8/31/2011
National Poultry Improvement
Plan (NPIP) - Overview
Voluntary federal program to help control
Poultry NAVLE Preparation infectious agents in poultry
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Originally for control of…
Salmonella pullorum
Michael Martin, DVM, MPVM Now includes…
North Carolina State University Salmonella gallinarum, S. enteritidis
College of Veterinary Medicine Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae, M. meleagridis
MG, MS, MM
Poultry Health Management Team
AI
Hatchery conditions turkeys
Salmonella in Poultry –
Background Salmonella pullorum
Gram negative bacillus Synonyms…
Significant disease Pullorum disease, white bacillary diarrhea
Host adapted species Clinical signs
Historically, could not have intensive production (white), pasting, ain t doin (depressed, fluffed
Diarrhea (white) pasting ain’t doin’ right (depressed fluffed,
vocalization, off food)
Improvements in testing/surveillance
Less than 4 weeks of age
Development of eradication programs
High mortality/high morbidity
Non-host adapted species
Lesions (possibly none: septicemia)…
Concerns with food borne zoonosis
Cecal inflammation/cores, grey visceral nodules, splenomegaly
Some poultry infected without clinical signs
Dx: culture and ID (Brilliant green/XLT)
Stressors can exacerbate infection
Crowding, nutrition, ventilation, etc Prevention
Vertical transmission – eradication
Other Salmonella Other Salmonella
Fowl Typhoid Paratyphoid, ‘Salmonellosis’
S. gallinarum Lots of species
High morbidity and mortality S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium
ADR and di h
d diarrhea d (SE)
S. enteritidis ( )
Septicemia Zoonotic potential (may be asymptomatic in poultry)
Hepatitis/arthritis Food safety concern
S. arizonae Usually external source (i.e. rodents, wildlife, feed, etc.)
Lesions…
Eye lesions, neurological signs
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Mycoplasma in Poultry Mycoplasma in Poultry
Chicken or turkey Transmission…
Vertical and horizontal
M. gallisepticum
Do not survive well outside of host
Respiratory (sinusitis, conjunctivitis, etc.)
Diagnostics
M. synoviae, clinical signs…
Serology for screening
Respiratory, arthritis
PCR
Turkey Culture, colonies look like…
M. meleagridis Fried egg colony
Respiratory May or may not be reportable (state)
M. iowa Prevention may vary
Hatchability, musculo-skeletal (spine and legs) Vaccination, eradication, biosecurity, etc.
Poultry Joint Infection – Poultry Joint Infection –
What Are Your Differentials Differential
Diagnostics to confirm Mycoplasma synoviae (Mycoplasma culture)
Culture, Mycoplasma culture, virus isolation, etc. Clear yellow or grey fluid
Staphylococcus 2ndary infections common (Staph)
Common
White caseous debris ll
Pasteurella
Most common cause of bumblefoot White or yellow caseous debris
Reovirus (Viral arthritis) Gout (visceral)
Clear or red fluid Renal involvement
Predispose to digital flexor tendon rupture (tenosynovitis)
Will have visceral lesions also
2ndary infections common (Staph)
Chalky white appearance to lesions
Prevention: vaccination
Avian Influenza – Avian Influenza –
Introduction Introduction
Orthomyxovirus Reportable disease
Strain classification (surface proteins)… Can cause a devastating illness in avian species
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Hemagglutinin (H) – 16 different types Respiratory, neurological, GI
Neuraminidase (N) – 9 different types
H5 & H7 more likely to be HPAI
Usually Influenza’s are species specific
Transmission
Direct contact (feces, aerosol, etc.)
Fomites
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Avian Influenza – Newcastle Disease –
Clinical signs Introduction
Onset hours to several days (14 days) Paramyxovirus
Clinical signs (variable) PMV I
Depression
p Hundreds of bird species
f f f
Galliforms, columboforms, waterfowl, psittacines, etc.
Decreased feed and water
What specific type of bird associated?
