Get documents about "Potable Water and Sanitation Issues in the Aral Sea
Document Sample
Potable Water and Sanitation
Issues in the Aral Sea
Ayse Kudat
The World Bank
1998
RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN
TURKMENISTAN CHINA
TAJIKISTAN
IRAN AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN
SOURCES OF POTABLE WATER
Natural
Spring (0.2%)
Well next River, Lake
door (8.1%) or Pond (5%)
Well in the
Water Pump in street (11.6%)
the street (9.1%)
Piped Water Irrigation
next door (2%) canal (10%)
Piped Water in
the House (6.3%) Well in the
yard (8.2%)
Piped Water in
the yard (13.7%) Water Pump in
the yard (26.2%)
Water Vendor (0.9%)
Water Piped Water in
the street (17.2%)
Sources of Drinking Water
by Geographical Area
0
Vendors
1.8
Irrigation 3.6
Canals 27.2
8
Hand 38.8
Karakalpakstan Pumps 31.4
7
Hand-dug 24.4
6 Wells 31.7
5
Piped 45.6
1 32.4
Water
2
Khorezm 4
3 0 20 40 60
Percentage of Households
Main Water Sources for Drinking and Cooking in Nukus and Urgench
Piped water inside
Piped water in yard
Nukus
Urgench
Piped water in neighbor's
yard
Piped water on the street
Other*
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of households
*Category “other” includes well inside yard, well in neighbor’s yard, well on the street, hand pump in the yard, hand pump outside,
spring water, rivers, lakes and ponds, irrigation canal, delivered water and bottled water.
Reasons of Dissatisfaction
Salinity
Dirtiness
Cold Season
Smell Warm season
Effect on milk
Bad taste
0 20 40 60 80 100
% of households
Urban Areas Rural Areas
Salinity Salinity
Dirtiness Dirtiness
Cold Season Cold Season
Smell Warm Season Smell Warm Season
Effect on milk Effect on milk
Bad taste Bad taste
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
% of households % of households
Households Who Treat Water Before Using It
Do not treat
water before
using
17%
Treat water
before using
83%
92% 100% 98% 67% 85% 63%
100
80
% of households
60
40
20
0
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7
Treatment of Vendor Delivered Water
No
17%
Yes
83%
Methods of Treatment Used
90
80
percent of households
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Filtering Settling Boiling
Total Number of Hand Pumps Surveyed by
Geographical Zone
Karakalpakstan
Khorezm
ARAL
Sea
16 hand pumps
8
100 hand pumps
7
40 hand pumps
6
Nukus
5
154 hand pumps
1 91 hand pumps
Urgench 2 4
79 hand pumps 3
20 hand pumps N/A
Uses of Hand Pump Water
Watering animals
Cleaning
Drinking
Watering gardens
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percent of hand pumps used
Availability of Piped Water Supply Hand Pump Usage for Drinking Purposes in
in the Settlements with Hand Pumps Settlements With and Without Piped Water
Piped Water not
Available
89%
11%
Piped Water
Available
Piped water available Piped water not available
0 20 40 60 80 100
percent of hand pumps used for drinking
Hand Pump Water Salinity - Khorezm and Karakalpakstan
6
5
4
grams/liter
3
Average = 1.918 grams/liter
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percent of hand pumps
Hand Pump Water Salinity - in Zones
2.5
2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.6
1.5
grams/liter
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Total
Coli Count in Hand Pump Water - Khorezm and Karakalpakstan
25
20
Coli Index
15
Average = 9
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent of Hand Pumps
Coli Count in Hand Pump Water - in Zones
13.4 13.4
14.0
12.0
10.0 9.0
Coli Index
8.0 6.8
6.1
6.0
4.2
3.5
4.0 3.0
2.0
0.0
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Total
Health Problems in Households Depending
on Water Vendors
No
74%
Yes Distribution of Illnesses
26%
Stomach and liver
Cardiovascular
Respiratory diseases
Arthritic
Neurological diseases
Other*
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% of individuals
*Category “other” includes cancer, allergies and injury-related illnesses.
Total Household Income from Salary/wages
by Geographical Area
ARAL
ARAL
Sea
Sea
16
8
18 7
19
6
5 17
26 1
2 4
3
16 15
16
Main Problems in Rural Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan
%
• Lack of Flour 64.7 16.0 8.5
• Lack of Money
for Food Products
23.0 58.9 5.3
• Lack of Fuel 3.1 3.6 12.0
• Water 2.7 9.0 25.4
• Lack of Construction
Materials 0.9 4.0 18.0
• Lack of Opportunities
to Make a Living 0.7 4.0 11.9
• Health 0.4 1.3 6.8
• Sanitation 0.1 1.0 5.8
1 PROBLEM
2 PROBLEM
3 PROBLEM
Priority Problems in Nukus and Urgench
Shortage and high cost of
flour
Lack of money for food
Water quality
Water shortage
Nukus
Lack of cons. materials
Urgench
Living conditions
Health
Unemployment
Lack of drainage system
Other economic problems
Other*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
% of households
*Category “other” includes home and housing problems, dissatisfaction with job and various problems at the workplace.
Salinity Tolerance Levels
Salinity of the piped water supply is at an intermediate level (0.6-
1.5g/l)
Salinity of hand pump and hand dug well water is higher (1.5-
2g/l)
...however, salinity of these sources is
somewhat constant throughout the year
Hand pump water consumers can tolerate higher levels of
salinity because of its constant nature in the ground water
Women have lower tolerance for salinity in their water
Females
Acceptable saltiness
Males
Females
Males
Females
Acceptable taste
Males
1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.1 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14
salinity in household water (g/l)
Priority Water Supply Improvement Needed in Urgench and
Willingness to Make Monthly Payments for It
Change Pipes (10%)
51.7 sums/month Other Improvements* (6.6%)
(3.5% of average income) 120 sums/month
(8.1% of average income)
Connection to pipeline (20%)
54.8 sums/month
Install a Filter (33.3%) (3.7% of average income)
71.4 sums/month
(4.87% of average income)
Build a reservoir (6.6%)
17.5 sums/month
(1.2% of average income) Install electric pump (23.3%)
45.7 sums/month
(3.1% of average income)
* Other improvements include increasing the pressure of water.
