From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
Saxophone
Saxophone • Recorder
Saxophone alto.jpg Brass
An alto saxophone in E?
Percussion
Classification Wind Woodwind String instruments
Aerophone
Keyboards
Hornbostel–Sachs 422.212-71 sax)
The saxophone (also referred to as the sax is a conical-
classification (Single-reeded aerophone bore transposing musical instrument that is a member
with keys)
of the woodwind family. Saxophones are usually made
Inventor(s) Adolphe Sax of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece sim-
Developed 28th June 1846[1]
ilar to that of the clarinet. The saxophone was invented
by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1846.
Playing range He wanted to create an instrument that would both be
the most powerful and vocal of the woodwinds and the
most adaptive of the brass, which would fill the vacant
middle ground between the two sections. He patented
the sax on June 28, 1846 in two groups of seven instru-
ments each. Each series consisted of instruments of vari-
ous sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched
in B? and E?, designed for military bands, has proved ex-
Related instruments tremely popular and most saxophones encountered to-
Military band family: day are from this series. A few saxophones remain from
• Sopranino saxophone the less popular orchestral series pitched in C and F. Th-
• Soprano saxophone ese instruments never gained a foothold in the orchestral
• Alto saxophone world. Although the C-melody was quite popular in the
• Tenor saxophone
late 1920s and early 30s as a parlor instrument, it never
• Baritone saxophone
• Bass saxophone gained a legitimate standing. Instruments keyed in F are
• Contrabass saxophone rare.
• Subcontrabass saxophone While proving very popular in military band music,
Orchestral family: the saxophone is most commonly associated with jazz
• C soprano saxophone
and classical music. There is substantial repertoire of
• Mezzo-soprano saxophone
• C melody saxophone concert music in the classical idiom for the members of
Other saxophones: the saxophone family. Saxophone players are called saxo-
• Sopranissimo saxophone (’Soprillo’) phonists.
• Tubax
Musicians History
• List of saxophonists The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a
Belgian-born instrument maker, flautist, and clarinetist
Musical instruments working in Paris. While still working at his father’s in-
Woodwinds strument shop in Brussels, Sax began developing an in-
• Piccolo strument which had the projection of a brass instrument
• Flute with the agility of a woodwind. Another priority was to
• Oboe invent an instrument which would overblow at the oc-
• Cor anglais tave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth
• Clarinet when overblown; an instrument which overblew at the
• Saxophone octave would have identical fingering for both registers.
• Bassoon Prior to his work on the saxophone, Sax made several
• Contrabassoon improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its key-
• Bagpipes work and acoustics and extending its lower range. Sax
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. All the in-
struments were given an initial written range from the B
below the treble staff to the F, one space above the three
ledger lines above staff, giving each saxophone a range of
two and a half octaves.
Sax’s patent expired in 1866;[3] thereafter numerous
saxophonists and instrument manufacturers implement-
ed their own improvements to the design and keywork.
The first substantial modification was by a French man-
ufacturer who extended the bell slightly and added an
extra key to extend the range downwards by one semi-
tone to B?. It is suspected that Sax himself may have at-
tempted this modification. This extension is now com-
monplace in almost all modern designs, along with other
minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerin-
gs.
