy didn’t know ___.

A what it wanted to do B what it was doing

C what to do D to do



24. When will we decide ___ now or wait a year?

A if to get married B whether should get married

C that we get married D whether to get married



25.

A B

C D



26. Charene said, “I’m ready.” 

___

A She was ready Charene said. B Charene said she was ready.

C Charene said I was ready. D Charene said she is ready.



27. “We’re going to have fun,” said Yang. 

___.

A Yang said they were going B They were going to have fun Yang

said.

C Yang said we were going to have fun. D Yang said we are having fun.



28. “I haven’t read the paper yet,” Mom said. 

Mom said ___ the paper yet.

A I hadn’t read B she wouldn’t read

C she doesn’t read D she hadn’t read



29. “It will rain tomorrow” the weather report said. 

The weather report said ___

A it would rain the next day B it will rain the next day

C it was going to rain tomorrow D it rained tomorrow



30. Yesterday I was in Palo Alto and someone said, “There’s been a lot of rain here lately.” 

Yesterday in Palo Alto someone said ___.

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A there had been a lot of rain here lately B there had been a lot of rain here lately

C there has been a lot of rain here lately D there had been a lot of rain there lately



31. Everyday I learn more about Colorado. Yesterday Sanjay said, “There was a gold rush near here

a hundred years ago.”

Sanjay said

A there had been a gold rush near there B there was a gold rush near there

C there had been a gold rush near here D there has been a gold rush near here



32.

33. The sheet said, “All new students must bring their registration materials.” 

The sheet said all new students ___ their registration materials.

A must bring B had to bring

C must have brought D had to have brought



34. “My room may be messy,” my brother explained. 

My brother explained ___ messy.

A his room may have been B my room may be

C my room was messy D his room might be



35. My teacher said, “You shouldn’t have typed your essay on pink paper. 

My teacher said ___ on pink paper.

A I shouldn’t have your essay B you should not type your essay

C I shouldn’t have typed my essay D I should not type the essay



36. Marta said, “We’ve got a beautiful part in São Paolo.” 

Marta said ___ a beautiful park in São Paolo.

A we’ve got B they’ve got

C we had D they had



37. I like living in Austin though I just moved here. Someone yesterday said, “There’s been a lot of

good movies here lately.” 

Someone yesterday said

A there’s been a lot of good movies here B there’d been a lot of good movies here

lately lately

C there’d been a lot of good movies there D there’s been a lot of good movies there

lately lately



38.

A B

C D



39.

A B

C D



40.

A B

C D



41.

A B

C D

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42. We recommended ___ a dentist.

A he see B he sees

C he saw D that he see



Answers

1. (that) he lives

2. who told me

3. what I need

4. how you play / the way you play / the way how you play

5. when I knew

6. where you can see



1. what / that [This is rather strange.]

2. what

3. what

4. that



Tense in Noun Clauses

1. who she is

2. what we do

3. what we did

4. what we’ll do / what we’re going to do

5. when we would leave / when we were going to leave

6. when he had left

7. where we were hiding



what vs. that

1. what

2. what

3. that

4. what

5. that

6. that

7. what

8. that…what…what

9. that…what

10. what…that…that…what…that



Noun Complements



Less Common Forms of Noun Complements

1. In a grocery store is where you can buy aspirin.

2. In the evening is when we’ll meet.

3. Millions of years ago is when dinosaurs lived.

4. In third grade was when my dad told me there was no Santa Claus.

5. On the dotted line is where you need to sign.



Adjective Complements

Verbs of Advice and Urging

1. candidate submit

2. candidate submit

3. Jill needs / will need / needed

4. Luis to explain

5. Paula insists

6. he kick

7. cook

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8. any new candidate submit

9. Romina show

10. Edgar to stop…show / (that) Edgar stop…show

11. Prentice had / is having / will have / has had

12. Prentice’s having

13. (that) I take over

14. he change

15. he change

16. Mike renounce



Indirect Speech

1.

Articles

Phrasal Verbs