From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia CSI effect
CSI effect
Forensic science Forensic materials engineering
Forensic polymer engineering
Vehicular accident reconstruction
People
Auguste Ambroise Tardieu
Edmond Locard
William M. Bass
Juan Vucetich
Related articles
Physiological sciences
Crime scene
Forensic anthropology CSI effect
Forensic archaeology Perry Mason syndrome
Forensic odontology Pollen calendar
Forensic entomology Skid mark
Forensic pathology Trace evidence
Forensic botany Use of DNA in forensic entomology
Forensic biology
Forensic chemistry The CSI effect also known as the CSI syndrome[1] and
effect,
the CSI infection [2] is any of several ways in which the
infection,
Social sciences
exaggerated portrayal of forensic science on crime tele-
Forensic psychology vision shows such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation influ-
Forensic psychiatry ences public perception. The term most often refers to
the belief that jurors have come to demand more forensic
Forensic criminalistics
evidence in criminal trials, thereby raising the effective
Ballistics standard of proof for prosecutors. While this belief is
Ballistic fingerprinting widely held among American legal professionals, some
Body identification studies have suggested that crime shows are unlikely to
DNA profiling cause such an effect, although frequent CSI viewers may
Fingerprint analysis place a lower value on circumstantial evidence.[3] As
Forensic accounting technology improves and becomes more prevalent
Forensic arts throughout society, people may also develop higher ex-
Forensic footwear evidence pectations for the capabilities of forensic technology. [4]
Forensic toxicology There are several other manifestations of the CSI ef-
Questioned document examination fect. Greater public awareness of forensic science has also
Vein matching increased the demand for forensic evidence in police in-
Digital forensics vestigations, boosting workloads for crime laboratories.
The number and popularity of forensic science programs
Computer forensics at the university level have greatly increased worldwide,
Database forensics though some new programs have been criticized for in-
Mobile device forensics adequately preparing their students for real forensic
Network forensics work. It is possible that forensic science shows teach
Forensic video criminals how to conceal evidence of their crimes, there-
Related disciplines by making it more difficult for investigators to solve cas-
es.
Fire investigation
Detection of fire accelerants
Forensic engineering
Forensic linguistics
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia CSI effect
Background altering public awareness, knowledge, and opinions of
it.[19] A 2002 juror survey showed that viewers of the
The CSI effect is named for CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, popular court show Judge Judy were greatly misinformed
a television program which first aired in 2000. In CSI, a about the purpose of the judge within a courtroom.[20]
fictional team of crime scene investigators solve murders Earlier programs which may have affected public percep-
in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. In each episode, the tion of "the legal or investigative systems" include Per-
discovery of a dead body leads to a criminal investigation ry Mason (1957–66) and Quincy, M.E. (1976–83).[1]:ch.4 News
by members of the team, who gather and analyze foren- media reports on criminal trials, extensive internet blog-
sic evidence, question witnesses, and apprehend sus- ging, and the successes of the Innocence Project have
pects.[5]:ch.IIA The show’s popularity led to two spin-offs: also contributed to the increased public awareness of
CSI: Miami, which debuted in 2002, and CSI: NY, first aired forensic science.[21] Zuiker has stated that "’The CSI Ef-
in 2004. The CSI franchise’s success resulted in the pro- fect’ is, in my opinion, the most amazing thing that has
duction of many similar shows;[6] in turn, the "CSI effect" ever come out of the series."[22]
has been associated with other crime shows, including
American Justice, Bones, Cold Case, Cold Case Files, Cold Squad,
Criminal Minds, Crossing Jordan, Forensic Files, NCIS, Num-
Manifestations
b3rs, The Secrets of Forensic Science, Waking the Dead, Wire
in the Blood, and Without a Trace.[1]:ch.2[6][7] Based on the Trials
Nielsen ratings, six of the top ten most popular television The popularity of forensic crime television shows sup-
shows in the United States in 2005 were crime dramas, posedly gives rise to many misconceptions about the na-
and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation reached the number one ture of forensic science and investigation procedures
ranking in November 2007.[1]:ch.2 among jury members.[1]:ch.2 The CSI effect is hypothe-
Several aspects of popular crime shows have been sized to affect verdicts in two main ways: first, that jurors
criticized as being unrealistic. In real investigations, DNA expect more forensic evidence than is available or nec-
and fingerprint data are often unobtainable and, when essary, resulting in a higher rate of acquittal when such
