Ecology
Chapter 6
Ecology
Ecology –
Ecology
Animals and their abiotic environment
Habitat –
• Biotic –
• Abiotic –
Ecology
Tolerance range
• All animals __________________________________________
Ex. Current
Ex. Oxygen
• Range of Optimum
Ecology
Limiting Factors
• When one or more abiotic factor is out of that animals tolerance range
• Taxis is a response to some abiotic factor
Can be + or -
Ecology
Energy – the ability to do work
• Heterotroph – other animals are used for energy
• Autotroph – photosynthesis or another method is used for energy
• Energy budget is a record of energy in and out
Ecology
Gross energy intake
• Excretory energy
• Existence energy
• Productive energy
Ecology
Temperature
• Controlled by _____________________________________________
Influences metabolic rate
Heat loss
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•
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Heat gain
•
•
•
Ecology
Metabolic response to inactivity
• Torpor
Bats, hummingbirds, and other small birds
• Hibernation
o
20oC
Ecology
• Winter sleep
Large mammals
• Aestivation
Reptiles, amphibians, or invertebrates
Ecology
Populations
Groups of ________________________________ that ________________________ at
the _______________ and have unique attributes
Ecology
Population growth
• Survivorship curve
Type I (Convex)
• Environmental factors are __________________________________
• Most individuals ____________________________________________
Ecology
Type II (Diagonal)
• Constant probability of _______________________
• Environmental factors _______________________
• Birds and rodents
T ype III (Concave)
• Very high _______________________________________
• Fish and many invertebrates
Ecology
• Exponential growth
Lim iting factors
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•
•
•
Ecology
Bacteria divide by binary fission
If left unchecked, then they continue to add to the population
However, there is a natural check mechanism
Ecology
Reasons why growth is not _____________________________
•
•
Carrying capacity –
Ecology
Population regulation
• Population density
Density – independent factors
• Factors that ___________________________________
•
Ecology
Density – dependent factors
• Factors that ___________________________________
•
Ecology
• Intraspecific competition
Competition _______________________________________________
One individual can affect other individuals
Ecology
Interspecific interactions
Herbivory
•
Predation
•
Ecology
Interspecific competition
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•
• Two species ____________________________________________
Ecology
Coevolution
• The evolution of
_________________________________________________________________
Interspecific com petition
Predator-pre y
• Ex. Flowers and their pollinators
Ecology
Symbiosis
Parasitism –
• Parasite usually harms the host
Commensalism –
Mutualism –
Ecology
Other interspecific adaptations
• Camouflage –
• Cryptic coloration –
Ecology
• Countershading –
• Aposematic coloration –
• Mimicry –
Ecology
Communities
All populations living in an area
• Dominant species
• Community diversity
Ecology
Ecological niche
•
Community stability
• Succession –
• Pioneer community –
• Seral stage –
• Climax community –
Ecology
Trophic structure
Ecosystem
•
• Energy is used and can not be reused
Food Chain
• The way _____________________________________
Ecology
Food web –
• Trophic levels help organize food web
• Primary consumers (herbivores)
• Secondary consumers (carnivores that eat herbivores)
• Tertiary consumers (carnivores that eat carnivores)
• Decomposers (Scavengers)
Ecology
Ecological concerns
Overpopulation – China’s One Child polic y
Pollution
Resource depletion
Loss of Biodiversity