poultry health and management

Broiler Poultry health and management



a|fOn/ s'v'/f Joj:yfkgsf s]xL ;d:of clg

;dfwfg









Dr.Kedar Karki

M.V.St.Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Senior Veterinary officer

Central Veterinary Laboratory

Tripureswor Kathmandu





8f= s]bf/ sfsL{

Pd= le= P;L lk|e]lG6e e]6 d]l8l;g

jl/i7 kz' lrlsT;s

s]lGb|o kz' /f]u cGj]if0f k|of]uzfnf

lqk'/]Zj/ .





1

Jojzflos s'v'/f kfngdf /f]u Joj:yfkgsf gljgtd

cjwf/0ff M

k[i7e'dL M



h'g ;'s} k|of]hgsf nflu kflng] s'v'/f lsg gxf];\ o;sf] k|f/lDes /f]u Pj+

:jf:Yosf] plrt Joj:yfkgn] Tof] Joj;flon] yfn]sf] Joj;foaf6 k|fKt s]

ug]{ xf] lg0f{o u5{ . ljutdf k/Dk/fut ?kdf ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu

kflnb} cfPsf s'v'/fsf] /f]u clg tLgnfO{ ul/b}+ cfPsf] Joj:yfkg kl5

/f]u Joflw g yfld+bf cfhsf d} x'F eGg] s'v'/f /f]u ljz]if1sf]

dlyu+ndf slrun k/]sf] oyfy{ ljZjJofkL e]l6G5 .



To;}n] cfh ;du| s'v'/f /f]u ljz]if1x? lxhf]sf] cfkm\gf lj1tfnfO{ s]lx

kl/.jlt{t ;+be{df s'v'/fsf /f]u Joj:yfkgsf af/] lemgf] rrf{ ug{ nfu]sf

5g\ .



cem ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o /fi6« x'Fbf cfkm\gf s'v'/fhGo

pTkfbg Go'gtd /f]u Joflw ;+qmldt clg :jf:Yosf nflu pRr ;'/lIft 5g\

elg eGg klg cf—cfkm\gf 7fpFdf kflnPsf s'v'/fsf] ;du| /f]usf]

Joj:yfkg kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf u/]sf 5f}+ eGg jfWo ePsf 5g\ .



o;/L s'v'/f kfngdf /f]u Joj:yfkgsf gljgtd cjwf/0ffdf, Go"gtd

kl/0fdd'lv h}ljs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf, pkrf/fTds eGbf k|lt/IffTds /f]u

lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg, ;dfof]lrt, /f]u lgbfg Pj+ ;f] cg';f/sf k|lt/IffTds

vf]/ Joj:yfkgn] dfq cjsf] s'v'/f kfng Joj;fon] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] 5 . h;sf

nflu M



-s_ h}ljs ;'/Iff k|jGwg tyf s'v'/fsf] :jf:Yo Joj:yfkgM

ljutsf bzs;Dd lj/n} ;'lgg] s'v'/f kfng Joj;fodf k|To]s v'6\sLnf]df

cfjZos h}ljs ;'/Iff k|aGwg cfhsf s'v'/fkfng Joj;fosf] k|yd

k|fyldstfdf kg}{ k5{ . h; cGt/u{t s'g k|of]hgsf nflu s'v'/f kfNg],



2

s:tf] 7fpFdf kfNg] cflb OToflb k5{ . o; afx]s s'v'/f vf]/, ef8fs'8f

s'v'/f 3/sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO{ lg;+qmd0f / lgd{lns/0f cj b}lgs sfo{ ;'lr

d} kg'{ kg]{ x'G5, gq s] s'v'/f kfnL a:g] f]tM 6}+s cfjZostf cg';f/ .

 lx6/M Pp6f x'e/ k|lt %)) Pslbg] rNnfsf] nflu .

 kfgLsf] efF8fM $ k|lt !)) rNnfsf] nflu .

 bfgfsf] efF8fM k|lt !)) rNnf tLg .

 e08f/0f sf]7fM bfgf tyf cfjZos ;dfu|L /fVg .

 cfsl:ds vr{ .



rfn' k'FhLM

 Pslbg] rNnf vl/bsf nflu .

 s'v'/fsf] bfgf, :6«f6/, lkmlg;/ .

 ljh'nL, dl§t]n, UofF;, kfgLsf] vr{ .

 vf]k tyf cf}iflw .

 Jofh .

 hUuf, 3/ ef8f, 3/sf] x|f; sl§ .



s'v'/f kflng] 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ubf{M

 cfjZos hUuf x'g' kg]{ .

 l;+rfO{sf] plrt k|jGw ePsf] .

 cUnf] 7fpF, xfjfsf] oy]i7 lgsf; x'g] .

 dfgj jl:t eGbf 6f9f t/ af6f], ljh'ln clg kflgsf] plrt cfk'lt{ ePsf],

hËln r/fr'?lË tyf hgfj/sf] cjl:ylt gePsf] .

 5]p 5fpdf xfF; tyf sf7] s'v'/fx? klg x'g' ePg .

 ahf/sf] ;xh kx'Fr ePsf] .