Adolphe Sax, the inventor of the saxophone
Bill Clinton plays the saxophone he received as a gift from Boris
was also a maker of the then-popular ophicleide, a large Yeltsin at a dinner party in 1994
conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys
similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with Sax’s original keywork, which was based on the
these two instruments allowed him to develop the skills Triebert system 3 oboe for the left hand and the Boehm
and technologies needed to make the first saxophones. clarinet for the right, was very simplistic and made play-
Adolphe Sax created an instrument with a single reed ing some legato passages and wide intervals extremely
mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an difficult to finger, so numerous developers added extra
ophicleide, and the acoustic properties of both the keys and alternate fingerings to make chromatic playing
French horn and the clarinet. less difficult. While the early saxophone had two sepa-
Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the rate octave vents to assist in the playing of the upper
early 1840s, Sax applied for, and received, a 15-year registers just as modern instruments do, players of Sax’s
patent for the instrument on June 28, 1846.[2] The patent original design had to operate these via two separate oc-
encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split tave keys operated by the left thumb. A substantial ad-
into two categories of seven instruments each and rang- vancement in saxophone keywork was the development
ing from sopranino to contrabass. Although the instru- of a method by which both tone holes are operated by
ments transposed at either F or C have been considered a single octave key by the left thumb which is now uni-
"orchestral", there is no evidence that Sax intended this. versal on all modern saxophones. One of the most radi-
As only 3% of Sax’s surviving production were pitched in cal, however temporary, revisions of saxophone keywork
F and C, and as contemporary composers used the E? al- was made in the 1950s by M. Houvenaghel of Paris, who
to and B? bass saxophone freely in orchestral music, it completely redeveloped the mechanics of the system to
is almost certain that Sax experimented to find the most allow a number of notes (C♯, B, A, G, F and E?) to be flat-
suitable keys for these instruments, settling upon instru- tened by a semitone simply by lowering the right middle
ments alternating between E? and B? rather than those finger. This enables a chromatic scale to be played over
pitched in F and C, for reasons of tone and economy (the two octaves simply by playing the diatonic scale com-
saxophones were the most expensive wind musical in- bined with alternately raising and lowering this one dig-
struments of their day). The C soprano saxophone was
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
it.[4] However, this keywork never gained much popular- saxophone family, to the extent that soprano and even
ity, and is no longer in use. sopranino saxes are sometimes made in the curved style,
even though not strictly necessary. By contrast, tenors
Description and even baritones have occasionally been made in the
straight style.[5][6] Most commonly, however, the alto
and tenor saxophones incorporate a curved ’crook’ above
the highest tone hole but below the top speaker hole,
tilting the mouthpiece through 90 degrees; the baritone,
bass and contrabass extend the length of the bore by
triple-folding this section.
Materials
From left to right, an E? alto saxophone, a curved B? soprano A straight-necked Conn C melody saxophone (Conn New Won-
saxophone, and a B? tenor saxophone der Series 1) with a serial number which dates manufacture to
1922
The saxophone consists of an approximately conical tube
of thin metal, most commonly brass and sometimes plat-
ed with silver, gold, and nickel, flared at the tip to form
a bell. At intervals along the tube are between 20 and
23 tone holes of varying size, including two very small
’speaker’ holes to assist the playing of the upper register.
These holes are covered by keys (also known as pad
cups), containing soft leather pads, which are closed to
produce an airtight seal; at rest some of the holes stand
open and others are closed. The keys are controlled by
buttons pressed by the fingers, while the right thumb sits
under a thumb rest to help keep the saxophone balanced.
The fingering for the saxophone is a combination of that
of the oboe with the Boehm system, and is very similar
to the flute or the upper register of the clarinet. Instru-
ments that play to low A have a left thumb key for that Conn 6M "Lady Face"[8] brass alto saxophone (dated 1935) in
note. its original case
The simplest design of saxophone is a straight conical
tube, and the sopranino and soprano saxophones are
usually of this straight design. However, as the lower-
pitched instruments would be unacceptably long if
straight, for ergonomic reasons, the larger instruments
usually incorporate a U-bend at, or slightly above, the
third-lowest tone hole. As this would cause the bell of
the instrument to point almost directly upward, the end
of the instrument is either beveled or tilted slightly for- A Yamaha baritone saxophone
ward. This U-shape has become an iconic feature of the
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
Yamaha YAS-25 alto saxophone. Circa 1990s
Vintage silver-plated ’Pennsylvania Special’ alto saxophone,
manufactured by Julius Keilwerth[7] in Czechoslovakia, circa
1930
Yanagisawa A9932J alto saxophone: has a solid silver bell and
neck with solid phosphor bronze body. The bell, neck and key-
cups are extensively engraved. Manufactured in 2008
Bauhaus Walstein[9][10][11] tenor saxophone manufactured in
2008 from phosphor bronze
Most saxophones, both past and present, are made from
brass. Despite this, they are categorized as woodwind in-
1950s Grafton alto made of plastic struments rather than brass, as the sound waves are pro-
duced by an oscillating reed, not the player’s lips against
a mouthpiece as in a brass instrument, and because dif-
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
a hotly debated topic, not least because other variables
may affect an instrument’s tone colors e.g. mouthpiece
design and physical characteristics of the player. In any
case, what constitutes a pleasing tone is a matter of per-
sonal preference.[19][20]
Mouthpiece and reed
Main articles: Mouthpiece (woodwind), Reed (instru-
ment), Reed clipper, and ligature (musical instrument)
The lower portion of a P. Mauriat alto saxophone, showing the
mother of pearl key touches and engraved brass pad cups
ferent pitches are produced by opening and closing keys.
