Review Session 1
1607-1800
Colonization
• 3 types – Royal, Proprietary, and Charter
• New England: Religious influence of the
Puritans – Plymouth settled by Pilgrims
(many were Separatists) in 1620
-Mass. Bay – Puritans (but not
Separatists) came in 1630 – over 15,000
came by 1640 – Great Migration
Rocks and Religion
• Chesapeake/Middle Atlantic: Economic influence
in Jamestown – hardships
-establishment of tobacco (Rolfe and
Pocahontas) ensured survival
-some religious influence
Sotweed and Slavery
• Southern: Economic influence – rice, tobacco,
indigo, cotton
-Caribbean influence
-Restoration colonies
Sotweed and Slavery
**both areas strongly influenced first by indentured
servant labor, then slavery
Puritans and Religion
• “City Upon A Hill” (Boston)
-Mayflower Compact – majority rule
-Education (must read the Bible!)
-voting and „democracy‟ – representative
government
-Half-Way Covenant – allowed people to be
Puritans even if they did not have a „conversion
experience‟ (church membership was waning)
*limits – not all men could vote and no women;
persecution – witchcraft!
Puritans and Religion
• Religion in Colonial America
-Great Awakening – colony wide movement in
1730s-1740s
-response to Enlightenment‟s influence – de-
emphasized religion
-Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
-New Lights vs. Old Lights
New: pro-GA
Old: pro-Enlightenment
*challenged power of ministers
*competition among new churches (i.e.: Baptists,
Presbyterians)
*challenge to authority
Great Britain and the Colonies Pre-1756
• Political Heritage
-Self-government – expansion of voting
throughout the 1700s
-colonial assemblies – taxation with
representation
• Colonial Unity – pre-1756
-New England Confederation (1640s)
-Albany Plan of Union (failed)
-diverse society shared a national character
characterized by political tradition of an English
majority, free speech, free press (Zenger Case),
elections, religious tolerance, and an occasional
spirit of rebellion (Bacon)
GB and the Colonies – Pre 1756
• Mercantilism
Salutary Neglect vs. Navigation Acts
-British established rules but ignored them
since it was good for business
British did maintain some control:
2 of 13 Govs. elected but assemblies
maintained the “power of the purse”
Colonial Institutions
• Role of Slavery (and Indentured Servants)
-Ind. Servants tried to fill demand for labor but
slavery eventually took over
-Ind. Servants fazed out after Bacon‟s Rebellion
• Colonial Autonomy
-Economic: shipbuilding, home industries,
agriculture, some professions
-Religious: MD toleration Act (Catholics
protected), PA – religious tolerance
-Political: distance from GB, Freedoms, unique
“American” identity developed
The American Revolution
• Causes and Change in Policy
-Role of French and Indian War and Proc.
of 1763
-1764: Sugar Act and Quartering Act
-1765: Stamp Act – internal, virtual vs.
actual, Protest – Stamp Act Congress,
repealed (Declaratory Act)
-1767: Townshend Acts – external on
goods, boycotts, repealed (except tea tax)
The American Revolution
-1770: Boston Massacre – creates unity –
Committees of Correspondence, cooling off
period
-1773: Tea Act – actually lowered cost of tea to
save British East India Co., Tea Party –
viewed as overboard by many but led to unity
because of…
-Coercive/Intolerable Acts – Boston closed,
military rule in Mass. Quartering Act, Quebec
Act, Unity!!!, 1st Continental Congress –
boycotts and militias
Was the Revolution revolutionary?
• Evolution: democracy and freedoms
existed long before 1770s
-forces had been gathering for years and
were simply carried out (Conservative
view)
• Revolution: American society radically
altered, new nation formed, equality
stressed (state constitutions, B of R), Rev.
lasted until the 1830s (War of 1812,
Jacksonian Democracy – expansion of
voting rights)
Articles of Confederation and Constitution
• Critical Period:
Successes of Articles: Ordinance of 1785,
NW Ordinance (1787) and Treaty of Paris
(1783)
Failures: Economic issues, weaknesses of
central government (no taxation, 1 branch,
no uniform currency), Shays‟ Rebellion –
economic struggles
Constitution
• Areas of Disagreement:
-Large states vs. Small states
-Slave states vs. Free states
-Strong state gov‟t vs. Strong Fed. Gov‟t
Compromises!
• Ratification:
-Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
-Compromise
Domestic Issues of the 1790s
• Parties develop:
-Ratification debate
-Federalists:
-Democratic-Republicans:
• Hamilton‟s Financial Plan:
-Gov‟t assumes debts of states
-Tariff and Whiskey Tax
-National Bank – controversial!!
Domestic Issues of the 1790s
• Elections of 1796 and 1800
-peaceful transition in power
-Revolution of 1800
• Liberty vs. Order
-Bill of Rights
-Whiskey Rebellion
Foreign Policy of the 1790s
• Influence on Domestic Issues:
-French Rev. divides a dividing country
-Jay‟s Treaty
-Pinckney‟s Treaty
• Isolationists:
-Proc. of Neutrality and Farewell Address
-Adams and the XYZ Affair
-Alien and Sedition Acts and VA-KY
Resolutions
AP Review Session 2
1800-1850
Nationalism vs. Sectionalism
Jefferson and Marshall
• Liberty (TJ):
-suspended Alien and Sedition Acts
-reduced size of army and navy
-canceled Whiskey Tax
• Order:
-TJ – purchased LA, kept bank, Embargo Act
-Marshall – supreme court cases – strengthened
power of the Federal Government
Era of Good Feelings
• Political Parties: one party politics –
Federalists dead from War of 1812
• Cultural Nationalism: anthem, art and
literature
• Economic Nationalism: American System
and War of 1812 spurred growth of
American business (Lowell System,
Slater)
Jacksonian Democracy
• Political Changes: expansion of suffrage,
nominating conventions (Anti-Masons)
• Elections of 1824 and 1828:
-1824: “Corrupt Bargain”
-1828: first national campaign – Jackson‟s
coalition
Parties
• Democrats:
• Whigs
Foreign Policy
• War of 1812
-Foreign events:
-Domestic events:
-sectionalism:
James K. Polk
• Texas:
• Oregon
• Mexican-American War:
Polk
• Wilmot Proviso:
Economic Development
• American System
-Nullification:
-Bank War
-Internal Improvements:
Expansion and Sectionalism
• Indian Removal:
• King Cotton:
• Compromises over slavery:
Causes of early industrial growth
• Population:
• Transportation:
• Technology:
Reform and Intellectual Movements
• Temperance:
• Asylums:
• Education:
Reforms…
• Abolitionism:
**Role of Market Revolution:
Second Great Awakening
• CG Finney:
• Thoreau and Emerson: