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Hormones
Posterior Pituitary
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
ADH Protein (+)’s H20 reabsorption V2 via cAMP (+) by Osmolality Diabetes
9 AA’s* (+)’s Vasoconstriction via IP3 (+) by Blood Volume Insipidus
1 Disulfide
Bond
(primarily from
SON)
Oxytocin Protein (+)’s Milk Ejection (+) by Suckling
9 AA’s* (+)’s Uterine Contraction (+) by Pressure on Cervix (Parturition)
1 Disulfide (+)’s Seminiferous
Bond Tubule Peristalsis
(primarily from via IP3
PVN)
* Differ by AA’s 3 & 8
Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
ACTH Peptide (+)’s Cortisol Synthesis & Release HT: (+) by CRH
39 AA’s from Adrenal Cortex Neural: 1. Circadian
2. Stress
3. ADH (from PVN Portal blood)
via cAMP
FB: Cortisol (-)’s CRH & ACTH
Prolactin Protein (+)’s Milk Production HT: 1. (-) by PIF (Dopamine) Hyperprolactine
198 AA’s (+)’s Progesterone Synthesis 2. (+) PRF mia
3 Disulfide (+)’s Follicular Growth 3. (+) TRH Male: Libido
Bonds (-)’s Estrogen Synthesis Female:
FB: Prolactin (+)’s TIDA neurons which
(-)’s GnRH, LH & FSH during (-) Prolactin release (Short Loop) Amenorrhea
pregnancy
Other: (+) by Estrogen
(+) by Stress
Growth Hormone Protein (+)’s Growth of Bone, Cart., & HT: (+) by GHRH (Gs cAMP) Gigantism
191 AA’s Muscle (-) by SRIF (Gi cAMP) Acromegaly
(+)’s Protein Synthesis Dwarfism
(+)’s Lipolysis Neural: (+) by Deep Sleep
(+)’s Gluconeogenesis (+) by Stress (Exercise) GH-Induced
Plasma Glucose (+) by Hypoglycemia Diabetes
Mediated by IGF-I FB: GH (-)’s GHRH
GH (+)’s SRIF (somatostatin)
IGF (-)’s GH & GHRH
Milton Wolf Page 1 of 7 4/29/96
Anterior Pituitary, cont.
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
TSH Glycoprotein (+)’s Synthesis & HT: (+) by TRH I P3athway
~200 AA’s () Release of T3 & T4 from
~15% CHO Thyroid Neural: (+) by Cold & Stress
FB: 1. T3 & T4 (-) TSH
via cAMP (Not TRH)
2. (-) by Somatostatin (SRIF)
3. (-) by Cortisol
LH Glycoprotein Male: HT: (+) by GnRH (pulsatile) IP3 Pathway
~200 AA’s () (+)’s Leydig Cells to
~15% CHO synthesize / release FB: (-) by Estrogen (Progesterone synergizes)
Testosterone (-)’s LH release
(-)’s GnRH release (@ Low Levels)
Female:
(+)’s Thecal, Granulosa, (+) by Estrogen (Progesterone synergizes)
& Luteal Cells for Pituitary sensitivity to GnRH
Ovulation, Follicle (after a few days)
Maturation & Steroid (+)’s GnRH (@ High Levels)
synthesis
via cAMP
FSH Glycoprotein Male: HT: (+) by GnRH (pulsatile) IP3 Pathway
~200 AA’s () (+)’s Sertoli Cells for
~15% CHO Spermatogenesis FB: (-) by Estrogen
(-)’s LH release
Female: (-)’s GnRH release (@ Low Levels)
(+)’s Granulosa Cell for
Follicle Growth & Steroid (+) by Estrogen
Synthesis Pituitary sensitivity to GnRH
(after a few days)
via cAMP (+)’s GnRH (@ High Levels)
Milton Wolf Page 2 of 7 4/29/96
Pancreas
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Insulin Peptide CHO ABSORPTIVE STATE (+) By Diabetes Mellitus
51 AA’s Glucose Uptake … K follows
+
Plasma Glucose
2 Disulfide Bonds (Muscle & Adipose, NOT Brain) Plasma AA’s
Glycogenesis Parasympathetic Neurons
GIP
Protein
AA Uptake (-) By
Protein Synthesis Epinephrine
(-)’s Proteolysis Sympathetic Neurons
Fat
TAG Storage
FA Synthesis
(-)’s Lipolysis
via Tyrosine Kinase
Glucagon Peptide CHO POST-ABSORBTIVE STATE (+) By
29 AA’s Glycogenolysis Plasma Glucose
Gluconeogenesis Plasma AA’s (same as Insulin!)
