California Proposition 8 (2008) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/29/11 11:33 AM
California Proposition 8 (2008)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Proposition 8 (or the California Marriage Protection Act) was a ballot proposition and constitutional
amendment passed in the November 2008 state elections. The measure added a new provision, Section 7.5 of the
Declaration of Rights, to the California Constitution, which provides that "only marriage between a man and a
woman is valid or recognized in California." [1][2][3]
By restricting the definition of marriage to opposite-sex couples, the proposition overturned the California
Supreme Court's ruling of In re Marriage Cases that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry. The
wording of Proposition 8 was precisely the same as that which had been found in Proposition 22, which, as an
ordinary statute, had been invalidated by the Supreme Court. California's State Constitution put Proposition 8
into immediate effect the day after the election.[4] The proposition did not affect domestic partnerships in
California[5] or same-sex marriages performed before November 5, 2008.[6][7][8]
Proponents of the constitutional amendment argued that exclusively heterosexual marriage was "an essential
institution of society," that leaving the constitution unchanged would "result in public schools teaching our kids
that gay marriage is okay," and that "gays ... do not have the right to redefine marriage for everyone else."
Opponents argued that "the freedom to marry is fundamental to our society," that the California constitution
"should guarantee the same freedom and rights to everyone" and that the proposition "mandates one set of rules
for gay and lesbian couples and another set for everyone else." They also argued that "equality under the law is a
fundamental constitutional guarantee" (see Equal Protection Clause). [9]
The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively, becoming the
highest-funded campaign on any state ballot and surpassing every campaign in the country in spending except
the presidential contest. After the elections, demonstrations and protests occurred across the state and nation.
Same-sex couples and government entities filed numerous lawsuits with the California Supreme Court
challenging the proposition's validity and effect on previously administered same-sex marriages. In the Strauss v.
Horton case, the court upheld Proposition 8, but allowed existing same-sex marriages to stand (under the
Grandfather clause principle). United States district court Judge Vaughn R. Walker overturned Proposition 8 on
August 4, 2010 in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger.[10] Judge Walker issued an injunction against enforcing
Proposition 8 and a stay to determine suspension of his ruling pending appeal.[11][12] The Ninth Circuit Court Of
Appeals continued the stay, keeping Judge Walker's ruling on hold pending appeal.[13]
Contents
1 History of the ballot initiative
1.1 Pre-election legal challenges
1.1.1 Petition to remove proposition from ballot
1.1.2 Challenge to title and summary
2 Campaign
2.1 Campaign funding and spending
2.2 Proponents
2.2.1 Political figures
2.2.2 Religious organizations
2.2.3 Others
2.2.4 "Whether You Like It or Not" advertisement
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2.3 Opponents
2.3.1 Political figures
2.3.2 Religious organizations
2.3.3 Others
2.3.4 Newspaper editorials and Proposition 8
2.4 Crimes against supporters and opponents
3 Pre-decision opinion polls
4 Results
4.1 County breakdown
5 Post-election events
5.1 Overturned in federal district court and stay
6 Full text
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History of the ballot initiative
Proposition 8 was a California ballot proposition that sought to change the California Constitution to add a new
section (7.5) to Article I, that would read: "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in
California." [1][2][3] This change would restrict the definition of marriage to opposite-sex couples, and eliminate
same-sex couples' right to marry, thereby overriding portions of the ruling of In re Marriage Cases by "carving
out an exception to the preexisting scope of the privacy and due process clauses"[14] of the state constitution.
To qualify for the ballot, Proposition 8 needed 694,354 valid petition signatures, equal to 8% of the total votes
cast for governor in the November 2006 General Election. The initiative proponents submitted 1,120,801
signatures, and on June 2, 2008, the initiative qualified for the November 4, 2008 election ballot through the
random sample signature check. [15]
Pre-election legal challenges
Petition to remove proposition from ballot
Further information: California Constitution#Amendments and revisions
On July 16, 2008, the California Supreme Court denied a petition calling for the removal of Proposition 8 from
the November ballot. The petition asserted the proposition should not be on the ballot on the grounds it was a
constitutional revision that only the Legislature or a constitutional convention could place before voters.
