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A B C D E F G H

1 Life History Evolution Trade-off Model

2

3

4

5 Age Age

6 1 2+ n 1 2+

7 10 10 10 11 0

8 A= 1 1 0 A= 0 0

9

10 Numbers over time - no trade-offs Numbers over time - with trade-offs

11 Time Age 1 Age 2 Total pop l Time Age 1 Age 2

12 0 10 0 10 11 0 10 10

13 1 100 10 110 11 1 55 0

14 2 1100 110 1210 11 2 302.5 0

15 3 12100 1210 13310 11 3 1663.75 0

16 4 133100 13310 146410 11 4 9150.625 0

17 5 1464100 146410 1610510 11 5 50328.438 0

18 6 16105100 1610510 17715610 11 6 276806.41 0

19 7 177156100 17715610 194871710 11 7 1522435.2 0

20 8 1948717100 1.95E+08 2143588810 11 8 8373393.8 0

21 9 2.1436E+10 2.14E+09 2.3579E+10 11 9 46053666 0

22 10 2.3579E+11 2.36E+10 2.5937E+11 11 10 253295162 0

23 11 2.5937E+12 2.59E+11 2.8531E+12 11 11 1.393E+09 0

24 Total Number of Individuals in Population

12 2.8531E+13 2.85E+12 3.1384E+13 11 12 7.662E+09 Total 0

Number of Individ

25 over 10 Years

13 3.1384E+14 3.14E+13 3.4523E+14 11 13 4.214E+10 0

26 14 3.4523E+15 3.45E+14 3.7975E+15 11 14 2.318E+11 0

27 15

1.4E+533.7975E+16 3.8E+15 4.1772E+16 11 15 1.275E+121.2E+38 0

28 16

1.2E+534.1772E+17 4.18E+16 4.595E+17 11 16 7.011E+12 0

Numbers of Individuals

Numbers ofIndividuals









29 17 4.595E+18 4.59E+17 5.0545E+18

1E+53 11 17 3.856E+13 1E+38 0

30 18 5.0545E+19 5.05E+18 5.5599E+19

8E+52

11 18 2.121E+14 8E+37 0

31 19 5.5599E+20 5.56E+19 6.1159E+20 11 19 1.167E+15 0

6E+52 6E+37

32 20 6.1159E+21 6.12E+20 6.7275E+21 11 20 6.416E+15 0

4E+52

33 21 6.7275E+22 6.73E+21 7.4002E+22 11 21 3.529E+16 4E+37 0

2E+52

34 22 7.4002E+23 7.4E+22 8.1403E+23 11 22 1.941E+17 0

08.1403E+24 8.14E+23 8.9543E+24 2E+37

35 23 11 23 1.067E+18 0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

36 24

-2E+528.9543E+25 8.95E+24 9.8497E+25 11 24 5.871E+18 0 0

37 25 9.8497E+26 9.85E+25 1.0835E+27 11 25 3.229E+19 0 0

Year

26 1.0835E+28 1.08E+27 1.1918E+28 11 26 1.776E+20 0

38

39 27 1.1918E+29 1.19E+28 1.311E+29 11 27 9.768E+20 0

40 28 1.311E+30 1.31E+29 1.4421E+30 11 28 5.372E+21 0

41 29 1.4421E+31 1.44E+30 1.5863E+31 11 29 2.955E+22 0

42 30 1.5863E+32 1.59E+31 1.7449E+32 11 30 1.625E+23 0

43 31 1.7449E+33 1.74E+32 1.9194E+33 11 31 8.938E+23 0

A B C D E F G H

44 32 1.9194E+34 1.92E+33 2.1114E+34 11 32 4.916E+24 0

45 33 2.1114E+35 2.11E+34 2.3225E+35 11 33 2.704E+25 0

46 34 2.3225E+36 2.32E+35 2.5548E+36 11 34 1.487E+26 0

47 35 2.5548E+37 2.55E+36 2.8102E+37 11 35 8.179E+26 0

48 36 2.8102E+38 2.81E+37 3.0913E+38 11 36 4.498E+27 0

49 37 3.0913E+39 3.09E+38 3.4004E+39 11 37 2.474E+28 0

50 38 3.4004E+40 3.4E+39 3.7404E+40 11 38 1.361E+29 0

51 39 3.7404E+41 3.74E+40 4.1145E+41 11 39 7.484E+29 0

52 40 4.1145E+42 4.11E+41 4.5259E+42 11 40 4.116E+30 0

53 41 4.5259E+43 4.53E+42 4.9785E+43 11 41 2.264E+31 0

54 42 4.9785E+44 4.98E+43 5.4764E+44 11 42 1.245E+32 0

55 43 5.4764E+45 5.48E+44 6.024E+45 11 43 6.849E+32 0

56 44 6.024E+46 6.02E+45 6.6264E+46 11 44 3.767E+33 0

57 45 6.6264E+47 6.63E+46 7.289E+47 11 45 2.072E+34 0

58 46 7.289E+48 7.29E+47 8.018E+48 11 46 1.139E+35 0

59 47 8.018E+49 8.02E+48 8.8197E+49 11 47 6.267E+35 0

60 48 8.8197E+50 8.82E+49 9.7017E+50 11 48 3.447E+36 0

61 49 9.7017E+51 9.7E+50 1.0672E+52 11 49 1.896E+37 0

62 50 1.0672E+53 1.07E+52 1.1739E+53 0 50 1.043E+38 0

I J K L M N

Trade-off Model

1

2

3

4

5

6 n Trade-off parameters

7 10 E = 0.5

8 10 z = 2

9 S = 0.5

mbers over time - with trade-offs

10 E Adjusted survival Trade-

11 Total population l 0 0.5

12 20 2.75 0.1 0.495 1

13 55 5.5 0.2 0.48 0.9