they are available, can take several weeks to process, evidence is absent; and second, that jurors have greater
whereas television crime labs usually get results within confidence in forensic and particularly DNA evidence
hours.[8] In the first season of CSI, technicians made a than is warranted,[23] resulting in a higher rate of con-
plaster mold of the interior of a wound to determine the viction when such evidence is present.[11] While these
type of knife used to make the wound, which is not pos- and other effects may be caused by crime shows, the
sible with current technology.[2] Characters on television most commonly reported effect is that jurors are wrong-
often use the word "match" to describe a definitive re- ly acquitting defendants despite overwhelming evidence
lationship between two pieces of evidence, whereas real of guilt.[5] In particular, prosecutors have reported feel-
forensic technicians can only say that one piece of evi- ing pressured to provide DNA evidence even when eye-
dence "is associated with" another, to avoid associating witness testimony is available.[10] In one highly publi-
themselves with potential error.[9] cized incident, Los Angeles District Attorney Steve Coo-
Anthony E. Zuiker, creator of the CSI franchise, ley blamed actor Robert Blake’s acquittal on murder
claimed that "all of the science is accurate" on the charges on the CSI effect. Cooley noted that the not guilty
shows;[10] researchers, however, have described CSI’s verdict came despite two witness accounts of Blake’s
portrayal of forensic science as "high-tech magic".[11] guilt, and claimed that the jury members were "incredi-
Forensic scientist Thomas Mauriello estimated that 40 bly stupid".[12][24]
percent of the scientific techniques depicted on CSI do By 2005, some prosecutors had begun altering their
not exist.[12] In addition to using unrealistic techniques, trial preparations and procedures in an attempt to
CSI ignores all elements of uncertainty present in real in- counter the CSI effect.[25][26] Some ask questions about
vestigations, and instead portrays experimental results forensic television viewership during voir dire to target
as absolute truth.[13] The notion that these inaccurate biased jurors; others use opening statements and closing
portrayals could alter the public perception of forensic arguments to minimize the possible impact of the CSI ef-
evidence was dubbed the "CSI effect", a term which be- fect, and instruct jurors to adhere to the court’s stan-
gan to appear in mainstream media as early as 2004.[7] dards of evidence rather than those seen on television.[2]
By 2009, more than 250 stories about the CSI effect had Prosecutors have even hired expert witnesses to explain
appeared in newspapers and magazines,[14] including ar- why particular forms of physical evidence are not rel-
ticles in National Geographic,[15] Scientific American,[16][17] evant to their cases.[27] In one Australian murder case,
and U.S. News & World Report.[18] the defense counsel requested a judge-only trial to avoid
Although the CSI effect is a recent phenomenon, it having DNA evidence misinterpreted by a jury.[28] By
has long been recognized that media portrayals of the 2006, the CSI effect had become widely accepted as re-
United States legal system are capable of significantly ality among legal professionals, despite little empirical
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia CSI effect
evidence to validate or disprove it.[29] A 2008 survey by by the incompetence of jury members, but by a general
researcher Monica Robbers showed that roughly 80 per- distrust of the jury system as a whole.[36]
cent of all American legal professionals believed they had
had decisions affected by forensic television pro- Academia
grams.[30] The CSI effect has influenced the manner in which foren-
New York University professor Tom R. Tyler argued sic scientists are educated and trained. In the past, those
that, from a psychological standpoint, crime shows are who sought to enter the field of forensics typically
more likely to increase the rate of convictions than ac- earned an undergraduate degree in a science, followed by
quittals, as the shows promote a sense of justice and clo- a master’s degree. However, the popularity of programs
sure which is not attained when a jury acquits a defen- such as CSI has caused an increase in the demand for un-
dant. The perceived rise in the rate of acquittals may be dergraduate courses and graduate programs in forensic
related to sympathy for the defendant or declining con- science.[37] In 2004, the forensics programs at Florida In-
fidence in legal authorities.[29] A 2006 survey of U.S. uni- ternational University and the University of California,
versity students reached a similar conclusion: the influ- Davis doubled in size, reportedly as a result of the CSI ef-
ence of CSI is unlikely to burden prosecutors, and may ac- fect. However, many students enter such programs with
tually help them.[31] unrealistic expectations.[38] Vocational interest in foren-
One of the largest empirical studies of the CSI effect sic science has proliferated among students in countries
