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Opioids bradycardia

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In the name of God



Opioids





Dr.Ali Ostadi.MD

History and Epidemiology

Papaver somniferum

Opioids are available in various

formulations that allow administration

by virtually any route: epidural,

inhalational, intranasal, intrathecal,

oral, parenteral (ie, subcutaneously

[SC]/IV/IM), rectal, transdermal, and

transmucosal

DEFINITIONS

• Opium

– Fluid obtained from

the poppy plant

• Opiate

a substance derived –

from opium

• Opioid

– substance with

morphine-like actions,

but not derived

directly from the

Papaver Somniferum poppy plant

“Poppy Plant”





Opiate or opioid tend to be used interchangeably.

Pharmacology

Opioid-Receptor Subtypes

Mu Receptor

Kappa Receptor

Delta Receptor

Nociceptin/Orphanin

Sigma Receptor

Other Receptors (Epsilon „Zeta)

µ1

Supraspinal analgesia

Peripheral analgesia

Sedation

Euphoria

Prolactin release

µ2

• Spinal analgesia

Respiratory depression

Physical dependence

Gastrointestinal dysmotility

Pruritus

Bradycardia

Growth hormone release

K1

• Spinal analgesia

Miosis

Diuresis

K2

• Psychotomimesis

Dysphoria

K3

• Supraspinal analgesia

Delta

• Spinal and supraspinal analgesia

Modulation of µ-receptor function

Inhibit release of dopamine

Nociceptin/orphanin

• Anxiolysis

Analgesia

Clinical Manifestations

• Cardiovascular Peripheral vasodilation

• Orthostatic hypotension

• Bradycardia





• Dermatologic Flushing (histamine)

• Pruritus

• Endocrinologic Reduced ADH release

Reduced gonadotrophin release





• Gastrointestinal Reduced motility

Reduced gastric acid secretion

Increased biliary tract pressure

Increased anal sphincter tone

• Neurologic Sedation, coma

Analgesia Euphoria

Seizures (meperidine, propoxyphene)

Antitussive





• Ophthalmic Miosis

• Pulmonary Respiratory depression

• Bronchospasm (histamine)

• Acute lung injury

Toxic Effects

• Mental status depression,

• hypoventilation,

• miosis,

• and reduced bowel motility are the classic

elements

Respiratory Depression

Acute Lung Injury

Cardiovascular

Miosis

Seizures

Movement Disorders

Gastrointestinal Effects

• Diagnostic Testing

• Laboratory Considerations

Management

• Antidote Administration

• the lowest practical naloxone dose

should be administered initially

If a naloxone bolus (start with 0.05 mg IV

and titrate)

Body Packers

Agonist-Antagonists

Meperidine

• Normeperidine causes excitatory

• neurotoxicity, which manifests as delirium,

tremor, myoclonus, or seizures



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