The screw pins that connect the rods to the posts, as well
as the needle and leaf springs that cause the keys to re-
turn to their rest position after being released, are gen-
erally made of blued or stainless steel. Since 1920, most
saxophones have ’key touches’ (smooth decorative pieces Two mouthpieces for tenor saxophone: the one on the left is
rubber; the one on the right is metal.
placed where the fingers touch the instrument) made
from either plastic or mother of pearl.
The saxophone uses a single-reed mouthpiece similar to
Other materials have been tried with varying degrees
that of the clarinet. Most saxophonists use reeds made
of success, such as the 1950s Grafton plastic alto sax-
from Arundo donax cane, but since the 20th century some
ophone. A few companies, such as Yanagisawa[12] and
have also been made of fiberglass and other composite
Bauhaus Walstein, have made some saxophone models
materials. The saxophone mouthpiece is larger than that
from phosphor bronze because of its slightly different
of the clarinet, has a wider inner chamber, and lacks
tonal qualities.[13] For example, although their designs
the cork-covered tenon of a clarinet mouthpiece because
are identical apart from the metal used, the bronze
the saxophone neck inserts into the mouthpiece whereas
Yanagisawa A992[14] saxophones are said to sound "dark-
the clarinet mouthpiece piece is inserted into the barrel.
er" than the brass versions. Yanagisawa and other man-
The most important difference between a saxophone em-
ufacturers, starting with the King Super 20 around 1950,
bouchure and a clarinet embouchure is that the saxo-
have made saxophone necks, bells, or entire instruments
phone mouthpiece should enter the mouth at a much
from sterling silver.[15] Keilwerth and P. Mauriat have
lower or flatter angle than the clarinet. The embouchure
made saxes with a nickel silver body like that of a
for clarinet must also be more firm than that for saxo-
flute.[16][17] The effect of material on sound is controver-
phone. The muscles in the lip and jaw will develop nat-
sial among sax players, and little solid research has been
urally the more one plays, and the "long tones" exercise
published.
helps a great deal with this aspect of playing.[21] Mouth-
After completing the instrument, manufacturers usu-
pieces come in a wide variety of materials, including vul-
ally apply a thin coating of clear or colored acrylic lac-
canized rubber (sometimes called rod rubber or ebonite),
quer, or silver plate, over the bare brass. The lacquer or
plastic, and metals such as bronze or surgical steel. Less
plating serves to protect the brass from oxidation, and
common materials that have been used include wood,
maintains its shiny appearance. Several different types
glass, crystal, porcelain, and even bone. According to Lar-
and colors of surface finish have been used over the
ry Teal, the mouthpiece material has little, if any, effect
years.[18] It is also possible to plate the instrument with
on the sound, and the physical dimensions give a mouth-
nickel or gold, and a number of gold-plated saxophones
piece its tone colour.[22] Mouthpieces with a concave
have been produced.[18] Plating saxophones with gold is
("excavated") chamber are more true to Adolphe Sax’s
an expensive process because gold does not adhere di-
original design; these provide a softer or less piercing
rectly to brass. As a result, the brass is first plated with
tone, and are favored by some saxophonists, including
silver, then gold.
students of Sigurd Raschèr, for classical playing. Con-
Some argue that the type of lacquer or plating, or ab-
versely, mouthpieces with a smaller chamber or lower
sence thereof, may enhance an instrument’s tone qual-
clearance above the reed, called high baffle, produce a
ity. The possible effects of different finishes on tone is
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
brighter sound with maximum projection and are fa- ly music performed by the Stan Kenton "Mellophonium
vored by many jazz and funk players. Most skilled sax- Orchestra". In the 1920s the bass saxophone was used of-
ophonists settle on a mouthpiece somewhere between ten in classic jazz recordings, since at that time it was
these extremes regardless of their primary idiom and easier to record than a tuba or double bass.
most that play both jazz and classical music have differ- The saxophone has been more recently introduced
ent equipment for each. into the symphony orchestra, where it has found in-
Like clarinets, saxophones use a single reed. Saxo- creased popularity. In one or other size, the instrument
phone reeds are proportioned slightly differently to clar- has been found a useful accompaniment to genres as
inet reeds, being wider for the same length, although wide-ranging as opera, choral music and chamber pieces.
some soprano saxophonists will use clarinet reeds on the Many musical scores include parts for the saxophone,
soprano saxophone. Each size of saxophone (alto, tenor, usually either doubling another woodwind or brass in-
etc.) uses a different size of reed. Reeds are commercially strument. In this way the sax serves as a middle point
available in a vast array of brands, styles, and strengths. between woodwinds and brass, helping to blend the two
Each player experiments with reeds of different strength sections
(hardnesses) and material to find which strength and
cut suits his or her mouthpiece, embouchure, tendencies, Ensembles
and playing style.