Decreased egg production
Parrots asymptomatic carriers (imported)
Respiratory signs Quarantine
Sneezing, rales, coughing
Transmission
Neural signs (HPAI)
Direct contact (feces, aerosol)
Opisthotonus, tremors, inability to stand, torticollis
Fomite
Morbidity/mortality (may be rapid:HPAI)
Human respiratory tract ~ 2 days
Newcastle Disease – Newcastle Disease –
Classification Clinical Signs
Severity of clinical signs Lentogenic
Velogenic
Respiratory disease
Mesogenic
Lentogenic Low mortality
Organ tropism Mesogenic
Viscerotropic (velogenic) Respiratory followed by neurolgical signs
Neurotropic (velogenic) 0-15% mortality
Pneumotropic
Enterotropic Velogenic
Exotic vs. endemic Lethargy, respiratory and neurological signs
PMV I vs. “Newcastle Disease” 50-100% mortality (unvaccinated)
HPAI and ENDV – Infectious Laryngotracheitis
Clinical Signs & Gross Necropsy (ILT)
May have no lesions Alphaherpesvirus
Acute Double stranded
Cyanosis and respiratory distress Enveloped
Neurological signs First avian vaccine
Enteric and respiratory hemorrhage Worldwide distribution
GALT Chickens primarily
Cecal tonsils Latent carriers
Border – proventriculus and ventriculus Trigeminal ganglion + tracheal epithelium
High morbidity and mortality Persistent infection & intermittent shedding
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Laryngotracheitis – Laryngotracheitis –
Clinical Signs Histopathology…
Acute respiratory disease… Type A intranuclear inclusions
Conjunctivitis – almond eye (often first signs) 3 day PI (only found for ~ 1-5 days)
Nasal discharge
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Syncytia (multi-nucleated giant cells)
rales, coughing,
Moist rales coughing gasping
Dyspnea Epithelial edema, enlargement, and decilliation
Expectoration of blood (only in severe infections) Inflammatory cells → mucosa
Decreased production Separation of epithelial layers
Egg production 5-15%: no problems with shell quality Sloughing into lumen
Unthrifty birds Exposure of vessels/hemorrhage
Recovery in ~7-28 days (usually 10-14 days)
Avian/Fowl Pox –
ILT differential Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Poxvirus Coronavirus (chickens only)
Vector transmission predominantly Strain based on region found (Mass, Con, Ark)
Clinical presentation Transmission: horizontal
Dry or wet (diptheritic) form Clinical signs: respiratory (snicking, distress)
Skin
Gross
Oral cavity upper respiratory
Possible mild trachitis
Diagnostics: histopathology… Condemnations in processing (2ndary airsacculitis)
Intracytoplasmic inclusions
Diagnosis: serology, virus isolation, PCR, etc.
Prevention: vaccination
Prevention: vaccination
Avian Chlamydiosis – Avian Chlamydiosis –
Chlamydophila psittaci Chlamydophila psittaci
Obligate intracellular organism Clinical signs/Lesions
Non-specific, respiratory
Names/synonyms…
Yellow/green diarrhea
Psittacines (Psittacosis)
Conjunctivitis, pneumonia and visceral
Zoonosis from pet birds
Esp. immunocompromised people
inflammation
Poultrys (Ornithosis) Turkeys: similar to colisepticemia (fibrinous)
Zoonosis in turkey processing plants; sick birds
Transmission: wild birds (pigeons?)
Stressed carriers
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Avian Chlamydiosis –
Chlamydophila psittaci Aspergillus
Diagnosis Brooder Pneumonia
Intracytoplasmic inclusions Respiratory distress and mortality
Isolation and ID (no growth: standard culture Often with first week (any age)
medias) Granulomas/plaques
Treatment Lung (bb’s), airsac, trachea
Reportable disease: contact state veterinarian Histopathology; special staining
Tetracyclines Prevention
Environment
Hatchery contamination
Litter (moist/warm)
Crops
Bacterial Respiratory Diseases Neoplastic Diseases
Fowl cholera
Pasturella multocida Marek’s Disease Virus
Lung consolidation (often unilateral) Herpesvirus
No growth MacConkey agar
Synonyms
Infectious coryza
Avibacterium / Haemophilus paragallinarum
Range or transient paralysis
Upper respiratory infection: sinusitis (chickens) Hurdlers stance
Prevention: biosecurity (all-in/all-out) Ubiquitous: shed in dander, etc.
Turkey coryza
Chicken disease
Bordetella avium
High morbidity and low mortality; often secondary infection
Turkeys? (rare/experimental)
Sinusitis in young turkeys
Prevention: biosecurity/vaccination
Neoplastic Diseases Neoplastic Diseases
Marek’s Disease Virus Avian Leukosis (Big Liver Disease)
Serotypes Retrovirus
, ,
I, II, III Chicken disease
Other species rare naturally (pheasant, quail)
I: most virulent
Some experimental infections in others (ducks, turkeys)
Virus isolation: buffy coat Subgroups – A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J
Culture: chick/embryo kidney cells A most common (lymphoid)
J nasty with bad implications (myeloid)
Prevention E endogenous – occasionally find
Vaccination before 24 hours post-hatch Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)
Important to know what serotypes
Retrovirus
Chickens and turkeys
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Marek’s Disease vs.