8

s'v'/fsf] 3/sf] agf}6 Pj+ Joj:yfM

s'v'/f kfNg] 3/df lgDg cg';f/sf] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .

 s'v'/f kflng] 3/df xfjfsf] oyf]lrt bf]xf]/f] lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{

. o;f] ePdf ;f]t/ ;w}+ cf]efgf] t x'G5 g} vf]/df cdf]lgof UofF;

;+slnt x'g Go"lgs/0f u5{ .

 slt rNnf kfNg] xf] 3/ Toq} Joj:yf ug'{ k5{, 7"nf] 3/df yf]/} jf

;fF3'/f] 3/df w]/} s'v'/f kfNg' klg kmfO{bfhgs x'Fb}g .

pko'Qm eg], k|lt s'v'/f ! ju{lkm6 ePsf] 3/ g} xf] .



;du| Joj:yfkgM

s'v'/f kfngaf6 ;kmn Joj;flo algG5 jf 6f6 klN6g]5 eg] s'/f s'zn

Joj:yfklso Ifdtfdf lge{/ ub{5 . Ps s'zn Joj;flon] o; k]zf;+u

;DjlGwt ;a} Joj:yfkgnfO{ Go'gtd vr{df s;/L gfkmfd'ns agfpg

;lsG5 eGg]df rgfvf] x'g] cfkm} sf]lz; u5{ .

t;y{ Joj;flon] lgDg pNn]lvt s]lx s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg kg]{ x'G5 .



!- Ps lbg] rNnf s:tf] x'g' k5{ M

 km'lt{nf], rlDsnf cfFvf ePsf, bx|f] v'§f, 6f7f] eO pleOg],

;'Vvf clg d'nfod KjfFv ePsf .

 ;fx|} Vofp6] x'g' x'Fb}g . ;a} rNnf Ps} gf;sf x'g' k5{ .

 v'§f aflËPsf, kv]6f n]q]sf, cfFvf gb]Vg] h:tf vf]6 ePsfsf] s]

sfd, ;+Vof k'¥ofpg dfq .

 e/kbf]{ ljZjflznf] cfk'lt{ stf{af6 rNnf lng'xf];\ gq To} cfOl;

rNnf knf{ .



@_ bfgf M

;du| s'v'/f kfng Joj;fosf] nfut vr{df @÷# ltxfO{ vr{ t bfgfdf x'G5 .

t;y{ bfgf Go"gtd dfq v]/ hfg] x'g' kb{5 .

a|fOn/ s'v'/fnfO{ v'jfpg] bfgf b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .

 :6«f6/ bfgfM h'g ! lbg b]lv $ xKtf;Ddsf s'v'/fnfO{ lbOG5

h:df k|f]l6gsf] dfqf @@—@$Ü x'G5 .

 lkmlg;/ bfgfM h'g % b]lv & xKtfsf s'v'/fnfO{ lbOG5 h:df

k|f]l6gsf] dfqf !(—@)Ü x'G5 .





9

s'v'/fnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ bfgfsf] dfqf 36fP/ v'jfpg' kg]{ cj:yf afx]s

s'v'/fn] vfg rfx] cg';f/ o; k|of]hgsf s'v'/fO{ bfgf lbg' k5{ .



/f]u lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd tyf pkrf/ Joj:yfkgM

oL s'v'/fnfO{ s]lx /f]u lgoldt nfUg ;S5, j]n}df oLgsf] lgoGq0fsf

pkfo bIf kz' lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

s'v'/fsf s]lx d'Vo /f]ux?dfM

 /fgLv]t

 kmjn kS;

 uDjf]/f]

 nLrL x6{

 l;= cf= l8=

 k'nf]/d

 sS;Ll8of];L;

 h'sf cflb dflgG5 .



oLgLx?sf] /f]syfd Pj+ lgoGq0fsf nflu a]n}df lglZrt pd]/ cufj}

cfjZos vf]k Pj+ cf}iflw lgoldt ?kdf bIf k|fljlws;+u ;Nnfx u/L

tflnsf agfO{ ug'{ t j]z . o; afx]s s'v'/f kmfd{df cfjZos Go'gtd

h}ljs ;'/Iff Joj:yf ug'{ t a'l4dflg xf]nf . o; afx]s cfkm\gf] ayfgdf

b}lgs )=% b]lv !Ü ;Dd s'v'/f dg{ yfn] o;sf] lj:t't /f]u lgbfg bIf

kz' lrlsT;s;+u u/fO{ cf}iflw ug'{ plrt x'g]5 . dfq Pu|f]e]6sf] e/

kbf{ x'g] t cfkm\g} Iflt xf] . h'g cfh k|rlnt 5 .



ahf/ Joj:yfkgM

cfkm'n] kfn]sf] s'v'/f ;do d} lalqm ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] of]hgf ug'{

cfjZos x'G5 . a]n}df s'v'/f ljlqm x'g ;Sg' / plrt d'No kfpg ;lsof]

eg] kf] s'v'/f a]Rbf gf]6} gf]6 .

o;sf nflu lgDg s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

 lalqm ug]{ 7fpFsf] cjl:ylt

 pTkfbgsf lsl;d, lhpFbf] jf tof/L u/LPsf

 d'No

 lj1fkg Joj:yfkg







10

Joj;fosf] clen]vM

cfkm\gf] Joj;fodf nfu]sf] vr{ tyf u/]sf] sfdsf] cWofjlws clen]v

/fVg lememf] dfGg' x'Fb}g . To;sf nflu k|Tos s'v'/f Joj;foLn]

lgDg clen]v /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 .