was undertaken in 2006 by Washtenaw County Circuit besides the United States, including Australia,[39] the
Court Judge Donald Shelton and two researchers from United Kingdom,[40] and Germany.[41] The increased
Eastern Michigan University. They surveyed more than popularity of the forensic science program at the Univer-
1,000 jurors, and found that while juror expectations for sity of Lausanne in Switzerland has also been attributed
forensic evidence had increased, there was no correla- to the CSI effect.[42]
tion between viewership of crime shows and tendency to Although the increased popularity of forensics pro-
convict.[32] One alternate explanation for the changing grams means there are more applicants for jobs at crime
perception of forensic evidence is the so-called "tech ef- labs,[15] there is some concern that these courses do not
fect": as technology improves and becomes more preva- adequately prepare students for real forensics
lent throughout society, people develop higher expecta- work,[43]:602 as graduates often lack a firm grasp of basic
tions for the capabilities of forensic technology.[4] Shel- scientific principles that would come from a science de-
ton described one instance in which a jury member com- gree.[37] Many forensics students are presented with
plained because the prosecution had not dusted the lawn streamlined exercises with overly clear answers, which
for fingerprints,[33] a procedure which is impossible and may give them distorted perceptions of the power of
had not been demonstrated on any crime show.[1]:ch.7 A forensic science.[27] The Albuquerque Police Department
later study by the same authors found that frequent CSI has attempted to improve scientific literacy among fu-
viewers may place a lower value on circumstantial ev- ture forensic scientists and jurors alike by developing a
idence, but their viewership had no influence on their "Citizen CSI" course which familiarizes local citizens with
evaluation of eyewitness testimony or their tendency to the "capabilities and limitations of authentic forensic sci-
convict in cases with multiple types of evidence.[3] ence techniques."[43]:605
Many stories about the CSI effect assume that there While forensic crime shows are often criticized for
has been an increase in acquittal rates, though this is of- portraying technologies that do not exist, these may in-
ten based entirely on anecdotal evidence. A 2009 study spire inventors and research teams, as it is not uncom-
of conviction statistics in eight states found that, con- mon for scientific innovations to be first portrayed in sci-
trary to the opinions of criminal prosecutors, the acquit- ence fiction.[1]:ch.12 In 2006, IBM and the Memphis Po-
tal rate has decreased in the years since the debut of CSI. lice Department developed software to predict crime lo-
The outcome of any given trial is much more strongly de- cations and time frames, an idea from the 2002 science
pendent on the state in which it took place, rather than fiction film Minority Report.[44]
whether it occurred before or after the CSI premiere.[14]
A 2010 study by the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Crimes
suggests that, while there may be a correlation between
The CSI effect may alter how crimes are committed. In
crime show viewership and a perceived understanding of
2000, the year that CSI: Crime Scene Investigation debuted,
DNA evidence, there was no evidence that such viewer-
46.9 percent of all rape cases in the United States were
ship affected jury decision making.[34] As of August 2010,
solved by police. By 2005, the solve rate had fallen to 41.3
no empirical evidence has demonstrated a correlation
percent. Some investigators attributed this decline to the
between CSI viewership and acquittal rates.[28][35] One
CSI effect, as crime shows often explain in detail how
researcher suggested that the perception of a CSI ef-
criminals can conceal or destroy evidence. Several rape
fect—and of other courtroom effects, such as Perry Ma-
victims have reported that their assailants forced them
son syndrome and white coat syndrome—is caused not
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia CSI effect
to shower or clean themselves with bleach after their as- some investigations, DNA evidence is not collected sim-
saults.[45] In December 2005, Jermaine McKinney broke ply because there is not enough space to store it proper-
into a home in Trumbull County, Ohio, where he mur- ly.[53]
dered two women. A fan of CSI, McKinney went to unusu-
al lengths to remove evidence of his crime: he cleaned
his hands with bleach, burned the bodies and his cloth-
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Hearst Properties, Inc. 1 December 2010. (subscription required)
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Retrieved 24 December 2010. Criminal Justice Policy Review 17 (1): 38. doi:10.1177/
[51] "Backlogs and Their Impact on the Criminal Justice 0887403405278815. http://cjp.sagepub.com/
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSI_effect&oldid=461748792"
Categories:
• Television terminology
• CSI (franchise)
• Criminology
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