Opponents also argued that the petitions circulated to qualify the measure for the ballot inaccurately summarized
its effect. The court denied the petition without comment.[16] As a general rule, it is improper for courts to
adjudicate pre-election challenges to a measure's substantive validity.[17] The question of whether Proposition 8
is a constitutional amendment or constitutional revision was ruled on by the California Supreme Court on May
26, 2009, and found that it was not a revision and therefore would be upheld. They also declared that the same-
sex marriages performed prior to the passing of Prop 8 would remain valid.[18]
Challenge to title and summary
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The measure was titled: "Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional
Amendment." The ballot summary read that the measure "changes the California Constitution to eliminate the
right of same-sex couples to marry in California." [19][20]
Proponents of the measure objected to the wording of the ballot title and summary on the grounds that they were
argumentative and prejudicial. The resulting legal petition Jansson v. Bowen[21] was dismissed August 7, 2008,
by California Superior Court Judge Timothy M. Frawley, who ruled that "the title and summary includes an
essentially verbatim recital of the text of the measure itself",[22] and that the change was valid because the
measure did, in fact, eliminate a right upheld by the California Supreme Court.
California Attorney General Jerry Brown explained that the changes were required to more "accurately reflect the
measure" in light of the California Supreme Court's intervening In re Marriage Cases decision. [23]
On July 22, 2008, Proposition 8 supporters mounted a legal challenge to the revised ballot title and summary,
contending that Attorney General Brown inserted "language [...] so inflammatory that it will unduly prejudice
voters against the measure".[24] Supporters claimed that research showed that an attorney general had never used
an active verb like “eliminates” in the title of a ballot measure in the past fifty years in which ballot measures
have been used. [24] Representatives of the Attorney General produced twelve examples of ballot measures using
the word "eliminates" and vouched for the neutrality and accuracy of the ballot language.[25][26]
On August 8, 2008, the California Superior Court turned down the legal challenge, affirming the new title and
summary, stating, "[t]he title and summary is not false or misleading because it states that Proposition 8 would
'eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry' in California." The Superior Court based their decision on the
previous Marriages Cases ruling in which the California Supreme Court held that same-sex couples have a
constitutional right to marry under the California Constitution."[23][27] That same day, proponents of Prop. 8
filed an emergency appeal with the state appeals court. The Court of Appeal denied their petition later that day
and supporters did not seek a review by the Supreme Court of California.[28][29] The deadline for court action on
the wording of ballot summaries and arguments in the voter pamphlet was August 11, 2008.[30]
While turning down the challenge to the title and summary, the California Superior Court also found that the Yes
on 8 campaign had overstated its ballot argument on the measure's impact on public schools and ordered a minor
change in wording. The original arguments included a claim that the Supreme Court's legalization of same-sex
marriage requires teachers to tell their students, as young as kindergarten age, that same-sex marriage is the same
as opposite-sex marriage. The court said the Yes on 8 argument was false because instruction on marriage is not
required and parents can withdraw their children. The court said the ballot argument could be preserved by
rewording it to state that teachers "may" or "could" be required to tell children there is no difference between
same-sex and opposite-sex marriage.[27]
Campaign
Campaign funding and spending
By Election Day, volunteers on both sides spent thousands of hours getting their messages across to the state's
17.3 million registered voters. [31][32] The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and
$43.3 million, respectively. [33] Contributions totaled over $83 million from over 64,000 people in all fifty states
and more than twenty foreign countries, setting a new record nationally for a social policy initiative and trumping
every other race in the country in spending except the presidential contest. [34] Contributions were much greater
than those of previous same-sex marriage initiatives. Between 2004 and 2006, 22 such measures were on ballots
around the country, and donations to all of them combined totaled $31.4 million, according to the nonpartisan
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National Institute on Money in State Politics. [35] A ProtectMarriage.com spokeswoman estimated that 36
companies which had previously contributed to Equality California were targeted to receive a letter requesting
similar donations to ProtectMarriage.com.[36][37][38][39]
In 2010, the California Fair Political Practices Commission fined the LDS church for failing to follow campaign
disclosure policies during the last two weeks leading up to the election, which amounted to $37,000 in non-
monetary contributions. They were fined $5,538.[40]
Proponents
The ProtectMarriage.com organization sponsored the initiative that placed
Proposition 8 on the ballot [42] and continues to support the measure. The
measure also attracted the support of a number of political figures and
religious organizations.
Political figures
Republican presidential nominee and U.S. Senator John McCain released Official ProtectMarriage.com "Yes
a statement of support for the proposed constitutional amendment.[43] on 8" campaign sign.[41]
Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich released a video in support.
Both characterized the court ruling requiring recognition of same sex
marriage as being against the will of the people.[44] Other notable supporters include Republican State Senator
Tom McClintock and 20 other Republican State Senators and Assemblymembers.[45]
Religious organizations
The Roman Catholic Church,[46] as well as a Roman Catholic lay fraternal organization, the Knights of
Columbus,[47] firmly supported the measure. The bishops of the California Catholic Conference released a
statement supporting the proposition,[48] a position met with mixed reactions among church members, including
clergy.[49][50]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[51][52][53] whose
members are commonly known as Mormons, also publicly supported the
proposition. The First Presidency of the church announced its support for
Proposition 8 in a letter intended to be read in every congregation in
California. In this letter, church members were encouraged to "do all you
can to support the proposed constitutional amendment by donating of your
means and time."[54] Local LDS leaders set organizational and monetary
goals for their membership—sometimes quite specific—to fulfill this
call. [55][56] The response of the LDS membership to their leadership's
appeals to donate money and volunteer time was very supportive,[57] such Rally for Yes on Prop 8 in Fresno
that Latter-day Saints provided a significant source for financial donations
in support of the proposition, both inside and outside the State of California.[58] About 45% of out-of-state
contributions to ProtectMarriage.com came from Utah, over three times more than any other state. [59]
ProtectMarriage, the official proponents of Proposition 8, estimate that about half the donations they received
came from LDS sources, and that "eighty to ninety percent" of the early volunteers going door-to-door were
LDS. [60] The LDS Church produced and broadcast to its congregations a program describing the support of the
Proposition, and describing the timeline it proposes for what it describes as grassroots efforts to support the
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Proposition.[61]
Other religious organizations that supported Proposition 8 include the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations
of America,[62] Eastern Orthodox Church,[63] a group of Evangelical Christians led by Jim Garlow and Miles
McPherson,[64] American Family Association, Focus on the Family [65] and the National Organization for
Marriage.[66] Rick Warren, pastor of Saddleback Church, also endorsed the measure. [67]
Others
The Grossmont Union High School District in San Diego County, California, publicly voted on a resolution
endorsing Proposition 8. The Governing Board voted 4–0 to endorse the amendment of the California State
Constitution. [68]
The Asian Heritage Coalition held a rally in support of Proposition 8 in downtown San Diego on October 19,
2008.[69]
During the November 2008 election campaign, Porterville's City Council was the only City Council in California
that passed a Resolution in favor of Proposition 8.[70]
"Whether You Like It or Not" advertisement
In the months leading up to Election Day, Proposition 8 supporters released a commercial featuring San
Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom stating in a speech regarding same-sex marriage: "This door's wide open now.
It's going to happen, whether you like it or not."[71] Some observers noted that polls shifted in favor of
Proposition 8 following the release of the commercial; this, in turn, led to much speculation about Newsom’s
unwitting role in the passage of the amendment.[72][73][74]
Opponents
Equality for All was the lead organization opposed to Proposition 8.[75]
They also ran the NoOnProp8.com campaign. [76] As with the measure's
proponents, opponents of the measure also included a number of political
figures and religious organizations. Some non-partisan organizations and
corporations, as well as the editorial boards of many of the state's major
newspapers, also opposed the measure.
