DNA barcoding the global marine zooplankton assemblage
Ann Bucklin1, Robert M. Jennings1, Brian D. Ortman1, Lisa Nigro1,
C.J. Sweetman1, Nancy J. Copley2, and Peter H. Wiebe2
1Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
2Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
Zooplankton images by Russell R. Hopcroft (Univ. of Alaska)
and Laurence P. Madin (Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.)
2nd International Barcode of Life Conference
Taipei, Taiwan – September 17-21, 2007
We gratefully acknowledge support from:
the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation,
NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration, and
US National Science Foundation
Barcoding Marine Zooplankton
Hippopodius hippopus Sapphirina metallina Limacina helicina Salpa cylindrica
CMarZ effort to barcode 7,000 species in 15 phyla of holozooplankton
is ~25% completed, with >1,500 described species barcoded.
At-sea DNA barcoding of identified specimens, with ship-board team
of expert taxonomists, is an effective and efficient approach to barcoding
zooplankton.
DNA barcoding will aid species discovery; new species are being
discovered in biodiversity hotspots, under-sampled regions (deep sea),
among rare and fragile planktonic groups, and within circumglobal taxa.
DNA barcodes will allow rapid, automatable, and remote species
identification and biodiversity assessments.
Barcoding Euphausiacea (Crustacea)
Ann Bucklin (UConn), Peter Wiebe (WHOI), et al.
Forty of 86 species, including 20 of
31 species of Euphausia, were
barcoded by Bucklin, Wiebe et al.
(2007). Atlantic /
Pacific
Barcodes accurately and uniquely cryptic
identify and discriminate species, species
and can reveal cryptic species
within widespread taxa.
Within species Between species
Variation
0.18 within
Mean Pairwise Difference
0.16
0.14
species
0.12 1% - 3%
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
Barcoding Copepoda (Crustacea)
A. Bucklin (UConn), N.J. Copley (WHOI), L. Nigro (UConn), J. Bradford-Grieve (NIWA)
Copepods have many sibling species groups, differentiated by subtle
morphological or morphometrical characters (secondary sex characters).
MtCOI barcodes provide ancillary characters for species identification; can reveal
cryptic species within geographically widespread species.
Overall average difference between species is 23.1% for 91 species of copepods.
Barcodes Congeneric
resolve some species may
species’ not cluster
relationships together in a
for some barcode tree
genera
100 Clausophyes moserae
56 Erenna sp
95 Stephanomia amphitritis
73 Marrus orthocanna
95 Marrus sp
Bargmannia sp
Apolemia sp
60
Physophora hydrostatica
100 Frillagalma sp
Lychnagalma utriculata
78
Nectopyramis natans
Praya reticulata
Amphicaryon polifera
98
Amphicaryon earnesti
69
Amphicaryon acaula
75 Maresearsia praeclara
Forskalia tholoides
Physalia physalis
87 Rhizophysa eysenhardti
Rhizophysa filiformis
Nanomia bijuga
92 Halistemma sp
71 Nanomia cara
Agalma elegans
Agalma okeni
74
Athorybia rosacea
100 Athorybia sp
Lensia campanella
Rosacea cymbiformis
errors
Rosacea sp
species
Forskalia conoidea
Hippopodius hippopus
and reveal
100 Vogtia spinosa
Lilyopsis flurocantha
both confirm
74
Barcodes can
Lilyopsis rosea
identifications
Chuniphyes multidentata
Kephyes ovata
63
Dimophyes arctica
Sphaeronectes gracilis
Lensia quadriculata
60 80 Lensia hostile
Praya sp
Nectopyramis diomedeae
Lensia ajax
Lensia multicristata
100 Lensia exeter
Lensia grimaldi
Lensia meteori
(Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)
Lensia fowleri
100 Forskalia asymetrica
Barcoding Siphonophora
99 Lensia conoidea
70 75
Lensia hospur
Sulculeolaria quadrivalvis
98
Lensia achilles
87 Eudoxoides mitra
Eudoxoides spiralis
99 100 Ceratocymba sp1
83 Diphyes dispar
Diphyes bojani
Enneagonum hyalinum
91
100 Abylopsis escholtzi
Brian D. Ortman (Ph.D. Disseration at University of Connecticut, USA
Abylopsis tetragona
of resolution of suborders PHYSONECTA, CYSTONECTA, and CALICOPHORA (names color-coded).
53
Bassia bassensis
DNA barcodes completed for ~80 of 160 species of the Siphonophora; differ by 10% - 40% and clearly
50 100 Ceratocymba sagittata
Ceratocymba sp2
5
0
resolve all species. Phylogenetic relationships above the genus level are not well-resolved; some evidence
15
10
Percent difference
DNA Sequencing at Sea
UConn Team DNA set up a DNA barcoding laboratory during a CMarZ cruise to
the Sargasso Sea in April 2006, extracting and sequencing DNA at sea.
------------Species-----------
Group Collect Barcode Known
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ctenophora 22 13 90
Cnidaria Hydromedusae 33 12 842
Siphonophora 70 55 160
Scyphozoa 7 4 161
Crustacea Amphipoda 31 12 400
Copepoda 138 38 2,000
Euphausiidae 14 14 86
Ostracoda 58 36 169
Other Crustacea 18 15 23
Mollusca Gastropoda 44 36 144
Other Mollusca 27 12 --
Others Larvacea 12 5 64
Nemertea 1 1 99
Polychaeta 3 3 110
Thaliacea 14 2 45
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Totals 534 258 4869