!_ Joj:yfklso clen]vM

 h:n] ;xof]u u5{ Joj:yfklso q'l6 ;Rofpg .

 rNnf plrt 5gf}6 ul/of] ls ul/Pg .

 bfgf plrt lyof] ls lyPg .

 s'v'/fsf] d[To'b/ sd ug{ .

 plrt cf}iflw k|of]u ug{ .



@_ cfly{s clen]vM

 gfkmf÷3f6f yfxf kfpg .

 cgfjZos vr{ s6f}t Lug{ .

Joj;fo la:tf/ ug{, k"jf{wf/ tof/ kfg{ jf Joj;fo 5f8L j}slNks Joj;fo

/f]Hg



a|fOn/ s'v'/f Joj:yfkg s]xL ;d:of clg ;dfwfg



;d:of



!= klxnf] # lbg )=%Ü eGbf a9L d[To' x'g'

s_ Xofr/Ldf rNnf sf]/Ng] a]nf a9L cfb|tf x'g' / c08f gkrg] ;d:of .

v_ ;fx|} ;fgf / Vofp6] rNnf .

u_ vf]/ lgd{nLs/0f ubf{ w]/} w'Fjf nufPsf] sf/0fn] rNnfsf] cfFvf

3fF6L kf]Ng' / ¥ofn sf9\g'

3_ a|'l8ª ubf{ tfkqmd gldNg' .



;dfwfg

Xofr/LnfO{ vj/ ug{';\, Vofp6] rNnf s] kf] kfnL /fVg], hfjf] cf}iflwn]

s] rNnf xnSs a9fpnf, b'Mv dfq lsg lj;fpg] .



@= % b]lv !) lbgsf rNnf esfes dg{ yfn]M



11

s_ dfpaf6} ;/]/ cfPsf /f]u, ;fndf]g]nf, O= sf]nfO t xf]gL . ctL tLI0f

nIf0f clg esfes rNnf dg{ s] sf] cfOtjf/ s'y]{ lg .

v_ v} tLI0f Og;]kmnf]dfOnfl6; kf] eof] ls .

u_ 9'zLsf] ljiffQmLn] t afFsL kf] s] /fVnf .

3_ bfgf s} u'0f:t/ sf] s] kf] 5 / e/ .

ª_ xfjfsf] cfjZos lgsf; gePsf] 3/ To;df Ifdtf eGbf al9 rNnf sf]lrP/

/fv] kl5 lg:;fl;P/ dg{ kf] s] a]/ nfpGy] .



;dfwfg

lj1sf] ;Nnfx lnO pko'Qm k|lt hLjf0f' gfzs cf}iflw Tof] PlG6jfof]l6s

;fy} cfjZos ;x cf}iflwn] ;fndf]g]nf, O= sf]nfO t lgoGq0f u5{ .

afFsL tkfO{+sf] plrt Pj+ s'zn Joj:yfklso Ifdtf / nulzntfdf e/ knf{

x} .



#_ ;fg} pd]/df :jf; k|:jf;df ;d:of

s_ dfpaf6} dfOqmf]KnfHdf cfof] ls fj b]lvg], sn]hf] kmQSs un]sf] h:tf] b]lvg], j;f{ kmfj|L;Lo; ;fgf] eP/

hfg], d[uf}nfdf o'/]6 hDdf x'g], s|kdf kfgL hDg], cfGb|fdf kfgL tyf emf]n

hDdf ePsf] b]lvg] . duh kmQSs un]sf] h:tf] b]lvg] .



/f]usf k|d'v sf/0f



15

9';LhGo jf cGo lhjf0f'hGo ljiffbL k|d'v dflgPsf] 5 . xfd|f] cfkm\gf]

kl/j]zdf klg jyfgdf d[To' ePsf] rNnfsf] zj lgZ5]bg kl5 k|of]uzfnf kl/If0f ubf{

lhjf0f' Pj+ 9';LhGo lhjf0f' sl/j ^)Ü –&)Ü df 9';Lsf] ;+qmd0f Pj+ k|b'if0f

kfOPsf]5 .



pkrf/ tyf /f]syfd

emf]n dfOsf] 6f]s;Lg 6f]s;f]n, 6f]s;f]lned, x]kf6]flne, nLe/6lgs,

x]kf6f]s]o/, 8fOh]:6Le dN6Lle6fldg lj= sDKn]S;, k]G6«L;f]n ;fy} Un'sf]h

tyf ;fdfGo Pl06jfof]l6s kfgLdf lgoldt lbg] xf] eg] d[To'b/ /f]Sg ;lsg]

cGoqsf] cg'ej 5 . o;} k|sf/sf] pkrf/ ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf] jyfgdf /f]u lgs} xb;Dd

k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 . o; af/] la:t[t cWoog xfd|f] kl/k|]If ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .



km\o'hfl/od åf/f pTkflbt ljifsf] s'v'/fsf] z/L/df x'g]

s'k|efj Go'gLs/0f ug]{ s]xL Jofjxfl?s t/Lsfx?

dfOsf]6f]S;Lg (Mycotoxin) zAbsf] pTklQ u|Ls zAb MYKES af6

ePsf] tYo e]l6G5 h;sf] zfAbLs cy{ 9'';L x'G5 . clg n]l6g

efiffdf 6f]S;Lsd h;sf] cy{ ljif (Toxin) xf] . oL 9';L b'O{ k|sf/sf

x'G5g\ . Ps y/L lhljt ?v lj?jfnfO{ ;+qmd0f u/fpF5g\ clg

9';L hGo ljiffQm pTkfbg u/fpF5g\ eg] csf]{ y/Lsf 9';L

af]6 lj?jf hGo pTkfbg e08f/0f ubf{ pTkGg x'G5g\ . o;/L

;+qmldt ds}, uxF' rf]s/, /fO; a|fg -9'6f]_, jbfdsf] lkgf,

ltnsf] lkgf, e6df;sf] lkgf tyf hf}af6 bfgf ha s'v'/fnfO{

v'jfOG5 o:sf] s'k|efj b]vf kg]{ ub{5 . o;/L lbPsf] bfgf

s'v'/fnfO{ v'jfPkl5 ro ckro (Metabolism) k|s[ofaf6

sfaf]{xfO{8«]6, af];f], k|f]6Lg, vlgh nj0f k|fKt x'G5 . oL /

o:tf 9';L k|hftLåf/f k|b'lift s[lif pTkfbgsf ;fy} xf8sf] w'nf],

/ut klg of] 9';Laf6 ;+qmd0f x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf k|lt cfFvf

lrlDng ;lsGg . o:tf bfgf ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu kflng]

s'v'/fnfO[ v'jfpFbf s'v'/fsf] :jf:Yodf c;/ t k5{ g}, pTkfbg klg

36fpF5 .

km\o'hfl/odM—





16

of] k|hfltsf] 9';L ljleGg jf]6 lj?jfsf] Jof8 b]lv jfnL yGsfpg]

a]nf ;Dd ;+qmd0f ug]{ tYo e]l6G5 . s[lif pTkfbg / pk—

pTkfbgx? ;+ro ul/ /fVg] a]nfsf] lr:ofg ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf tyf

tfkqmd xfd|f] h:tf] hnjfo' ePsf] b]zdf o; hftsf] 9';Lsf]

;+qmd0f Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu Hofb} pkof]uL dflgG5 .

ckm\nf6f]S;Lg k|hfltsf] 9';Ln] o; ;+u ldt]/L ;DaGw ufF:g

a]/ nufpFb}g . o:tf] ePsf] v08df s'v'/f, j+u'/, 6ls{, xfF; al9

k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . To;}n] o:tf 9';Lsf] z/L/df x'g] ro

ckroaf6 (Metabolism) pTkflbt tTjnfO{ Mycotoxin elgG5 . h'g

z/L/sf nflu 3fts x'G5g\ .

nIf0fM—

 logsf] ljifQmf ;do ;dodf b]vf k5{g\ t/ em§ lrGg ufx|f]

x'G5 .

 o:tf ljif Ps csf{df ;b}{gg\ .

 oL ljiff0f'x?af6 k|efljt ayfgx?df Antibiotic k|of]usf] s'g}

c;/ b]lvb}g .

 logsf] c;/ df};d Pj+ vf; df};dL cj:yfdf e/ kb{5 .





efO/;, JofS6]l/of, h'sf, k|f]6f]hf]gsf sf/0f x'g] /f]u lj?4

ljleGg y/Lsf P06Ljfof]l6s cf}iflwx? 5g\, t/ oL 9';Lsf sf/0f

ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu kfn]sf s'v'/fsf] pTkfbgdf 7'nf] cfly{s

Iflt k'Ug hfG5 . o;f] x'g'sf s/0f 9';L ;+qmldt bfgfdf pknAw

kf}li6s tTj kfrg s[of kl5 ;fgf] cfGb|faf6 ;+lrt eO{ z/L/sf]

ljleGg efudf k'Ug ;Sb}g . s'v'/fx?sf] crfgs d[To' x'g',

km'n kfg]]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu kflng] s'v'/fsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf

36\g], SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od tyf nf}x tTjsf] z/L/df ;+r]tg

gx'g'sf ;fy} ljleGg /f]u lj?4 k|of]u ul/g] vf]k k|efjsf/Ltfdf c;/

kg'{ klg oL 9';L hGo ljifx?sf] k|d'v sf/0f dflgG5g\ .





