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Clinical Pathology Correlate

Conference

Katrina Cannon, MD

Internal Medicine

Case Presentation

 50 yo African American female with 2 year hx

of intermittent dyspnea presented to ER with

marked SOB and respiratory distress

 Pulmonary clinic 6 months prior for dyspnea

and abnormal CXR; recommended further

evaluation including CT; not completed

 Significant dyspnea ~ 2 weeks new heart

palpitations

ER course

 Physical Exam

 Gen: significant respiratory distress, cool

but no diaphoresis, no pain

 VS: HR 120-130 and BP 160/100



 CV: distant heart sounds, no m/r



 Lungs: poor breath sounds, expiratory

wheezes and “tightness”

 Treatment: oxygen by facemask

Acute Respiratory Failure

 ContinuedSOB, appeared hypoxic

 ABG: pH 7.15, PaCO2 51, PaO2 200

 Decreasingly responsive

 Rapid Sequence Intubation

 Sedation: versed, fentanyl

 Paralyzed: succinylcholine,vecuronium



 Intubation: ETT placed

ER course

 Physical Exam

 VS: BP 80/60

 Extremities: mottled, cool, hypoperfused



 EKG/CXR/labs obtained

EKG

CXR

Labs

 Glucose 230

 Na 130, K 3.6, Cl 106, HCO3 22

 BUN 10, Cr 0.8

 WBC 8.7 (54% bands, 10% lymphs),

Hgb 9.5, Platelets 347,000

 CK 53, LDH 218, Trop T WNL

ER Course continues…

 Hypotension tx: IVF and Dopamine

 Cardiology Consult: abnormal EKG,

persistent hypotension and tachycardia

? possible AMI with cardiogenic shock

 Cardioversion attempted-unsuccessful

 Echocardiogram

Echocardiogram

 Mild generalized hypokinesis

 More focal wall motion in anterior apical

wall

 EF mildly reduced- difficult to assess

due to tachycardia

 LVH

 No acute valvular disorders

 Small pericardial effusion

ER Course continues…

 Adenosine (transient AV block) revealed

underlying atrial rate of ~240

 Digoxin initiated

 Dopamine  Neo-Synephrine started

 BP responded, blood gas improved:

ABG pH 7.3 35/135 HCO3 17

 Transferred to ICU

ICU Course: Day 1

ventilator

 Respiratory:

 Cardiovascular:

 digoxin + procainamide

 HR 100-110



 atrial tachycardia persisted



 Diuresedwith brisk response

 Neo-Synephrine tapered off

PA Catheter

 PCWP = 13 (12-18)

 RA = 9 (2-6)

 PAP = 46/32 (25/10)

 CO = 5.4 (5.4 - 7.2)

 CI = 2.9 (2.9 - 3.9)

 PVR = 829 (200

known diseases

 Non-malignant and non-

infectious

Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease



Known Cause: Idiopathic Granulomatous: Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Drugs/Treatment Interstitial Sarcoidosis Syndromes

Environmental Exposure Pneumonia PLCHistiocytosis LAM

Collagen Vasc Disease Amyloidosis





Idiopathic IIP

Pulmonary other than

Fibrosis IPF





Desquamative Respiratory Acute Lymphocytic Non-specific Cryptogenic

Interstitial Bronchiolitis Interstitial Interstitial Interstitial Organizing

Pneumonia ILD Pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia

(provisional) (BOOP)

Primary Disease associated

with Interstitial Lung Disease

 Sarcoidosis

 PLCH

 Vasculitides

 Hemorrhagic syndromes

 Amyloidosis

 Lymphangiolieomyomatosis (LAM)

 Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis

 Congenital/Hereditary

 Chronic Pulmonary Edema

 Alveolar Proteinosis

 Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease

ILD: History

 Timing: Chronic (months to years)

 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

 Sarcoidosis

 Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH,

Histiocytosis X, Eosinophilic Granuloma)

 Age (50)