Political figures Official "Vote NO on Prop 8" logo
While Democratic presidential
nominee and U.S. Senator, Barack Obama stated that while he personally
considered marriage to be between a man and woman, [77] and supported
civil unions that confer comparable rights rather than gay marriage,[78] he
opposed "divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California
Constitution... the U.S. Constitution or those of other states." [79]
Democratic vice-presidential candidate Joseph Biden also opposed the
proposition.[80] Republican California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
San Francisco Mayor Gavin stated that although he opposed and twice vetoed legislative bills that
Newsom speaks at an Anti- would recognize same sex marriage in California, he respected and would
Proposition 8 Rally on Sproul steps
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Proposition 8 Rally on Sproul steps uphold the court's ruling and oppose the initiative and other attempts to
at UC Berkeley
amend the state's constitution.[81][82] The U.S. House Speaker, California
Representative (8th District), Nancy Pelosi [83] along with other members
of the California congressional delegation and both of California's U.S. senators, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara
Boxer, voiced their opposition to Proposition 8.[84] Also voicing their opposition were the Lieutenant Governor,
State Controller John Chiang, former governor and Attorney General Jerry Brown, 42 of 80 members of the state
assembly, half of the state senators, and the mayors of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego: Gavin
Newsom, Antonio Villaraigosa, and Jerry Sanders, respectively. [85][86][87][88]
Religious organizations
All six Episcopal diocesan bishops in California jointly issued a statement opposing Proposition 8 on September
10, 2008.[89] Southern California's largest collection of rabbis, the Board of Rabbis of Southern California, voted
to oppose Proposition 8.[90] Other Jewish groups who opposed Proposition 8 include Jewish Mosaic,[91] the
American Jewish Committee, Progressive Jewish Alliance, National Council of Jewish Women, and the Anti-
Defamation League.[62] Los Angeles Jews were more opposed to Prop 8 than any other religious group or ethnic
group in the city. Jewish Angelinos voted 78% against the measure while only 8% supported the measure; the
remainder declined to respond.[92] The legislative ministry of the Unitarian Universalists opposed Proposition 8,
and organized phone banks toward defeating the measure. [93]
In addition, the California Council of Churches issued a statement urging the "immediate removal of Proposition
8" – saying that it infringes on the freedom of religion for churches who wish to bless same-sex unions.[94]
Others
The League of Women Voters of California opposed Proposition 8 because "no person or group should suffer
legal, economic or administrative discrimination."[95] Additionally, all but two of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People's local chapters in California and NAACP national chairman Julian Bond
and President Benjamin Jealous opposed Proposition 8.[96] Amnesty International also condemned Proposition 8,
saying that "states should never withhold rights based on minority status".[97]
Actor Tom Hanks, a strong supporter of same-sex marriage, was extremely outspoken about his opposition to the
bill. Brad Pitt and Steven Spielberg each donated different amounts of money to the opposition campaign "No
on 8."[98]
A coalition of Silicon Valley executives urged a 'No' vote on Proposition 8.[99] Google officially opposed
Proposition 8 "as an issue of equality", donating $140,000 to the No on 8 campaign. [100][101] Apple Inc. also
opposed Proposition 8 as a "fundamental" civil rights issue, and donated $100,000 to the No on 8 campaign. [101]
[102] Biotech leaders warned of potential damage to the state's $73 billion industry, citing Massachusetts as a top
competitor for employees. [103] Many members of the entertainment industry were opposed to Proposition 8.[104]
The Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education voted unanimously for a resolution to oppose
Proposition 8.[105] The California Teachers Association donated one million dollars to fight Proposition 8.[106]
Chancellor Robert Birgeneau of UC Berkeley urged a vote against the measure, claiming a likely threat to
California's academic competitiveness if Proposition 8 is passed.[107]
In 2010, the documentary film 8: The Mormon Proposition premiered to sell-out audiences at the Sundance Film
Festival.
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Newspaper editorials and Proposition 8
All ten of the state's largest newspapers editorialized against Proposition 8, including the Los Angeles Times,[108]
and the San Francisco Chronicle.[109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117] Other papers to have editorialized in
opposition include The New York Times,[118] La Opinión (Los Angeles),[119] and The Bakersfield
Californian.[120]
Crimes against supporters and opponents
See also: Protests against Proposition 8 supporters
A week before the vote, Fresno Mayor Alan Autry received an email containing death threats against both
himself and Pastor Jim Franklin of Fresno's Cornerstone Church, both of whom had spoken in support of
Proposition 8 during a rally at Fresno city hall the preceding weekend. According to Fresno Police Chief Jerry
Dyer, the email stated that the threat "was stemming from Prop 8".[121][122] Fresno "No on 8" organizer Jason
Scott condemned the death threats, and Mayor Autry expressed concern that there might be a backlash against
opponents of the measure. [121][122] Fresno-area supporters of gay marriage were also harassed; "No On 8" signs
at the Clovis Unitarian Universalist Church were torn up, with Reverend Bryan Jessup alleging that his church
experienced vandalism "every night". [121]
At an LDS church in Orangevale (in Sacramento County), vandals spray-painted in red letters on the front sign
and sidewalk: "No on 8" and "No on Prop 8".[123] An affiliate group of the Radical Trans/Queer organization
Bash Back! claims to have poured glue into the locks of an LDS church and spray painted its walls.[124]
Santa Clara County Deputy District Attorney (DDA) Jay Boyarsky attributed a surge in anti-gay hate crimes,
from 3 in 2007 to 14 in 2008, to controversy over Proposition 8. However, the DDA questioned the reliability of
small statistical samples, asserting that the vast majority of hate incidents don't get referred to the DA's
office. [125]
Pre-decision opinion polls
Various opinion polls were conducted to estimate the outcome of the proposition. Those margins with
differences less than their margins of error are marked as "n.s.", meaning not significant (see Statistical
significance). Those margins considered statistically significant are indicated with the percentage points and the
side favored in the poll, as either "pro" for in favor of the proposition's passage (e.g., 1% pro), or "con" for
against its passage (e.g., 1% con).