17

kz' k+IfLsf] z/L/df x'g] ro ckro s[ofdf (Metabolism) sn]hf]n]

dxTjk"0f{ e"lesf v]Ng] ub{5 . h;n] z/L/sf] /utdf cfjZos

dfqfdf Un'sf]h, Un'sf]lgof]h]g]l;; tyf UnfOsf] h]gf]nfOl;;

k|s[ofaf6 k'¥ofpg] sfd ub{5 . o; afx]s z/L/sf] ljleGg

efunfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|f]l6gsf] Joj:yf ug'{, lkQ pTkfbgdf

d2t ug'{sf ;fy} z/L/df ljleGg ?kdf k|j]z u/]sf ljifnfO{

lgljlifs/0f ul/ z/L/ aflx/ k7fpgdf klg dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x

ub{5 . t/ ha sn]hf] cfkm} 9';LhGo ljifsf sf/0f sdhf]/ x'g

afWo x'G5, tj lgZrog} kz' k+IfLdf o:tf ljiffn' tTj lj?4 ;xg

;Sg] Ifdtfdf sdL x'g] / s'v'/f lj/fdL x'g] nIf0f b]vf kb{5 .

o:tf] kl/l:yltdf kz' k+IfLnfO{ arfpg] kf] s;/L ?

Snf]lng Snf]/fO{8, le6fldg lj sDKn]S;, k|f]kfof]lgs Pl;8,

lne/ 6lgs, lk= Pkm= P;= h:tf cf]iflwx?n] sn]hf]nfO{ dha't

agfpF5 . o; afx]s xfO{8«]8 ;f]l8od SoflN;od

Plnldgf]l;lns]6 hf] Ps lsl;dsf] lhof]nfO{6 bfgfdf ld;fpFbf

bfgfdf ePsf] 9';LhGo ljif ;+r]tgnfO{ lgik|eflj agfpF5 .

k|f]kfof]lgs Pl;8n] o:tf 9';Lsf] clej[l4 x'g glbgdf d2t

k'¥ofpF5 . h:n] ubf{ sn]hf] h'g ;'s} k|sf/sf] ljiffn' tTjnfO{

lgljlifs/0f (Detoxification) df d2t ub{5 . o; afx]s z/L/df ljleGg

vfn] /f]u pTkGg u/fpg] sf/0f k|lt /f]u ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf]

clej[l4 u/fpF5 .



ahf/ k'Ug nfu]sf a|fOn/ s'v'/fdf ;8]g 8]y l;G8«f]d,

s'v'/f :jf:Yo Joj:yfkgdf ylkof] r'gf}ltM

k[i7e'dL

5f]6f] cjlw ;fgf] k'FhL nufgLaf6 e/kbf]{ cfo cfh{g ug{ ;xfos

dflgPsf] a|fOn/ s'v'/f kfngsf] ;du| Joj:yfkg eg] ;xh 5}g . o; cl3sf

cWoog cg';Gwfgsf k|of; af6 xfn ;dd s'v'/fsf ;du| /f]u Joflw,

s'kf]if0f tyf :t/Lo Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? k|rngdf NofPsf 5g\ . o;} klg





18

cfhsf a|fOn/ s'v'/f 5f]6f[ ;dodf w]/} bfgf vfO ahf/ k'¥ofpg ;lsg]

u/L cg'jf+zLs ;+/lrt 5g\ h;df /f]u cgL tgfj vKg ;Sg] Ifdtf eg]

hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] klg ;fdfGo Joj:yfklso

q'ltdf klg crfgs logLx?sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;}

;Gbe{df xfn o; >fj0f dlxgfdf sf7df08f} pkTosfdf em08} tof/L

cj:yfdf /x]sf a|fOn/ s'v'/f ahf/df s'v'/fsf] vkt sd x'g] ;do k/L a]n}df

lalqm x'g g;sL s[ifssf] vf]/df y'lk|bf ^ xKtf pd]/ k'u]sf s'v'/f crfgs

pQfgf] k/L v'6\6f dfly kf/]/ tGsfP/ dg{ yfn] kl5 s[ifs t cfZro{df k/]

eg] kz' :jf:Yo sdL{ clg lj1 gfhjfkm pkrf/sf k|of; e'Gt] x'Fbf .



s] g} /x]5 t a|fOn/ s'v'/fsf] ;8]g 8]y l;G8«f]d ©

;g !(*& tfsf o'/f]lko d'n'sn] klg o:t} cj:yf Joxf]/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}

xf/fxf/Ldf ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf klg o; ;d:ofn] lk/f]n]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

a[xt k|fl1s cg';Gwfg kl5 ;a}sf] lgisif{ eg] o; cj:yfsf] sf/s tTjsf]

?kdf l56f] tf}n a9fpg /f]u nfUg glbg bfgfdf k|of]u ul/ /;folgs Pl06

afof]l6s, Pl06 ssl;l8of]:6f6 clg l56f] tf}n jw{sx?nfO{ O+lut u/]sf

5g\ eg] bfgfdf 9';Lsf] k|b'if0f kf] lsg c5'tf] x'Fbf] xf]nf . xnSs

a9]sf vfOnfUb s'v'/f x]bf{ x]b}{ pQfgf] kl/ k5fl/g' clg v'6\6f dfly

tGsfpg] dfq o;sf nIf0f x'g] Tof] klg #)–$) ;]s]08df, Tof] Åbo3f6

eP h:t} .