Cases
Saxophone instrument cases serve as essential protec-
tion and covering for saxophones during transportation
and/or storage. Some cases provide protection from
weather changes or environments that may be hazar-
dous to the instrument. Usually, purchased saxophones
come with factory cases that are manufactured or dis-
tributed by the saxophone company. There are also com-
panies, such as Pro Tec, that offer traveling cases that are
light weight, durable, and economically efficient. This es-
pecially matters when traveling with larger instruments
such as the baritone saxophone. Some saxophone case
providers include Pro Tec, Bam, SKB, Reunion Blues, and
Gator.
Uses
The saxophone first gained popularity in the niche it
was designed for: the military band. Although the in-
strument was studiously ignored in Germany, French and
Belgian military bands took full advantage of the instru-
ment that Sax had designed specifically for them. Most
French and Belgian military bands incorporate at least
a quartet of saxophones comprising at least the E? bari-
tone, B? tenor, E? alto and B? soprano. These four instru-
ments have proved the most popular of all of Sax’s cre-
ations, with the E? contrabass and B? bass usually con-
sidered impractically large and the E? sopranino insuffi-
ciently powerful. British military bands tend to include at
minimum two saxophonists on the alto and tenor.
A saxophonist in a military band, carrying a baritone saxo-
The saxophone has more recently found a niche in
phone
both concert band and big band music, which often calls
for the E? baritone, B? tenor and E? alto. The B? soprano
A well-known implementation of the saxophone is mod-
is also occasionally utilised, in which case it will normally
ern jazz music. This is usually as a solo instrument with
be played by the first alto saxophonist. The bass saxo-
a rhythm section, but sometimes in the form of a saxo-
phone in B? is called for in band music (especially music
phone quartet or big band.
by Percy Grainger) and big band orchestrations, especial-
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
The saxophone quartet is usually made up of one B?
soprano, one E? alto, one B? tenor and one E? baritone
(SATB). On occasion, the soprano is replaced with a sec-
ond alto sax (AATB); a few professional saxophone quar-
tets have featured non-standard instrumentation, such
as James Fei’s Alto Quartet[23] (four altos) and Hamiet
Bluiett’s Bluiett Baritone Nation (four baritones).
There is a repertoire of classical compositions and
arrangements for the SATB instrumentation dating back
to the nineteenth century, particularly by French com-
posers who knew Adolphe Sax. A list of well known cur-
rent saxophone quartets includes the Amherst,[24] Am-
stel, Anubis, Aurelia,[25] Prism, H2, Habanara, Hanumi,
Mana, Raschèr,[26] Rova, and Zzyzx Quartets. Historically,
the quartets led by Marcel Mule and Daniel Deffayet, sax-
ophone professors at the Conservatoire de Paris, were
started in 1928 and 1953, respectively, and were highly
regarded. The Mule quartet is often considered to be the
prototype for all future quartets due the level of virtu-
osity demonstrated by its members and its central role
in the development of the quartet repertoire. However
organised quartets did exist before Mule’s ensemble, the
prime example being the quartet headed by Eduard Le-
febre (1834–1911), former soloist with the Sousa band, in
the United States c1904-1911. Other ensembles most like-
ly existed at this time as part of the saxophone sections
Tenor saxophonist Bobby Rogers, mentor to Kenny G and stu-
of the many touring "business" bands that existed in the
dio saxophone player for Metallica Inc.
late 19th and early 20th centuries. More recently, the
World Saxophone Quartet has become known as the pre-
eminent jazz saxophone quartet. The Rova Saxophone no significant success. These include the saxello, essen-
Quartet, based in San Francisco, is noted for its work in tially a straight B? soprano, but with a slightly curved
the fields of contemporary classical music and impro- neck and tipped bell; the straight alto; and the straight
vised music. B? tenor.[30] Since a straight-bore tenor is approximately
There are a few larger all-saxophone ensembles, the five feet long, the cumbersome size of such a design
most prominent including the 9-member SaxAssault,[27] makes it almost impossible to either play or transport.
