Guided Lecture Notes Chapter 25 Respiratory Care Modalities Learning Objective 1 Describe the nursing management for patients receiving oxygen therapy intermittent positive pressure breathing

							Guided Lecture Notes
Chapter 25: Respiratory Care Modalities

Learning Objective 1. Describe the nursing management for patients receiving oxygen
therapy, intermittent positive-pressure breathing, mini-nebulizer therapy, incentive
spirometry, chest physiotherapy, and breathing retraining.
     Describe the purpose and goals of oxygen therapy
     Discuss the assessment of the patient receiving oxygen therapy. Include in the
       discussion indicators of hypoxia. (Refer to PowerPoint slides 2, 5 - 6)
     Describe the methods for administration of oxygen therapy. (Refer to
       PowerPoint slides 2-4)
     Describe the complications of oxygen therapy. Discuss the suppression of
       respiratory drive in patients with chronic low oxygen tension. Include in the
       discussion the symptoms of and prevention of the complication of oxygen
       toxicity. (Refer to PowerPoint slides 7 - 10)
     Describe incentive spirometry and the nursing management of patients with
       incentive spirometry. (Refer to PowerPoint slides 11 - 13)
     Describe intermittent positive-pressure breathing and the nursing management of
       patients with intermittent positive-pressure breathing. Note that this treatment is
       rarely used today due the potential side-effects/damage which may occur. (Refer
       to PowerPoint slide 14)
     Describe mini-nebulizer therapy and the nursing management of patients with
       mini-nebulizer therapy. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 15)
     Describe chest physiotherapy and the nursing management of patients with chest
       physiotherapy.
     Note the specific areas of the lungs affected by each the postural drainage
       positions.
     Include in the discussion the nursing assessment of the patient and the nursing
       interventions to make chest physiotherapy more effective and more comfortable
       for the patient such as encouragement of fluids to liquefy secretions, timing of the
       sessions to avoid times soon after meals and rest between positions or sessions.
       (Refer to PowerPoint slides 16 -24)

Learning Objective 2. Describe the patient education and home care considerations for
patients receiving oxygen therapy.
     Describe the patient education and home care considerations for patients receiving
        oxygen therapy. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 25)

Learning Objective 3. Describe the nursing care for a patient with an endotracheal tube
and for a patient with a tracheostomy.
    Describe the purposes of an endotracheal tube
    Describe the function of and the potential complications related endotracheal and
        tracheostomy tubes.
    Describe the nursing care for a patient with an endotracheal tube. Describe
        nursing interventions related to prevention of complications. Explain the
        assessment of cuff pressure. Note that the cuff pressure of endotracheal tubes


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       should be checked every 8-12 hours and a pressure between 15 and 20 mm Hg. is
       suggested (Refer to PowerPoint slides 26 -27)
      Note that cuff pressure on tracheostomy tubes is maintained between 15-25 mm
       Hg. Tracheostomy cuff pressures exceeding 25 mm Hg may cause injury to tissue
       and a cuff pressure of 15 mm Hg. is suggested to prevent aspiration. Not all
       persons with a tracheostomy may require the cuff to be inflated. Describe the
       methods for assessing trach cuff pressure which include a manometer, the
       minimal leak volume, and the minimal occlusive volume technique.
      Discuss potential risk for injury and potential airway compromise related to
       inadvertent removal of the endotracheal tube and methods to prevent patient
       removal of the tube. Discuss the judicious use of restraints and the role of patient
       and family education.
      Discuss the purpose and potential complications of trachestomies.
      Discuss the nursing care of the patient with a tracheostomy. (Refer to PowerPoint
       slides 28 - 29)
      Discuss the nursing diagnoses listed. Give examples of specific interventions
       related to the care of patients with endotracheal intubation or tracheostomies
       which address these diagnoses. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 30)

Learning Objective 4. Demonstrate the procedure of tracheal suctioning.
    Discuss suctioning of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes. Review the specific
      skill of suctioning of the tracheostomy. Demonstrate this skill as necessary.