nIf0f

o; cj:yfn] dg]{ s'v'/fn] z'?df s'g} k|ToIf nIf0f b]vfpFb}gg\ . k|fo

tGb'?:t vfOnfUbf s'v'/f PSsf;L y/y/ sfFk]h:tf] u/l 3fF6L tGsfpg]

kv]6f km/km/fpg] v'6\6f c//f] kf/L #)–$) ;]s]08df e'O{+df pQfgf]

k/L 9nL v'6\6f dflylt/ tGsfpg] . o:tf] s'v'/fsf] zj kl/If0f -lgZ5]bg_

ubf{ k]6df /ut kfgL e/LPsf', sn]hf] ;'GgLPsf] tyf /Qm>fjsf nIf0f

b]lvG5g\ eg] cfGb|fdf tfhf bfgf h:tfsf] To:t} g kr]sf] cj:yfdf

kfOG5, k|f]e]lG6«s'n;df eg] df]lx h:tf] n]8f] b]lvG5 .

d/]sf] s'v'/fsf] sn]hf], kmf]S;f], lkmof], k|f]e]lG6«s'n; clg luhf8{

gkr]s]f bfgfdf O= sf]nfO{, :6fkmOnf] sf]s; tyf ;fndf]g]nf h:tf

hLjf0f' ;lxt P;k/hLn; tyf k]gLl;lnod k|hfltsf] ljiffn' 9';L xfd|f

;Gbe{df t kfOPsf] 5}g . cGoqsf] clen]v klg o; eGbf km/s eg]

5}g .





19

pkrf/

o:tf nIf0f b]lvPsf ayfgx?nfO{ emf]n 6sl;g jfOG8/, 6s;f]n,

6s;f]lned clg sf]sf]lgn ;fy} ODo'gf] df]8'n]6/ ODo'gf] s]o/,

cDnLotf a9fpg Pr Kn;, P;L8f];f]n h:tf] cf}iflw ;fy} Un'sf]h ;lxtsf]

On]S6«f]nfO6 clg cfOgf]kmf]/ ;d'xsf] cf}iflw t glbg' a]; elgPsf]

/x]5 . ;fy} bfgfdf lgoGq0f o:tf] a]nf clt pQd cGoq t lbhdf @ k6s

To;df klg !)–!%Ü 36fP/ v'jfpg ;NMnfx lbg' plrt .



/f]syfd

nIf0f t slxn] b]lvg], b]lvP d'6' b'Vg] Heart attack d'6'3ft h:tf] a]n}df

cfhsf a|fOn/nfO{ vfg kfg, cf}iflw d'nf] ubf{ hfGg] dfG5];+u ;Nnfx

nLP kf] a]z .

s'v'/fsf] kf]if0f Pj+ :jf:Yo ;'/Iffdf ;xh}ljs -k|f]jfo]l6s_

NofS6f]nfOg, ckl/xfo{ jf kmfObfd'ns M



k[i7e'dL M



kz'k+IfLsf] kfrg k|0ffnLdf k|fs[lts ?kdf cjl:yt lhjf0f'sf] ;+t'lnt

;+/If0f g} kz'k+IfLsf] ;d'Ggt :jf:Yosf] k|lts xf] eGg] dfGotf cfh

ljZjJoflk 5 . To;}n] cfhsf Joj;flos ?kdf h'g ;'s} k|of]hgsf nflu

kflng] kz' k+IfLsf cfxf/ ljxf/ Joj:yfkgdf s]Gb|Lt 5 . o;} d];f]df Tof]

;xh}ljs k|f]jfof]l6sn] 7fpF cf]u6]sf] 5 . k|f]jfo]l6s, ;xh}ljsx? hLljt

To:tf lhjf0f'x?sf] ;xld>0f xf] h:n] kz' k+IfLsf] kfrg k|0ffnLsf]

ljBdfg u'0fsf/L ;'Id hLjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+aw{g u/fpF5g\ . ToxL

eP/ xf]nf uPsf] dlxgf lbg cl3 lqk'/]Zj/ lt/ Sofgf8faf6 o;} If]qdf

la¢ofafl/lw u/L w]/} jif{ kl5 g]kfn kmls{Psf kz' lrlsT;s 8f= /fh]z

emfn] s.o{kq k|:t't ug{ Pp6f ;'rgf g]kfn e]6]l/g/L Pzf]l;P;gsf] ;'rgf

kf6Ldf yk]sf] k.Oo.] “lk|jfof]l6s, k|f]jfof]l6s, l;djfof]l6s s]

Pl06jfof]l6ssf] ljsNk xf]0f jf 9';Lx? k|of]u u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . cfhsf] ljZj e/L gfd} ls6]/ elglbg] xf] eg] NofS6f]nfOg

k|f]jfof]l6sdf /x]5 . OG6/f] sf]s;, Jofl;n;, NofS6f] Jofl;n;,

k]l8sf]d;, ;fqmf]fOs;; . o;/L ;dfj]zL z'Id hLj ;d'xsf] kf]if0f eP kl5

lsg rflxof] Tof] Pl06afof]l6s xf} .



of] ;xh}ljs k|f]jfof]l6sn] sfd u5{ kf] s;/L 0f x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf]

kfgLsf] k|of]un] s'v'/fdf O= sf]nfO, ;fndf]g]nf h:tfsf]