and Urban Sax, which includes as many as 52 saxophon- "King" Saxellos, made by the H. N. White Company in the
ists. The 6-member Nuclear Whales Saxophone Orchestra 1920s, now command prices up to US$4,000. A number of
owns one of the few E? contrabass saxophones, and plays companies, including Rampone & Cazzani and L.A. Sax,
a variety of ensemble pieces including "Casbah Shuffle", are marketing straight-bore, tipped-bell soprano saxo-
a duet for sopranino and contrabass.[28] Very large phones as saxellos (or "saxello sopranos").
groups, featuring over 100 saxophones, are sometimes The "contralto" saxophone, similar in size to the or-
organized as a novelty at saxophone conventions. [29] chestral soprano, was developed in the late 20th century
Studio saxophone players and ensembles have also by California instrument maker Jim Schmidt.[31] This in-
been a major influence on the history of music. Although strument has a larger bore and a new fingering system,
they are not usually full members of a band, they can be and does not resemble the C melody instrument except
a vital part in the overall sound of a music set. In recent for its key and register. Another new arrival to the sax
years, there has also been an increasing number of saxo- scene is the soprillo sax, a piccolo-sized straight instru-
phone players in studio bands, in the vein of ’70s bands ment which has the upper speaker hole built into the
such as Pink Floyd and Yes.[citation needed] mouthpiece. The instrument, which extends Sax’s origi-
nal family as it is pitched a full octave higher than the B?
soprano sax, is manufactured by Benedikt Eppelsheim, of
Miscellaneous saxophones and Munich, Germany. There is a rare prototype slide tenor
related instruments saxophone, but few were ever made. One known compa-
ny that produced a slide soprano saxophone was Reiffel &
A number of saxes and saxophone-related instruments Husted, Chicago, ca. 1922 (catalog NMM 5385).[32][33][34]
have appeared since Sax’s original work, most enjoying
7
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
The tubax, developed in 1999 by the German instru-
ment maker Benedikt Eppelsheim,[35] plays the same
range, and with the same fingering, as the E? contrabass
saxophone; its bore, however, is narrower than that of
a contrabass saxophone, making for a more compact in-
strument with a "reedier" tone (akin to the double-reed
contrabass sarrusophone). It can be played with the
smaller (and more commonly available) baritone saxo-
phone mouthpiece and reeds. Eppelsheim has also pro-
duced subcontrabass tubaxes in C and B?, the latter being
the lowest saxophone ever made. Among the most recent
developments is the aulochrome, a double soprano sax-
ophone invented by Belgian instrument maker François
Louis in 2001.
Bamboo "saxophones"
Although not true saxophones, inexpensive keyless folk
versions of the saxophone made of bamboo were devel-
oped in the 20th century by instrument makers in
Hawaii, Jamaica, Thailand, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Ar-
gentina. The Hawaiian instrument, called a xaphoon, was
invented during the 1970s and is also marketed as a
"bamboo sax," although its cylindrical bore more closely
resembles that of a clarinet, and its lack of any keywork
makes it more akin to a recorder. Jamaica’s best known
exponent of a similar type of homemade bamboo "saxo-
phone" was the mento musician and instrument maker
’Sugar Belly’ (William Walker).[36] In the Minahasa region
of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, there exist entire
bands made up of bamboo "saxophones"[37] and "brass"
instruments of various sizes. These instruments are
Straight saxophones, including some unusual variants. Clock- clever imitations of European instruments, made using
wise from top left: an E? baritone, a B? tenor, a C soprano, a B? local materials. Very similar instruments are produced
soprano, and a B? soprillo in Thailand.[38][39] In Argentina, Ángel Sampedro del Río
and Mariana García have produced bamboo saxophones
Two of these variants were championed by jazz musi- of various sizes since 1985, the larger of which have bam-
cian Rahsaan Roland Kirk, who called his straight Buesch- boo keys to allow for the playing of lower notes.[40]audio
er alto a stritch and his modified saxello a manzello; the
latter featured a larger-than-usual bell and modified key Composition
work. Among some saxophonists, Kirk’s terms have tak-
en on a life of their own in that it is believed that these Music for most saxophones is usually notated using tre-
were "special" or "new" saxophones that might still be ble clef. The standard written range extends from a B?
available. Though rare, the Buescher straight alto was a below the staff to an F or F♯ three ledger lines above the
production item instrument while the manzello was in- staff. Most, if not all, intermediate and professional saxo-
deed a saxello with a custom made bell. phones made today are built with F♯ keys, with F♯ includ-
Another unusual variant of the saxophone was the ed on even student instruments. There are many mod-
Conn-O-Sax, a straight-conical bore instrument in F (one els of soprano saxophone that have a key for high G, and
step above the E? alto) with a slightly curved neck and most modern models of baritone saxophone have an ex-
spherical bell. The instrument, which combined a saxo- tended bore and key to produce low A; it is also possible
phone bore and keys with a bell shaped similar to that of to play a low A on any saxophone by blocking the end of
a heckelphone, was intended to imitate the timbre of the the bell, usually with the foot or inside of the left thigh.