Ketone Bodies Epinephrine
Fat (-) By
Lipolysis Insulin
Somatostatin
via cAMP
Somatostatin Cyclic Peptide Insulin & Glucagon Release (+) By
14 AA’s GI Activity Plasma Glucose
Plasma AA
Parathyroid
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Plasma Ca & Plasma PO4
++ -
PTH Peptide (+) By
84 AA’s Plasma Ca
++ - ++
(+)’s Ca (& PO4 ) release from bone
(rapid) Epinephrine ( agonist) via cAMP
(Chief Cells) (+)’s Osteoclast Osteolysis (delayed)
++
(+)’s Ca net reabsorption (renal) (-) By
-
(+)’s PO4 excretion (renal) 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3
(+)’s 1-Hydoxylase Vit D (renal)
++
(+)’s Ca Absorption (GI) … via Vit D3
via cAMP
Milton Wolf Page 3 of 7 4/29/96
Adrenal Medulla
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Epinephrine Tyrosine Glucagon release (+) By Pheochromocytoma
Derivative Insulin release Stress
PTH release Plasma Glucose (Brain Glucose
Glycogenolysis Receptors)
Gluconeogenesis - Liver
Lipolysis
via cAMP
Adrenal Cortex
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Renal Na Reabsorption
+
Aldosterone Steroid (+) By
21 C Renal K Secretion
+
Blood Pressure
Osmolality
Mineralo- Renin
corticoid Hyperkalemia
from
Zona
Glomerulosa
Cortisol Steroid Gluconeogenesis (+) By Cushing’s Syndrome
21 C Lipolysis ACTH (Adrenal Diabetes)
Proteolysis
Glucocorticoid (-)’s Glucose Uptake Addison’s Disease
FB: Cortisol (-)’s CRH & ACTH
(-)’s Immune Response
from (-) ‘s Bone Growth
Zona (+)’s Surfactant
Fasciculata (+)’s GI Enzymes
Modulates CNS
Androgens Steroid
19 C
from
Zona Reticularis
Milton Wolf Page 4 of 7 4/29/96
Thyroid
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Thyroid Hormone 3,5,3’-Triiodo- (+)’s Growth HT: (+) by TSH via cAMP Cretinism
T3 & T4 (or) (+)’s Neural Maturation
3,5,3’,5’- (+)’s Metabolic Rate FB: T3 & T4 (-) TSH Hashimoto’s
Tetraiodo- (+)’s Erythropoiesis Thyroiditis
Autoregulatory:
thyronine Protein Synthesis Iodine (+)’s Grave’s Disease
(XS - Proteolysis) Iodine (-)’s
Glycogenesis Wolff-Chaikoff Effect
(XS - Glycogenolysis)
Glucose Uptake
Lipolysis
++
(+)’s Ca Deposit in Bone (+) by Plasma Ca
++
Calcitonin Peptide
(Parafollicular (-)’s PTH on Bone (+) by Gastrin
Cells)
Kidney
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Renin Peptide Renin AI AII (+) by Filtrate volume in JGA
12 AA’s
(from JGA)
Erythropoietin (+) RBC production (+) by pO2
Plasma Ca & Plasma PO4
++ -
1,25-Dihydroxy Steroid (+) by PTH Rickets
(+) by Plasma Ca
++ - ++
Vitamin D3 (from 1- (+)’s Ca (& PO4 ) Absorption (GI) Osteomalacia
++
(+)’s Ca Resorption from Bone (-) by PO4
-
Hydroxylase)
FB: 1,25-diOH VitD (-)’s PTH
Pineal
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Melatonin Unknown (+) by Darkness
Gonadal Regulation? (-) by Light
Sleep?
via Sympathetics from
Superior Cervical Ganglion
Milton Wolf Page 5 of 7 4/29/96
Ovary
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Estrogen Steroid (+)’s Endothelium proliferation (+) by LH
(+)’s Myometrium excitability
18 C (+)’s Mammary Duct growth FB: Estrogen (-)’s LH, FSH & GnRH
(+)’s Prolactin release (but (-)’s action) (Until LH surge)
(+)’s Liver Transporting Globulins
Also: Anabolic
Hypothermia
H2O retention
Progesterone Steroid (+)’s Uterine Gland development (+) by LH
Induces Stromal Cell Decidual Cell
21 C (-)’s Myometrium excitability FB: Progesterone (-)’s LH & FSH
(+)’s Mammary Alveoli growth
Also: Catabolic
Thermogenic
Natriuretic
Activin Polypeptide (+)’s FSH Only at the
Inhibin Polypeptide (-)’s FSH Level of the
Follistatin Polypeptide (-)’s FSH Anterior Pituitary
Relaxin Peptide Softens Pelvic Ligaments
Loosens Cervix
(-)’s Myometrial Contraction
Testis
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
Androgens Steroid (+)’s Spermatogenesis (+) by LH Leydig Cells contain
(Testosterone & DHT) (+)’s 2 Sex Characteristics 5-Reductase
(Leydig Cells) (+)’s Anabolic growth FB: Androgens (-) GnRH & LH (Testosterone
DHT)
Inhibin Peptide (-)’s FSH (+) b FSH
Sertoli Cells contain
FB: Inhibin (-) FSH release Aromatase
(Sertoli Cells)
Activin Peptide (+)’s FSH (+) by FSH (Testosterone
2 Estrogen)
(Sertoli Cells)
MIS Glycopeptide (-)’s Mullerian Duct
(Sertoli Cells)
Milton Wolf Page 6 of 7 4/29/96
Placenta
Hormone Structure Action Control Miscellaneous
hCG Glycopeptide (+)’s Progesterone release from C.L. (+) by GnRH (from
(+)’s Fetal growth & Steroidogenesis cytotrophoblast)
(+)’s Relaxin from C.L.
(-)’s Mentrual Cycle
via cAMP
Placental Lactogen Peptide Unkown
May overlap with GH & Prolactin
Progesterone Steroid Maintains pregnancy after involution of
the Corpus Luteum
Milton Wolf Page 7 of 7 4/29/96