;+qmd0fnfO{ Go"lgs/0f dfq ub}{g a? s'v'/fsf] kfrg k|0ffnLsf]

sfo{ ;xh kf5{ . cem o;df ylkPsf] dfOsf] 6f]S;Lgn] s'v'/fx?df



23

u/fpg] /]:kfO/]6/L cNsfnf]l;; h;n] ubf{ s'v'/fdf £of/ £of/ ug]{

xfl5pF cfpg] h:tf ;d:ofaf6 klg d'lQm lbnfpF5 . h;nfO{ ;fdfGotof

s'v'/f kfns, k|fljlws Pj+ o; If]qdf sfo{/t lj1n] l;= cf/= l8 dfgL Joy{

vr{ a9fpg] l:ylt 5 .



kfgL z'l4s/0f tyf cDnLs/0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLM

s'v'/fsf] vf]/ ;kmf ubf{ ;j{k|yd kfgLsf ef8f ;kmf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 tL

ef8fdf hd]sf kq / kfk|f x6fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdfGo lgd{nLs/0f ug]{

/;fogaf6 of] sfd ;+ej x'b}g . l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf lgd{nLsf/s tyf h}jLs

cDnsf] ;Gt'ng o'Qm ld>0fn] o;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . z'?df

o;/L ul/Psf] tof/Ln] eljiodf kflng] s'v'/fnfO{ k|of]u u/fOg] kfgLsf]

u'0f:t/sf] ;'lgZrLttf u/fp5 . kfgLsf ef8fdf hd]sf kq / kfk|fx?n]

gqeg] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df c;/ k'¥ofO /xg] 5g\ .



t;y{ kfgLsf] plrt lgd{nLs/0f tyf cDnLs/0fn] s'v'/fdf b]lvg] kfgLaf6

pTkGg x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf /f]u JofwL Pj+ ljsf/ Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;3fpF5 .

h;n] ubf{ s'v'/fx?sf] kfrg k|0ffnLn] ;'rf? tyf cTolws Ifdtfdf vfg]s'/f

krfpg] kr]sf] kf]ifs tTj zl//df k'¥ofpg ;Sg]5 . o;f] eP s'v'/fdf /f]u

vKg ;Sg] Ifdtf :jtM j[l4 x'g] 5 . lgoldt Pj+ pko'Qm dfqfdf pko'Qm

lsl;dsf Pl;l8kmfo/x?sf] k|of]un] s'v'/fsf jyfgdf d[To' b/ dfq x}g

s'v'/fsf] pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g] cf}iflwsf] dfqf clg vr{df ;d]t sld u/fpg

d2t ug]{ 5 . h;n] ubf{ xfdLn] kfn]sf s'v'/f :j:y, vfOnfUbf, xnSs

hLp nfu]sf, u'0f:t/Lo df;', ;'b[9 s'v'/fsf km'nsf af]s|f ePsf bfgsf]

vkt ck]Iffs[t sd pTkfbgsf nfuL x'g uO ;du| ?kdf h'g ;'s} k|of]hgsf

nfuL kflnPsf s'v'/faf6 s'v'/f kfnsn] kfpg] eg]sf] pRr d'gfkmf s'v'/f

kfng Joj;foaf6 t/ kfgL lgd{nLs/0f / cDnLs/0f ug{ k|of]u ul/g]

cf}iflwsf] 5gf}6 lj1sf] /fo lnO{ ug'{ xf]nf .



súv'/fsf] a*{Ûn' /f]u







of] /f]unfO{ æxfOnL k]yf]hlgs PlePg OGÇn'PGhfÆ klg eGg]

ul/G5 . ljiff0f'af6 nfUg] of] ;+qmds /f]u d'ntM s'v'/fdf nfUg] ePtf





24

klg xf“;, 6sL{ tyf h·nL r/fr'?·Ldf ;d]t b]vf kb{5 . slxn] sfxL“ of]

/f]u 3f]8f / ;'“u'/df klg b]vf k/]sf pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . /f]uL s'v'/fsf]

k|ToIf ;Dks{df cfPdf dflg;df ;d]t of] /f]u ;g{ ;Sb5, t/ dflg;df x'g]

/f]usf] lsl;d leGg} x'G5 . r/fr'?·Ldf nfUg] s]xL pkhfltsf a8{ Çn'sf

ljiff0f'n] dflg;df uDeL/ l:ylt Nofpg ;S5 . r/fr'?·Ldf of] /f]usf] klxrfg

;j{k|yd ;g\ !*&* ePsf] lyof] eg] dflg;df ;g\ !((& df klxrfg ul/Psf]

lyof] .