Lymphoid Leukosis (Big Liver Dz) Immunosuppressive Diseases
Clinical presentation: MDV LL Infectious Bursal Disease
Age of the bird 4 – 16 wks > 16 weeks
Neurological signs (paralysis) Yes No
Birnavirus
Special senses (eye lesions) Yes (rare, pathopneumonic) No Synonym…
Appearance discolored iris – stellate pupil Gumboro Disease (primarily chicken)
Gross necropsy: Inflammation and atrophy of Bursa (and thymus)
Tumors in the nerves Yes (vag., sciat., brach. plex.) No
Appearance Edmatous, grey/yellow, (-) striation Type of lymphocyte predominantly affected…
Tumors in the Bursa Rare Yes B cell
Appearance Usually uniformly large Irregular
Clinical presentation
Histopathology and Histochemistry:
Lymphocyte appearance Pleomorphic Monomorphic
Classic disease: depression, diarrhea, dehydration
Nerve, eye, brain Yes No Immunosuppression
Bursa Rare: interfollicular (or atrophy) Intrafollicular
Histochemistry markers T-cell (CD4/CD8), MATSA B-cell, COFAL
Immunosuppressive Diseases Immunosuppressive Diseases
Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus IBD/CIAV diagnosis
Circovirus Gross lesions, histopathology,
Synonym… immunohistochemistry, PCR, serology, etc.
Blue wing disease (gangrenous dermatitis)
Atrophy of thymus (and bursa) IBD/CIAV prevention
Type of lymphocyte predominantly affected… Vaccination
T cell
Vertical and horizontal transmission
Coccidiosis in Poultry –
Immunosuppressive Diseases Introduction
Mycotoxins Genus: Eimeria (4 sporocysts: 2 sporozoites)
Duckling and turkey poults most susceptible Significant disease
Aflotoxins (immunosuppression) (1 6
Disease of young growing birds (1-6 weeks)
Liver congestion/bile duct hyperplasia Diarrhea/enteritis
Trichothecenes: T2 (Fusarium) Losses
Oral and gut lesions Decreased growth
Ochratoxins Increased feed use/poor feed conversion
Kidney involvement Ubiquitous in commercial poultry
Stress
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8/31/2011
Coccidiosis in Poultry – Coccidiosis in Chickens –
Clinical Signs and Necropsy Nine Species
Non-specific, rough looking birds E. acervulina
Anorexia, lethargic, cachexia Duodenum, upper gut thickening and lesions
Dehydration
E. maxima
Dark legs, tacky/discolored muscles, sunken eyes
D kl t k /di l d l k
Huddling Mid-gut ballooning and yellow mucous
Loose droppings, possible droppings #2… E. necatrix (bloody droppings)
Blood possible, red
Decreased growth/production
Mid-gut hemorrhage and severe disease
Gut lesions E. tenella (bloody droppings)
Specific to species of Eimeria Lower gut/ceca ballooning and hemorrhage
Intensity can vary from bird to bird E. brunetti, E. mitis, E. hagani, E. mivati, E. praecox
Coccidiosis in Turkeys – Coccidiosis in Poultry –
Seven Species Treatment & Prevention
Usually less pathogenic Environmental management
E. meleagrimitis Prevent introduction
p
Prevent sporulation
Duodenum and upper gut
E. gallopavonis Controlled exposure
Live vaccination (multivalent)
Mid-gut
E. adenoeides Medications (rotation/shuttle programs)
Ionophores: coccidiostats
Ceca
E. dispersa, E. innocua, E. meleagridis, E. subrotunda Chemicals: coccidiocidals
Blackhead Disease Blackhead Disease
Histomonas meleagridis Gross lesions:
Transmission… Depressed target lesions on liver
Heterakis gallinarum (cecal worm) ( )
Cecal cores (necrotic)
Earthworm Prevention: Histiostat (nitarsone)
Other Treatment: none
Clinical signs: depressed, fluffed, jaundice Previously nitroimidazoles (pulled from US)
Droppings # 3…
sulfur yellow droppings
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Trichomoniasis Candidiasis
Trichomonas gallinae – flagellated protozoan Candida albicans – fungal
Canker, frounce Thrush, crop mycosis, sour crop
ADR birds
Pigeons, doves turkeys chickens,
Pigeons doves, turkeys, chickens raptors
Crop primarily has lesions
Transmission Upper GI (mouth to proventriculus)
Contaminated oral secretions (fragile organism) Mucosa thickened, raised, corrugated, white cheesy
Raised, yellow, cheesy plaques of upper GI material; looks like…
‘Turkish towel’
DDX – candidiasis Tx: Copper sulfate, Nystatin
Take care of underlying cause!