Adjusted Survival

0.8

14 302.5 5.5 0.3 0.455

0.7

15 1663.75 5.5 0.4 0.42 0.6

16 9150.625 5.5 0.5 0.375 0.5

0.4

17 50328.4375 5.5 0.6 0.32

0.3

18 276806.4063 5.5 0.7 0.255 0.2

19 1522435.234 5.5 0.8 0.18 0.1

0

20 8373393.789 5.5 0.9 0.095

0 0.2

21 46053665.84 5.5 1 1.11022E-16

22 253295162.1 5.5

23 1393123392 5.5

Total Number of Individuals with Trade-offs

24 7662178654 5.5 in

25 Reproduction and Survival

42141982598 5.5

26 2.31781E+11 5.5

27 1.27479E+12 5.5

28 7.01137E+12 5.5

29 3.85625E+13 5.5

30 2.12094E+14 5.5

31 1.16652E+15 5.5

32 6.41584E+15 5.5

33 3.52871E+16 5.5

34 1.94079E+17 5.5

35 1.06744E+18 5.5

36 5.8709E+18 5.5

37 10 20

3.22899E+19 30

5.5 40 50 60

38 1.77595E+20 5.5

Year

39 9.76771E+20 5.5

40 5.37224E+21 5.5

41 2.95473E+22 5.5

42 1.6251E+23 5.5

43 8.93806E+23 5.5

I J K L M N

44 4.91593E+24 5.5

45 2.70376E+25 5.5

46 1.48707E+26 5.5

47 8.17889E+26 5.5

48 4.49839E+27 5.5

49 2.47411E+28 5.5

50 1.36076E+29 5.5

51 7.48419E+29 5.5

52 4.11631E+30 5.5

53 2.26397E+31 5.5

54 1.24518E+32 5.5

55 6.8485E+32 5.5

56 3.76668E+33 5.5

57 2.07167E+34 5.5

58 1.13942E+35 5.5

59 6.26681E+35 5.5

60 3.44674E+36 5.5

61 1.89571E+37 5.5

62 1.04264E+38 0

O P Q R S T U V

1

2

3 0.1 110

4 0.2 55

5 0.3 36.6

6 0.4 27.5

7 0.5 22

8 0.6 18.5

9 0.7 15.8

10

Trade-offs in Current Reproduction and Survival 0.8

Birth rates needed 13.8

to produce

11 0.9 juvenile survival values

12.2

12 1 11

13 120









Adjusted birth rate, b

14 100

15 80

16

60

17

40

18

20

19

20 0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4

21

Current Reproduction Juvenile survival, s

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

O P Q R S T U V

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

W X Y Z

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

ates needed to produce l = 11 under various

10

juvenile survival values

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0.4 0.6 0.8 1

21

Juvenile survival, s

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

A B C D E F G H I

1 Optimal Clutch Size Model

2

3 # Attempts / Yr Clutch Size Juv Survival

4 mean = 2 mean = 5 mean = 0.5

5 std = 0.5 std = 0.5 std = 0.1

6 slope = -0.1

7

8 Attempts Clutch Juvenile Breeding Juvenile Survival

9 Individual per Year Size Survival Success

10 1 1 1 0.9 0.9 3









Survival or Success

11 2 1 2 0.8 1.6 2.5

12 3 1 3 0.7 2.1 2

13 4 1 4 0.6 2.4

1.5

14 5 1 5 0.5 2.5

1

15 6 1 6 0.4 2.4

16 7 1 7 0.3 2.1 0.5



17 8 1 8 0.2 1.6 0

1 2 3 4

18 9 1 9 0.1 0.9

19 10 1 10 0 0

20

21 Attempts Clutch Juvenile Breeding

22 Individual per Year Size Survival Success Attempts per Year

23 1 2 6 0.499696 5.996354

Breeding Success

24 2 2 5 0.604802 6.048018

25 3 1 5 0.644611 3.223056

7



Attempts, Clutch, or Breeding Success

26 4 2 5 0.563944 5.639442

6

27 5 2 4 0.592724 4.741789

28 6 2 5 0.463266 4.63266 5

29 7 2 5 0.463524 4.635242 4

30 8 2 6 0.382335 4.588022 3

31 9 2 5 0.436908 4.369076

2

32 10 2 4 0.452003 3.616021

1

33

34 0

1 2 3 4 5

35

36 Individual

37

38

J K L M

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Juvenile Survival Breeding Success

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

5 6 7 8 9 10

18

19 Clutch Size

20

21

22

Attempts per Year Clutch Size

23

Breeding Success Juvenile Survival

24

25

0.7

26

0.6

27

28 0.5

Survival









29 0.4

30 0.3

31

0.2

32

0.1

33

34 0

35 5 6 7 8 9 10



36 Individual

37

38



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