/f]u ;g{] tl/sf

of] /f]u /f]uL s'v'/f / r/fr"?·Lsf] k|ToIf ;Dks{, ljiff0f'af6 b'lift

bfgfkfgL / cGo ;/;fdfg tyf 9'jfgLsf] ;fwgx?sf] dfWodaf6 ;b{5 .

ljiff0f'sf] ljleGg k|hfltx? dWo] H5N1, H3N2, H7N7 /H9N2 n] dfq

dflg;df /f]u nfu]sf] kfOG5 . dflg; tyf r/fr'?·Ldf H5N1 / H7N7

ljiff0f' Hofb} ;+qmfds kfOPsf] 5 . /f]usf] ljiff0f' s'v'/fsf] ¥ofn tyf

;"nLdf slDtdf !) lbg;Dd hLljt /xg ;S5 . k|b"lift ef“8f, bfgf, ;"nL,

df6f] / kmf]xf]/ h'Qfsf] dfWodaf6 Pp6f s'v'/f kmfd{af6 csf{]df

;g{] ub{5 . a;fO{ ;/]/ cfpg] r/fx?n] klg of] /f]u ;fg{ ;Sb5g\ .

s'v'/fsf] ! u|fd ;"nLdfnfvf}+ s'v'/fx?nfO{ ;+qmd0f ug{ k'Ug]

ljiff0f'x? x'G5g\ .

dflg;df of] /f]u ;+qmldt lhp“bf] jf d/]sf] r/fsf] k|ToIf ;Dks{af6 ;b{5

. ljiff0f'n] ;+qmd0f u/]sf] !* b]lv &@ 306f;Dddf nIf0f b]lvG5 .

ck|ToIf ?kdf jftfj/0fLo >f]t jf ;+qmfds j:t'x? ;"nL, df;' / c08fx?af6

klg ;g{ ;S5 . dflg;af6 dflg;df ;b{}g jf lj/n} ;b{5 . a8{ n"sf ljiff0f'n]

lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfkm\gf] h}ljs ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ul//xg] x'“bf / oxL k|lqmof

dflg;sf] z/L/leq eO{ dflg;af6 dflg;df ;g{ ;Sg] ;+efjgfsf ;DjGwdf

cem} cg';Gwfg x'g af“sL 5

/f]usf nIfgx?

of] /f]usf] ljiff0f'n] s'v'/fdf dGbb]lv clt ulDe/ nIf0fx? b]lvG5g\ .

cs:dft w]/} s'v'/fx? dg{], km'n kfg{ aGb x'g], 6fpsf] ;'lGgg], bfgf

gvfg], ltvf{pg], ;]tf] 5]g{] / kIf3ft x'g] x'G5 . ;fy} /f]uL s'v'/fsf] l;p/ /

nf]tL /Qmljlxg lkmSsf jf KofhL /+usf b]lvG5g\ . s'v'/fsf] r'Rrf]af6

afSnf] emf]n lgl:sPsf] x'G5 . of] /f]uaf6 d/]sf] s'v'/fnfO{ k/LIf0f

ubf{ Zjf; tyf ef]hg gnLdf /Qm>fj ePsf] b]lvG5 .

dflg;df of] /f]un] ubf{ s8f Hj/f] cfpg], -!)% l8u|L km/]gxfO{6;Dd_

?3fvf]sL nfUg] / 3f“6L b'Vg] x'G5 . ;fy}, s]xLdf kmf]S;f]df





25

uDeL/ c;/ kg{ uO{ lgdf]lgof /f]u nfUg ;S5 . lgdf]lgof nfuL ;s]kl5

/f]uLsf] d[To' x'g ;S5 .

of] /f]ujf6 d'Vo k|efljt ;d"xx?

of] /f]uaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf ;d"xx? a9L k|efljt x'g ;Sg] x'G5 .

• s'v'/f kfng sfo{df sfd ug{] sfdbf/x?

• /f]u ;DaGwL k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ug{] JolQmx?

• s'v'/f tyf r/fr'?·Lsf] ljqm]tfx?

• s'v'/fsf] df;';+u k|ToIf n;k;df /x]sf df;' ljqm]tf tyf jwzfnfsf cGo

JolQmx?

• u|fdL0f If]qdf kflng] s'v'/f÷rNnf ;+u;+u} aRrfx? klg v]Ng]

ePsfn] of] /f]u aRrfx?df nfUg] ;+efjgf x'G5 .

/f]uaf6 aRg] pkfox?





of] /f]uaf6 aRg lgDgfg';f/sf] s]xL pkfox? ckgfp“bf dflg;df ;d]t

3fts x'g] of] ;+qmfds /f]uaf6 aRg ;lsg] ;+efjgf /xG5 .

• /f]usf] z+sf:kb cj:yfsf s'v'/f÷r/fr'?·LnfO{ lgu/fgLdf /fVg' k5{ /

z+sf nfu]sf] a]nf t'?Gt}

e]6]/Lg/L lgsfox?df va/ ug{'k5{ .

• z+sf:kb s'v'/f÷r/fr'?·Lsf] cf];f/k|;f/ ug{lbg' x'“b}g .

• /f]uL jf z+sf:kb s'v'/fsf] df;' tyf c08f 5'“bf ;fa'gn] /fd|/L xft w'g]

ug'{ kb{5 .

• s'v'/fkfng kmfd{x? / ≈ofr/Lx?df plrt h}ljs ;'/Iffsf pkfox? clgjfo{

?kn] ckgfpg] .

• s'v'/fsf] df;' tyf c08f /fd|/L ksfP/ vfg] .



• JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg] .









26