Homeostasis
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Glossary
Maintain – keep up.
Constant – the same.
Internal – inside the body.
Environment – surroundings of the body.
Feedback - a cycle in which the output of a
system “feeds back” to modify or reinforce the
actions of the system in order to maintain
homeostasis.
Glossary
Negative feedback - a change causes system 1 to send a
message to system 2 to restore homeostasis. When
system 1 detects that system 2 has acted, it stops
signaling for action and system 2 stops (turned off).
Positive feedback - the original stimulus is promoted
rather than stopped. Positive feedback is rarely used to
maintain homeostasis. An example of positive
feedback is childbirth.
What is Homeostasis?
Body cells work best if they have the correct
Temperature
Water levels
Glucose concentration
Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a
constant environment.
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a
constant environment
in the body is called
Homeostasis
Controlling body temperature
All mammals maintain a constant body
temperature.
Human beings have a body temperature of
about 37ºC.
E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body
temperature is 37ºC
If your body is in a cold environment your body
temperature is still 37ºC
Controlling body temperature
Animals with a large surface area compared to
their volume will lose heat faster than animals
with a small surface area.
Volume = _______ Volume = _______
Surface area = ______ Surface area = ______
Volume : Surface area Volume : Surface area
ratio = ___________ ratio = ___________
Controlling body temperature
Volume : Surface Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:6 area ratio = 1:5
For every 1 unit For every 1 unit
of heat made, of heat made,
heat is lost out heat is lost out
of 6 sides of 5 sides
Controlling body temperature
Volume : Surface Volume : Surface
area ratio = 1:6 area ratio = 1:5
The bigger the
Volume : Surface Area ratio
is, the faster heat will be lost.
Penguins huddling to keep warm
What mechanisms are there to cool
the body down?
1. Sweating
When your body is hot, sweat glands are
stimulated to release sweat.
The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)
To do this, it needs heat.
It gets that heat from your skin.
As your skin loses heat, it cools down.
Sweating
The
skin
What mechanisms are there to cool
the body down?
2. Vasodilation
Your blood carries most of the heat energy
around your body.
There are capillaries underneath your skin that
can be filled with blood if you get too hot.
This brings the blood closer to the surface of
the skin so more heat can be lost.
This is why you look red when you are hot!
This means more heat is lost from the surface of the skin
If the temperature
rises, the blood
vessel dilates (gets
bigger).
What mechanisms are there to warm the
body up?
1. Vasoconstriction
This is the opposite of vasodilation
The capillaries underneath your skin get
constricted (shut off).
This takes the blood away from the surface of
the skin so less heat can be lost.
This means less heat is lost from the surface of the skin
If the temperature
falls, the blood
vessel constricts
(gets shut off).
What mechanisms are there to warm the
body up?
2. Piloerection
This is when the hairs on your skin “stand
up” .
It is sometimes called “goose bumps” or
“chicken skin”!
The hairs trap a layer of air next to the skin
which is then warmed by the body heat
The air becomes an insulating layer.
Controlling Glucose levels
Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in the
blood.
Glucose moves into the cells for cellular respiration
Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liver
This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from the
pancreas called:
Insulin
Glucagon
Glycogen If there is too
much glucose in
the blood,
Insulin converts
some of it to
glycogen the rest
moves into the
cells for use in
cellular
respiration.
Glucose in the blood
Glycogen
If there is not
enough glucose
in the blood,
Glucagon
converts some
glycogen into
glucose.
Glucose in the blood
Diabetes
Some people do not produce enough insulin.
When they eat food, the glucose levels in their
blood cannot be reduced.
This condition is known as DIABETES.
Diabetics sometimes have to inject insulin into
their blood. They have to be careful of their
diet.
Glucose levels rise
after a meal. Insulin is produced
Glucose
Concentration and glucose levels
fall to normal
again.
Normal
Time
Meal eaten
Glucose levels rise
Glucose after a meal.
Concentration Diabetic
Insulin is not
produced so
glucose levels stay
high
Time
Meal eaten
Glycogen
The there is no the
But glucose in
Glucose
blood increases.
insulin to convert
concentration rises
it into glycogen.
to dangerous
levels.
Glucose in the blood
Blood Glucose Feedback Mechanism
Pancreas produces Insulin
Glucose into cells
Out of blood
Blood glucose increases Homeostasis Blood glucose decreases
( High ) (Low)
Glucose out of cells
Into blood
Pancreas produces Glucagon
Controlling water levels
The control of water levels is carried out by the
KIDNEYS.
It is closely linked to the excretion of urea.
Urea is a waste product that is made when the
LIVER breaks down proteins that are not
needed by the body.
Urea contains the element Nitrogen.
The kidneys
The kidneys “clean” the blood of waste
products and control how much water
is kept in the body. The waste
products and water make up urine
which is excreted via the ureter.
“Dirty” blood enters the kidney
through the renal artery. Then,
several things happen to clean the
blood...
1. Filtration
Blood enters the tubule area in
a capillary.
The capillary forms a small
“knot” near the kidney tubule.
The blood is filtered so all the
small particles go into the
tubule.
The capillary then carries on
to run next to the tubule.
The kidney tubule now contains
lots of blood components
including:
Glucose:
Ions:
Water:
Urea:
2. Reabsorb sugar
The body needs to have sugar
in the blood for cells to use in
respiration. So all the sugar is
reabsorbed back into the
capillary.
2. Reabsorb sugar
The body needs to have sugar
in the blood for cells to use in
respiration. So all the sugar is
reabsorbed back into the
capillary.
3. Reabsorb water
Water and ions are the next to
be absorbed. It depends on
how much is needed by the
body.
3. Reabsorb water
Water and ions are the next to
be absorbed. It depends on
how much is needed by the
body.
Reabsorbing water
If you have too If you have too
little water in your much water in your
blood, you will blood, you will
produce very produce very dilute
concentrated urine. urine.
(very little water in (lots of water in it)
it)
5. Excrete the waste
Everything that is left in the
kidney tubule is waste:
•All the urea
•Excess water
This waste is called urine. It is
excreted via the ureter and is
stored in the bladder.
Renal vein
The “clean” blood leaves the
kidney in the renal vein.
Ureter
Summary of urine production
Urea is a waste product made in the LIVER
Water content of the body is controlled in the
KIDNEYS
Urea, water and other waste makes up URINE.
Urine travels down the URETER and is stored
in the BLADDER
Urine is excreted through the URETHRA.
Temperature regulation, glucose level control
and water level control are all examples of
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.
Homeostasis in Plants
Control of water levels in the plant is important
to the survival of the plant.
This is achieved by a number of methods:
Waxy cuticle on leaves
Storage of water
Opening and closing of stomates
Function of Stomata
Guard Cells •What process involves
Guard Cells
What using CO2 and H2O
goes O2 H2O releasing O2 as a waste
out?
product?
What •Photosynthesis
goes CO2
in? •What is the plant using this
Stoma Open Stoma Closed
process to make?
Stoma
•Carbohydrates-glucose
•If the plant needs water for
photosynthesis, why is water
coming out of the stoma?
Function of Guard Cells
•These stomata (leaf
Guard Cells Guard Cells
openings) naturally allow
water to evaporate out.
•Why would the plant close
stomata with guard cells?
•Prevent excess water loss
through transpiration. Stoma Closed
Stoma Open
(conserve water)
•So what is the point of
having stomata?
•Allow gas exchange for
photosynthesis
The opening and closing of the stomata
maintains water balance in the plant and thus
maintains homeostasis.