Phonetics

							Phonetics

  Description and articulation of
             phones
Describing Consonants
   We use three parameters to describe
    phones:
      VOICING

      PLACE OF ARTICULATION

      MANNER OF ARTICULATION



       The IPA chart shows all three parameters
        for each phone
VOICING
   The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines
    whether a sound is voiced or voiceless
   When VF are open air can pass through it
    freely, without any vibration
   When VF are drawn close together air passes
    through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration
   Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]
PLACE OF ARTICULATION

   Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a
    constriction is made (generally with
    some part of the tongue)
Places of articulation
(see p. 18 in cp)
   Bilabial [p, b, m, w]
       Closure of both lips
   Labiodental [f, v]
       Lower lip touches upper teeth
   Interdental [D, T]
       Tongue protrudes through teeth
   Alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l, ®]
       Tongue touches alveolar ridge
Places of articulation, continued
   Palatal [S, Z, tS, dZ, j]
       Top of tongue approximates/touches the
        middle/hard palate
   Velar [k, g, ŋ]
       Back of tongue touches the soft palate/velum
   Glottal [h, /]
       Opening or closing of the glottis (the space
        between the vocal folds)
MANNER OF ARTICULATION


   Refers to HOW this constriction is made
Manners of Articulation
   Stop [p, b, t, d, k, g, /] & [n, m, N]
       airflow through mouth is completely impeded


   Fricative [f, v, s, z, D, T, S, Z, h]
       narrow constriction produces turbulence


   Affricate [tS, dZ]
       a stop followed by a fricative
Manners of Articulation, cont’d
   Nasal [m, n, N]
       air flows through the nose; velum is lowered

   Approximants [l, ® (liquids)] [w, j (glides)]
       wide constriction that does not produce turbulence

    ** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap [R] is also an
       English sound, though it’s not listed in the chart.**
Properties of Vowels
   Most Sonorant (Audible) Sounds
   Almost always voiced
   Vowel sounds change according to
    SHAPE of vocal tract, no obstructions in
    vowels
Parameters
   Review: Consonant parameters?
       Voicing, Place of articulation, Manner of
        articulation


   Vowel articulation is described using
    FOUR parameters.
Four parameters of vowels
   Tongue HEIGHT
       high / mid / low
   Tongue BACKNESS
       front / central / back
   Lip ROUNDING
       round / unround
   TENSENESS
       tense / lax
Vowel Trapezium
            front               central    back
        i                                         u
high                                      U
                                                      Round
              e                                   o
                                   ´
  mid                                      ç
                        E


                            Q
        low                        Lax     a
                                   Tense
Tongue Height

   High: leak, lick, Luke, Look
       [i], [], [u], [U]
   Mid: bait, bet, but, bought, boat
       [e], [E], [´], [ç], [o]
   Low: cat, con
       [Q], [a]
Tongue Backness
   Front: seek, sick, sake, sec, sack
       [i], [I], [e], [E], [Q]
   Central: luck
       [´]
   Back: ooze, look, road, law, dot
       [u], [U], [o], [ç], [a]
Lip Rounding
   In English, only the high and mid back
    vowels are produced with lip rounding
   Round vowels: [u], [U], [o], [ç]
   Unround vowels: all the other vowels
Tenseness
   Tense vowels
       the tongue is at an extreme height or
        backness
   Lax vowels
       the tongue is not at an extreme position
   Compare Pete and pit
Diphthongs
   A diphthong is a complex vowel where
    the tongue begins in one place and
    moves to another (a two part vowel
    sound)
   The vowel diphthongs:
   [aj]: bite
   [aw]: bout
   [oj]: boy
Drills
   Voicing
       VD or VL
   Place
       BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G
   Manner
       S, F, AF, N, AP