Botulism (Limber Neck) –
Colisepticemia Clostridium botulinum
E. coli Pathogenesis
Often (not always) secondary Toxins from bacteria (Type C): rotting material
Clinical signs Arthropods concentrate toxins after eating rotten vegetation
Non-specific
Non specific illness Seasonal: summer
Increased condemnations at processing Dried up stagnant ponds
Better access for waterfowl to arthropods/vegetation
Lesions…
Clinical presentation: flaccid paralysis/paresis, limberneck
Pericarditis
Perihepatitis Diagnostics
Airsacculitis Blood from live affected bird
Mouse inoculation
Splenomegaly
Diagnosis: culture and sensitivity Treatment
Supportive care
Prevention: look for primary disease
Avian Encephalomyelitis vs.
Encephalomalacia Nutritional Disorders
AE (epidemic tremors) Encephalomalacia Vitamin E deficiency
Encephalomalacia (cherry red cerebellum/crazy chick
Etiology: Picornavirus Vit. E deficiency disease), muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease),
Presentation: 1 – 3 wks 1 - 8 wks exudative diathesis
ataxia, paralysis, prostrate, Vitamin A deficiency
tremors head and neck ataxia, poor balance
decrease egg production Pustule like lesions in mouth, esophagus, crop
history Conjuctivitis, nasal exudate, urates in ureters
Gross necropsy: none swollen, hemorrhagic Squamous metaplasia
cerebellum
Rickets
Histo path & chemistry: Encephalomyelitis, congestion, necrosis, &
perivascular cuffing hemorrhage of the Vit D or phosphorous deficiency (young birds); Ca (any age)
cerebellum Inadequate D3 (accidentally fed D2)
IFA Lameness, fractures, rubbery bones/beak, clubbed/beaded
Prevention/treatment vaccination (breeder) supplementation ribs, curved keel
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Miscellaneous Disease
Nutritional Disorders Problems
Riboflavin deficiency (B2)
Ascites (Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome)
‘Curled toe paralysis’, leg weakness, wing walking
Acute death, stunting, diarrhea
Unknown etiology: genetic/management
Dried skin (encrusted eyes/mouth commissures Rapid early growth
I dh d i l d d i
Increased hydrostatic vascular pressure, deceased oncotic
Biotin
pressure, increased vascular permeability, impaired lymphatic
Exudative dermatitis mouth, eyes, feet, legs drainage
Chondrodystrophy (shortening of long bones)
Aortic/renal (SDS) rupture in turkeys
Foot pad dermatitis/cracks between toes, etc.
12-20 weeks of age (fast growing)
Fatty liver – hemorrhagic syndrome
Layer chickens – acute mortality Internal hemorrhage
Prolonged lay, hot weather, high energy, low exercise Round heart disease
Just as it sounds! Liver blows out/clot surrounding liver on Dilated cardiomyopathy (right ventricle 1st)
necropsy
Miscellaneous Disease Miscellaneous Disease
Problems Problems
Osteoporosis (cage layer fatigue) Dropping #4??? Green diarrhea
Low bone density (cage rearing, Vit. D, Ca, Ph)
Lead
Fractures, paralysis
Result of anorexia?
Dyschondroplasia (tibial – TD) Direct effect on digestive/nervous systems?
Abnormal growth plate cartilage abnormality
Rapid growth, genetics, electrolytes
Spondylolisthesis “kinky back”
Mechanical displacement of the free thoracic vertebrae
Antibiotic use in poultry Sample collection sites
Enrofloxacin (Baytril) Swabbing
Banned for use in poultry in US Cloanal slit, oropharyngeal, tracheal, cloacal
Sulfa drugs Blood collection
Longer withdrawal times Brachial vein (wing) – chicken/turkey
Residual in water lines Medial metatarsal - waterfowl
Penicillin
Treatment for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Turkeys most frequently affected
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Management Systems of
Poultry
Chicken breeders
Pullet houses
Lighting program, feed restriction
Breeder houses
Natural breeding
N t l b di
Chickens
~ 7 weeks to processing
Turkey breeders
Brooder/dark out houses
Breeder houses (separate sex) - Artificial insemination
Turkeys
Hens ~14-20 weeks (~14-22 lbs)
Toms ~20-22 weeks (~39-43 lbs)
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