According to the director of the Field Poll, the discrepancy between the pre-election polls and ballot results is
because "regular church-goers ... were more prone than other voters to be influenced by last-minute appeals to
conform to orthodox church positions when voting on a progressive social issue like same-sex marriage." [126]
Sample
Margin
size In
Date of opinion poll Conducted by Against Undecided Margin of
(likely favor
Error
voters)
29–31 October
SurveyUSA 637 47% 50% 3% n.s. ±4%
2008[127]
18–28 October
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18–28 October
The Field Poll 966 44% 49% 7% 5% con ±3.3%
2008[128]
12–19 October Public Policy Institute of
1,186 44% 52% 4% 8% con ±3%
2008[129] California
15–16 October
SurveyUSA 615 48% 45% 7% n.s. ±4%
2008[130]
4–5 October
SurveyUSA 670 47% 42% 10% 5% pro ±3.9%
2008[131][132]
23–24 September
SurveyUSA 661 44% 49% 8% 5% pro ±3.9%
2008[133][134]
9–16 September Public Policy Institute of 14%
1,157 41% 55% 4% ±3%
2008[135] California con
5–14 September 17%
The Field Poll 830 38% 55% 7% ±3.5%
2008[136] con
12–19 August Public Policy Institute of 14%
1,047 40% 54% 6% ±3%
2008[137][138] California con
8–14 July
The Field Poll 672 42% 51% 7% 9% con ±3.9%
2008[139][140]
17–26 May 2008[141] The Field Poll 1,052 42% 51% 7% 9% con ±3.2%
Los Angeles 19%
22 May 2008[142] 705 54% 35% 11% ±4%
Times/KTLA pro
Results
Proposition 8 [143]
Yes or no Votes Percentage
Yes 7,001,084 52.24%
No 6,401,482 47.76%
Valid votes 13,402,566 97.52%
Invalid or blank votes 340,611 2.48%
Total votes 13,743,177 100.00%
Voter turnout 79.42%
Amending the California Constitution by voter initiative requires a
simple majority to be enacted.[144]
Edison/Mitofsky conducted an exit poll on behalf of the National
Election Pool which is the only source of data on voter demographics
in California in the 2008 election.[145][146] Interpreting the exit poll requires some care, as it does not include
information about the poll locations where the surveys were conducted. This can be a problem, because exit polls
are more inaccurate than regular opinion polls, due to an intrinsic geographical bias stemming from the fact that
most precincts are not sampled. [147]
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The statistical trends from the exit poll of 2,240 voters suggested that an array of voters came out both in
opposition to and in support of Proposition 8, with no single demographic group making up most of either the
Yes or No vote. Support for Proposition 8 initially appeared strong amongst African American voters interviewed
in the exit poll[148] but an analysis by Patrick Egan of New York University, who wrote a report with Kenneth
Sherrill of Hunter College of New York for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force showed otherwise. [149]
Their analysis of precinct-level voting data on Prop. 8 from Alameda, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego and
San Francisco counties, which are home to nearly two-thirds of California's black voters, suggested that African
American support for Prop. 8 was much less than originally inferred from the exit poll.[150] Those who described
themselves as religious were the strongest supporters of prop 8.[151] Young voters were more likely to have
voted against the ballot measure than older voters, while Republicans were more likely to have supported the
measure than were Democrats. [152]
County breakdown
Breakdown of voting by county [143]
County Yes Votes No Votes
Kern 75.3% 175,167 24.7% 57,496
Tulare 75.1% 78,578 24.9% 26,113
Modoc 74.2% 3,279 25.8% 1,142
Kings 73.7% 25,821 26.3% 9,244
Madera 73.5% 30,906 26.5% 11,193
Glenn 73.3% 7,235 26.7% 2,644
Tehama 72.8% 17,777 27.2% 6,675
Colusa 71.6% 4,556 28.4% 1,815
Lassen 71.3% 8,021 28.7% 3,241
Merced 70.8% 44,800 29.2% 18,520
Sutter 70.4% 23,032 29.6% 9,707
Shasta 69.7% 55,698 30.3% 24,224
Imperial 69.7% 27,048 30.3% 11,783
Fresno 68.7% 185,993 31.3% 83,122
Stanislaus 67.9% 108,988 32.1% 51,598
Yuba 67.6% 14,323 32.4% 6,868
San Bernardino 66.8% 404,762 33.2% 202,227
San Joaquin 65.5% 135,728 34.5% 71,747
Riverside 64.7% 417,133 35.3% 228,449
Sierra 64.2% 1,273 35.8% 711
Amador 64.0% 11,945 36.0% 6,725
Calaveras 63.9% 14,624 36.1% 8,588
Tuolumne 62.6% 16,964 37.4% 10,163
Mariposa 62.1% 5,961 37.9% 3,640