 Sarcoid, PLCH, CVD, LAM, inherited ~20-40

 IPF >50

History continued…

 Family History: negative

 Neurofibromatosis

 TuberousSclerosis

 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome



 Occupational/Drug Exposure: none

 no amiodarone

 ACE induced cough

 Procainamide ~drug-induced SLE

History continued…

 Gender: LAM, tuberous sclerosis only in

premenopausal women



 Race: African American

 Sarcoidosis 3-4 times more common in blacks,

lifetime risk 2.4% v. whites 0.85%





 Smoking History: non-smoker

 +tob: PLCH, DIP, IPF, respiratory bronchiolitis

 -tob: sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Physical Exam

 Dyspnea, wheezing

 No cough, no hemoptysis, no chest pain

 BOOP/COP

 Respiratory bronchiolitis

 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

 Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndromes

 Granulomatous vasculitides

 Maligancy

 No extrapulmonary findings

Labs

 Normal electrolytes

 Normal renal function

 Mild Anemia, stable

 ABG: respiratory acidosis-resolved

Labs continued…

 ACE level 40 (7-46) upper limits of normal:

 Increased 35-80% sarcoidosis

 But can be normal (sensitivity 57%)

 Less likely increased in chronic sarcoidosis

 Also increased Silicosis, TB, LIP



 No ANCA: Wegner’s granulomatosis

 No Anti-BM ab: Goodpasture’s

syndrome

CXR/CT

 6 months prior  Current

ILD plus Perihilar Adenopathy

 Sarcoidosis

 Lymphoma

 Lymphangitic carcinomatosis

 Infectious: TB or Fungal Disease

(histoplasmosis)

 Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

 Amyloidosis

 Pneumoconioses (Beryllium, Silicosis)

 Bronchiogenic Carcinoma

Sarcoidosis

 Evidence For  Evidence Against

 Race: African American  CXR/CT: Lower lung

 Age:

lower)

 Stage III: interstitial

disease with shrinking

hilar nodes

 Stage IV: advanced

fibrosis

Sarcoidosis

 Evidence For  Evidence Against

 Race: African American  CXR/CT: Lower lung

 Age: <50 zone

 CXR/CT:Bilateral  Bronch: stenosis

Pulmonary infiltrates and

perihilar adenopathy  Lab: ACE ?

 PFTs: restrictive, DLCO  No extrapulmonary

 Bronch: endobronchial manifestations…

lesions

 CV: tachyarrhythmia

Sarcoid and Cardiovascular Disease

 Not uncommon:

 5% clinically significant

 25-30% postmortem

 Granulomatous

infiltration

 Conduction

disturbances

 Atrial Tachycardia*

Conclusion

 50 yo AAF with Chronic Dyspnea

 Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

 Focal Atrial Tachycardia ~ CV sarcoid

 Acute Respiratory Failure:

CHF/Pulmonary Edema

 Cardiac: diuresis and antiarrhythmics

 Tx: Steroids

Dx: Sarcoidosis

 Clinicaland Radiographic findings

supportive of Sarcoidosis

 R/O infection:TB and fungal disease

 Histologic evidence of noncaseating

granulomas

Diagnostic Result

 Noncaseating Granulomas







SARCOIDOSIS

The End



 1.Proceed to the post test

 2. Download the post test

 3. Complete the post test

 4. Return the post test to Dr. S. Oliver

407i TAMUII

Post test question 1

 Sarcoidosisis most often diagnosed in

which of the following EXCEPT:

 Young adults (20-40 years old),

 Nonsmokers



 Hispanic-Americans



 Roughly equal in Caucasian men and

women

Post test question 2

 Sarcoidosis is usually treated initially

with which of the following:

 1. Steroids

 2. Methotrexate

 3. Thalidomide

 4. Cytoxin

References

 ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with

Supraventricular Arrhythmias; JACC Vol. 42. No. 8, 2003, Oct

15 2003: 1513-1516.

 Braunwald, E; Essential Atlas of Heart Disease; Current

Medicine 1997; Philadelphia, PA; pg 5.9.

 Colucci, W; Braunwald, E; Atlas of Heart Failure: Cardiac

Function and Dysfunction; 2nd Ed; Current Medicine 1999;

Philadelphia, PA; pg 3.11.

 Schwarz, M; King, T; Interstitial Lung Disease 4th Ed.; BC

Decker Inc.; Hamilton London; 2003.

 Uptodate: Approach to the Adult with Interstial Lung Disease,

Evaluation of Diffuse Lung Disease by Plain Chest Radiography,

Overview of Sarcoidosis, Atrial Tachycardias



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