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BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASE

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BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASE
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BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF

BACTERIAL DISEASE



 Disease causing agent

 Bacterial, fungal, viral or other?

 Treatment

 Antibiotic sensitivity

 Source of infection

 Food, air or contact?

 Epidemiology

 Cholera, Diphtheria

 Prevention

 E. coli O157:H7 outbreak, Shigella, Listeria

Antibiotic sensitivity

Site of sampling

 Sterile sites

 Blood

 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)



 Body fluids (Peritoneal and pleural)



 Non-sterile (normal flora)

 Respiratory tract

 Ear, eye and mouth



 Skin (wound and abscess)



 Urine (mid-stream)



 Feces

Bacterial classification

 Wall structure

 Gram +

 Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium,

Bacillus

 Gram -

 Enteric, respiratory and others

 Acid-fast Bacteria

 Mycobacterium

 Wall-less

 Mycoplasma

 Unusual G+ G- AF WL IC



 Obligate intracellular

 Rickettsia, Chlamydia

Bacterial classification



 Cell morphology

 Shapes Bacteria



 Rod

 Cocci

 Spiral G+ G- AF WL IC

 Associations

 Individual Rod Cocci Rod Cocci Spiral



 Diplo-

 Staphylo-

 Strepto-

Bacterial classification

 Growth characteristics Bacteria



 Oxygen requirement

 Aerobic

 Anaerobic

G+ G- AF WL IC

 Microaerophilic, aerotolerant

 Facultative

Rod Cocci Rod Cocci Spiral

 Spore formation

 Intracellular/extracellular + spore - + +/- -O2





 Fastidious/non-fastidious

Classification & Diagnosis



 Type of colonies

 Appearance

 Color, shape, size and smoothness

 On differential media

 Blood, MacConkey, EMB

 On selective media

 MacConkey, Thayer-Martin

Classification & Diagnosis

 Metabolism

 Utilization of specific substrates

 Lactose (Sal/Shi/Yer/)-

 Citrate (E. coli-/Klebsiella+)

 Production of certain end products

 Fermentation end products

 Acid (acetate, propionic acid, butyric acid etc.)

 Acetoin

 Alcohol

 Amine

 H2S

Classification & Diagnosis

 Specialized tests

 Immunological

 O-, H- & K-Ag (serotype)

 Precipitation, agglutination

 Specialized enzymes

 Catalase--- Staph+. vs. Strep-.

 Coagulase---S. aureus+ vs. S. epidermidis-

 Oxidase---Neisseria gonorrhoea+

 Urease---Proteus+, Helicobacter+



 Antibiogram pattern

 Phage typing

 Fatty acid profile

Immunological detection

Conventional diagnosis methods

Conventional method





 Depend on ability to culture

 Treponema pallidum

 Slow, esp. for fastidious species

 Mycobacterium spp.

 Not always definitive

Molecular diagnosis



 Ribotyping

 Restriction fragment length polymorphism

(RFLP)

 DNA hybridization

 PCR, RT-PCR and RAPD

 Nucleic acid sequence analysis

 Phage-GFP (TB)

RFLP



GGATCC

CCTAGG

DNA hybridization

In situ

Hybridization

PCR RT-PCR









Rate of increase

2n

RAPD of P. aeruginosa

Molecular diagnosis

 Reduce reliance on  Technically

culture demanding

 Faster  Relatively expensive

 More sensitive  Can be too sensitive

 More definitive  Provides no

 More discriminating information if results

 Techniques adaptable are negative

to all pathogens

Bioterrorism





 Pathogen detection

 Fastand accurate

 Mobile



 Inexpensive



 Source investigation

Differentiating Staphylococci from Streptococci





 Gram stain and morphology

 Both Gram +

 Staphylococci: bunched cocci

 Streptococci: chained cocci (S. pneumoniae form diplococcus)

 Enzyme tests

 Staphylococci: catalase +

 Streptococci: catalase -

 Growth

 Staph.: large colonies (non-fastidious), some hemolytic

 Strep.: small colonies (fastidious), many hemolytic (a or b)

Staphylococci







 S. aureus: coagulase +

 S. epidermidis: coagulase -

Streptococci





Streptococci On blood agar Growth inhibition disc

S. pyogenes (group A) b-hemolytic Sensitive to bacitracin

S. agalactiae (group B) b-hemolytic Resistant to bacitracin

S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) a-hemolytic Sensitive to optochin

Viridans a-hemolytic Resistant to optochin

Differentiating the Gram- bacteria



 Cocci

 Neisseria

 Rods

 Type of disease they cause

 Enteric Gram- rods

 API test

 Curved

 Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter

 Spiral Gram- organisms

 Spirochetes

Gram negative



Straight rods Curved rods





Lactose+ Lactose- Campy blood agar TCBS agar

42oC+ 25oC- Yellow

Oxidase+





Citrate+ Citrate- H2S+ H2S-

Campylobacter Vibrio

Klebsiella E. coli Salmonella Shigella

Bacteria

Intra Wall

Gram+ Gram- Acid Fast Cellular Less









Cocci Rod Spiral Rod Cocci M.t. Rickettsia Mycoplasma

M.l. Coxiella

N.c. Erlichia

Chlamydia

Staph. Strep. Non-spore Spore Treponema Neisseria

Borrelia Moraxella

Leptospira

Fil Rod +O2 -O2





B.a. C.b. Curve

S. a. A A.i. C.d. Straight

S. e. B L. m. B.c. C.t.

S. s. Pn C.p.

C.d. Vibrio

Vir

Campylobacter

+O2 +/-O2 -O2 Other Helicobacter





P.a. Enteric Bact.





Resp. Zoo GU

Bordetella. Yersinia H. ducreyi

H. influenzae Pasteurella Gardnerella

Legionella Brucella Calymmatobacterium

Francisella

Streptobacillus


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