Inyo 60.6% 5,116 39.4% 3,334
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Del Norte 60.1% 5,658 39.9% 3,770
Siskiyou 60.0% 12,668 40.0% 8,475
Plumas 60.0% 6,576 40.0% 4,401
Placer 59.8% 102,977 40.2% 69,444
El Dorado 58.3% 53,837 41.7% 38,534
Orange 57.7% 659,037 42.3% 484,015
Trinity 56.2% 3,563 43.8% 2,785
Butte 56.1% 54,822 43.9% 43,045
Solano 55.9% 89,292 44.1% 70,680
San Benito 54.8% 10,657 45.2% 8,794
Sacramento 53.9% 289,378 46.1% 248,444
San Diego 53.8% 655,625 46.2% 565,054
Ventura 52.9% 178,719 47.1% 159,284
Lake 52.0% 13,036 48.0% 12,080
San Luis Obispo 51.1% 67,304 48.9% 64,555
Los Angeles 50.1% 1,624,672 49.9% 1,622,287
Nevada 50.1% 27,617 49.9% 27,614
Monterey 48.4% 62,251 51.6% 66,191
Santa Barbara 46.4% 80,117 53.6% 92,305
Contra Costa 44.6% 198,713 55.4% 246,753
Napa 44.4% 26,227 55.6% 32,742
Mono 44.2% 2,425 55.8% 3,050
Santa Clara 44.2% 291,347 55.8% 367,053
Alpine 43.6% 293 56.4% 379
Yolo 41.3% 32,816 56.4% 46,537
Humboldt 39.9% 25,296 60.1% 37,963
San Mateo 38.2% 114,695 61.8% 185,127
Alameda 38.0% 232,923 62.0% 378,692
Mendocino 36.8% 14,649 63.2% 25,072
Sonoma 33.5% 76,143 66.5% 150,763
Santa Cruz 28.7% 36,163 71.3% 89,793
Marin 24.9% 34,324 75.1% 103,341
San Francisco 24.8% 92,536 75.2% 280,491
Post-election events
See also: Post-election events of Proposition 8 (2008)
A constitutional amendment passed by the electorate takes effect the day after the election.[144] On the evening
of November 4 the "Yes on 8" campaign issued a statement by Ron Prentice, the chairman of
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ProtectMarriage.com, saying "The people of California stood up for traditional marriage and reclaimed this great
institution." [153] The organizers of the "No on Prop 8" campaign issued a statement on November 6 saying
"Tuesday’s vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law."[154] The counties
of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Yolo, Kern, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Sonoma, San Diego, San
Bernardino, Sacramento, and Tuolumne stopped issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples the day after the
election.[155][156][157][158][159]
Following the passage of Proposition 8, mass protests took place across the state. These included protests outside
a temple of the LDS Church in Westwood, Los Angeles; [160] a march through Hollywood that blocked traffic
and elicited police intervention;[161] and a candlelight vigil in front of the Sacramento Gay and Lesbian
Center.[162] In San Francisco, thousands gathered in front of the City Hall to protest the proposition and to
perform a candlelit vigil. Speakers who voiced their opinion in opposition of Proposition 8 included state senator
Mark Leno and mayor Gavin Newsom.[163]
These protests led to several lawsuits being filed in the State Supreme Court and the Federal District Court. On
November 13, 2008, the California Supreme Court asked California Attorney General Jerry Brown for an opinion
on whether the Court should accept these cases for review and whether the measure should be suspended while
they decide the case. On November 19, the Court accepted three lawsuits challenging Proposition 8, which
consolidated into Strauss v. Horton.[164]
Overturned in federal district court and stay
Main article: Perry v. Schwarzenegger
After the California Supreme Court upheld the voter initiative, a suit, Perry v. Schwarzenegger was filed in a
Federal District Court in San Francisco. On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Chief Judge Vaughn R. Walker
overturned Proposition 8 but also stayed the ruling; the voter initiative was to remain in effect pending appeal.[11]
On August 12, Walker announced his decision to lift the stay (which would have allowed same-sex marriages to
be performed) as of August 18, 2010.[165][166] However, on August 16, 2010, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit indefinitely extended the District Court's stay, stopping new same-sex marriages in
the state of California pending appeal. It also scheduled an accelerated time table for hearing an appeal of
Walker's ruling. [167]
Full text
Proposition 8 consisted of only two short sections. Its full text was: [168]
Section I. Title
This measure shall be known and may be cited as the "California Marriage Protection Act."