English horn and was produced only in 1929 and 1930. Low A keys however were not limited to just the bari-
The instrument had a key range from low A to high G. tone saxophone. For a short time Selmer Paris produced
Fewer than 100 Conn-O-Saxes are in existence, and they mark VI alto saxophones with the low A key. Notes above
are eagerly sought by collectors. F are considered part of the altissimo register of any sax,
8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
history-of-the-saxophone.html. Retrieved
2008-01-06.
[4] MacGillivray, James (May 1959). "Recent Advances
in Woodwind Fingering Systems". The Galpin Society
12:
Journal (The Galpin Society Journal) 12 68.
doi:10.2307/841949. JSTOR 841949.
[5] "Jay C. Easton: Saxophone Family Gallery".
http://www.jayeaston.com/galleries/sax_family/
unusual_saxes_page/sax_php_unusual.html.
Retrieved 2007-05-07.
[6] "Contrabass-L, Vol. 1, No. 76".
http://www.contrabass.com/contra-archive/
contra76.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
[7] Photo Gallery :: SaxPics.com
[8] Conn 6M "Underslung" alto sax review
The extension in C major of the military soprano, alto, tenor [9] Walstein tenor sax review
and baritone when playing a B? major scale. [10] Saxophone Comparisons
[11] Woodwind & Brass Ltd - The Home of Fine
and can be produced using advanced embouchure tech- Instruments & Accessories OnLine
niques and fingering combinations. Sax himself had mas- [12] Yanagisawa Saxophones
tered these techniques; he demonstrated the instrument [13] "A992". Yanagisawa website.
as having a range of just beyond three octaves up to a http://www.yanagisawasax.co.jp/en/alto/992/.
(written) high B4. Modern saxophone players have ex- Retrieved 2008-01-06.
tended this range to over 4 octaves on tenor and alto. [14] Yanagisawa 992 ( bronze ) alto saxophone review
Because all saxophones use the same key arrange- [15] "T9937". Yanagisawa website.
ment and fingering to produce a given notated pitch, it http://www.yanagisawasax.co.jp/en/tenor/9937/.
is not difficult for a competent player to switch among Retrieved 2008-01-06.
the various sizes when the music has been suitably trans- [16] "tenor_sxr90r_shadow". keilwerth website.
posed, and many do so. Since the baritone and alto are http://www.schreiber-keilwerth.com/englisch/
pitched in E?, players can read concert pitch music no- keilwerth/instruments/tenor_sx90r_shadow.htm.
tated in the bass clef by reading it as if it were treble Retrieved 2008-08-21.
clef and adding three sharps to the key signature. This [17] "PMST-60NS". Paul Mauriat website.
process, referred to as clef substitution, makes it possible http://www.pmauriatmusic.com/
for the baritone to play from parts written for bassoon, products_detail.php?cde=PDT489a5f02713a9.
tuba, trombone or string bass. This can be useful if a band Retrieved 2008-08-22.
or orchestra lacks one of those instruments. [18] ^ "The Horn". JazzBariSax.com.
http://www.jazzbarisax.com/brands.
[19] "Jazz & Blues Saxophone FAQs".
See also http://tamingthesaxophone.com/
• Buescher True Tone Saxophones saxophone.html#g. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
• List of saxophonists [20] "How Brass Instruments are Built". Acoustical
• Saxophone technique Society of America. http://www.acoustics.org/
• Wind controller press/133rd/2amu4.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
[21] "Saxophone Embouchure and Saxophone Muscles -
Notes Learning Saxophone".
http://www.saxstation.com/saxophone-
[1] "June 28, 1846: Parisian Inventor Patents embouchure-and-saxophone-muscles.htm.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saxophone&oldid=462896582"
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Saxophone
Categories:
• Saxophones
• Belgian musical instruments
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