Learning Objective 5. Use the nursing process as a framework for care patients who are
mechanically ventilated.
          • Describe the use of the nursing process to care for patients who are
              mechanically ventilated.
          • Describe the purpose of mechanical ventilation.
          • List and explain the indications for mechanical ventilation. Give
              examples.
          • Describe the types of positive pressure and negative pressure ventilators.
              (Refer to PowerPoint slides 31 -32)
                   Negative-Pressure Ventilators
                           Iron Lung (Drinker Respirator Tank)
                           Body Wrap (Pneumo-Wrap) and Chest Cuirass (Tortoise
                             Shell)
                   Positive-Pressure Ventilators
                           Pressure-Cycled Ventilators
                           Time-Cycled Ventilators
                           Volume-Cycled Ventilators
                           Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation
          • Briefly discuss the use of and indications for noninvasive positive pressure
              ventilation and Explain CPAP and biPAP. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 33)




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          • Explain ventilator modes. Note the particular nursing assessments and
            nursing care interventions which are most important for the different
            modes of ventilation. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 34)
          • Describe the assessment of the patient who is mechanically ventilated.
          • Describe the assessment of the mechanical ventilator. Explain how to
            “trouble shoot” the ventilator. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 35)
          • Explain the patient should always be assessed first and what to do if the
            ventilator machine malfunctions.
          • Discuss nursing diagnoses common to patient who are mechanically
            ventilated. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 36)
          • List the collaborative problems which may occur with patient who are
            mechanically ventilated. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 37)
          • Define and explain barotrauma.
          • Explain the physiologic basis for cardiovascular complications related to
            mechanical positive pressure ventilation.
          • Discuss the goals of care for patients who are mechanically ventilated.
            (Refer to PowerPoint slide 38)
          • Describe specific nursing interventions related the care of patient who are
            mechanically ventilated. Explain the rationales for the interventions. Use
            examples. (Refer to PowerPoint slides 39 - 42)
            • Enhancing Gas Exchange
            • Promoting Effective Airway Clearance
            • Preventing Trauma and Infection
            • Promoting Optimal Level of Mobility
            • Promoting Optimal Communication
            • Promoting Coping Ability
            • Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications
                 Alterations in Cardiac Function
                 Barotrauma and Pneumothorax
                 Pulmonary Infection

Learning Objective 6. Describe the process of weaning the patient from mechanical
ventilation.
    Explain and describe the process of weaning. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 43)
            • Criteria for Weaning
            • Patient Preparation
            • Methods of Weaning
            • Weaning From the Tube
            • Weaning From Oxygen
            • Nutrition

Learning Objective 7. Describe the significance of preoperative nursing assessment and
patient teaching for the patient who is to have thoracic surgery.




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   • Describe the significance of preoperative nursing assessment and patient teaching
     for the patient who is to have thoracic surgery including postoperative nursing
     management. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 44)
         o Preoperative Nursing Management
                  Improving Airway Clearance
                  Teaching the Patient
                  Relieving Anxiety
         o Postoperative Nursing Management
                 o Monitoring Respiratory and Cardiovascular Status
                 o Improving Gas Exchange and Breathing
                 o Improving Airway Clearance
                 o Relieving Pain and Discomfort
                 o Promoting Mobility and Shoulder Exercises
                 o Maintaining Fluid Volume and Nutrition
                 o Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications

Learning Objective 8. Explain the principles of chest drainage and the nursing
responsibilities related to care of the patient with a chest drainage system.
     Explain the purpose of chest drainage. (Refer to PowerPoint slide 45)
    • List the types of chest drainage systems.
           • Water Seal Systems
           • Dry Suction Water Seal Systems
           • Dry Suction Systems with a One-Way Valve

   • Describe a typical chest drainage system and its function. (Refer to PowerPoint
     slide 46)
   • Students have much difficulty understanding the relationship of the intrathoracic
     space with the various chambers of the chest drainage system. Explain the
     drainage chambers as these relate to the pleural space and to the maintenance or
     reestablishment of negative intrathoracic pressure.
   • Explain the application and control of suction to the chest drainage system.
     Students often have difficultly understanding that the suction pressure is related to
     the setting on the control device or the height of fluid in the suction control
     chamber and not to the amount of external suction applied. State specifically and
     reinforce this information.
   • Discuss the management of a patient with chest drainage. Describe specific
     nursing assessments and interventions. Explain, in detail, how to assess that a
     chest tube system is functioning. Describe the bubbling which occurs in a typical
     water seal system when it is functioning correctly and when it has an air leak.
   • Discuss the prevention of cardiopulmonary complications in patients with chest
     drainage.
   • Explain the use and function of the Heimlich valve. (Refer to PowerPoint slide
     47)

Learning Objective 9. Describe the patient education and home care considerations for
patients who have had thoracic surgery.


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   Describe the patient education and home care considerations for patients who
    have had thoracic surgery. Give specific examples. (Refer to PowerPoint slides
    48 -49)




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