Section 2. Article I. Section 7.5 is added to the California Constitution. to read:
Sec. 7.5. Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.
See also
Same-sex marriage in California
Briggs Initiative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008) Page 11 of 20
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California Proposition 22 (2000)
California Marriage Equality Act
Constitutional Law
List of defense of marriage amendments to U.S. state constitutions by type
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lpos=World_News_Second_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15144768_Gay_Marriage%3A_Prot
ests_In_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_After_Referendum_Result_In_Favour_Of_Ban) . Sky News. 2008-11-06.
http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Gay-Marriage-Protests-In-Los-Angeles-California-After-Referendum-
Result-In-Favour-Of-Ban/Article/200811115144768?
lpos=World_News_Second_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15144768_Gay_Marriage%3A_Prot
ests_In_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_After_Referendum_Result_In_Favour_Of_Ban. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
162. ^ Garza, Samantha (2008-11-06). "Sacramento rally protests Proposition 8"
(http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1374863.html) . The Sacramento Bee.
http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1374863.html. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
163. ^ "Thousands Attend Vigil Protesting Passage Of Prop. 8" (http://www.ktvu.com/politics/17914830/detail.html) . KTVU.
2008-11-06. http://www.ktvu.com/politics/17914830/detail.html. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
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California Proposition 8 (2008) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/29/11 11:33 AM
164. ^ "California Supreme Court Takes Action on Proposition 8"
(http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/presscenter/newsreleases/NR66-08.PDF) . Judicial Council of California. 2008-11-19.
http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/presscenter/newsreleases/NR66-08.PDF. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
165. ^ McKinley, Jesse (2010-08-12). "Judge Sets End to Ban on Gay Marriage in California"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/13/us/13prop.html?hp) . New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/13/us/13prop.html?hp. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
166. ^ "Final Stay Order" (http://www.scribd.com/doc/35799834/Final-Stay-Order?tsp=1) . scribd.com.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35799834/Final-Stay-Order?tsp=1. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
167. ^ Reuters (17 August 2010). "California gay marriages on hold
(http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/17/2984912.htm?section=world) again"]. Australian Broadcasting
Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/17/2984912.htm?section=world. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
168. ^ Scan of Initiative (http://www.ag.ca.gov/cms_pdfs/initiatives/i737_07-0068_Initiative.pdf) from California Attorney
General website.
External links
ProtectMarriage.com (http://www.protectmarriage.com/) : Organizational sponsor of Proposition 8
No On Prop. 8 (http://www.noonprop8.com/) : Organizational opponent to Proposition 8
California Official Voter Information Guide on Proposition 8
(http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/past/2008/general/title-sum/prop8-title-sum.htm) , Title and summary,
analysis, arguments and rebuttals, and the text of the proposition.
Scan of Initiative (http://www.ag.ca.gov/cms_pdfs/initiatives/i737_07-0068_Initiative.pdf) from California
Attorney General website
The Money Behind the 2008 Same-Sex Partnership Ballot Measures - National Institute on Money in State
Politics (http://www.followthemoney.org/press/ReportView.phtml?r=406)
The court's decision in Perry v Schwarzenegger
(http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Sections/TVNews/MSNBC%20TV/Maddow/Blog/2010/07/prop8ruling.pdf)
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